IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA
No. 21–1146
Submitted September 14, 2022—Filed November 4, 2022
STATE OF IOWA,
Appellee,
vs.
JOHN EDDIE HANES, III,
Appellant.
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Scott County, Jeffrey D. Bert (plea)
and Joel W. Barrows (sentencing), Judges.
A defendant who filed no motion in arrest of judgment challenges, for the
first time on direct appeal, the validity of his guilty plea to criminal gang
participation on grounds that his plea lacked a factual basis. APPEAL
DISMISSED.
Waterman, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which Christensen,
C.J., and Mansfield, McDonald, Oxley, and May, JJ., joined. Oxley, J., filed a
concurring opinion. McDermott, J., filed a dissenting opinion.
Jack Bjornstad (argued) of Jack Bjornstad Law Office, Spirit Lake, for
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Genevieve Reinkoester (argued),
Assistant Attorney General, for appellee. 2
WATERMAN, Justice.
In this case, the defendant asks us to create a new exception to the error
preservation rules for challenging a guilty plea on direct appeal. He was charged
with other alleged gang members detained in a car with a loaded rifle and
handgun. The defendant pleaded guilty to criminal gang participation in
exchange for dismissal of a companion charge of being a felon in possession of a
firearm. He was properly advised of the need to file a motion in arrest of judgment
to challenge his guilty plea on appeal but filed no such motion. Instead, his new
appellate counsel filed this direct appeal asking that his plea and conviction be
vacated for lack of a factual basis. The State moved to dismiss the appeal based
on State v. Treptow, 960 N.W.2d 98, 109 (Iowa 2021) (holding the defendant’s
“failure to file a motion in arrest of judgment precludes appellate relief”), and
Iowa Rule of Criminal Procedure 2.24(3)(a). The defendant resisted, arguing for
a new exception based on the district court’s independent obligation to ensure a
factual basis for the guilty plea. We ordered the State’s motion to be submitted
with the appeal and retained the case.
On our review, we dismiss the appeal. District courts have an independent
duty to ensure guilty pleas are supported by a factual basis, and the court has
discretion to arrest a judgment on its own motion. See Iowa R. Crim. P. 2.24(3)(c).
But this defendant admittedly was advised of the requirement to file a motion in
arrest of judgment to preserve the issue for appeal and we again hold that his
failure to do so precludes relief in this direct appeal. See Treptow, 960 N.W.2d at 3
109; see also Iowa R. Crim. P. 2.24(3)(a). 1 Filing the motion alerts the district
court to correct any alleged error or issue a ruling for appellate review. A contrary
holding would nullify rule 2.24(3)(a) and deprive the State of notice to
supplement the record or otherwise address the alleged defect in the plea in
district court before any appeal.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings.
On April 28, 2021, Davenport police detectives were conducting
surveillance at an apartment on Emerald Drive following a gang-related
homicide. The detectives observed a suspect leave the apartment, meet briefly
with the occupants of an older model Cadillac sedan at a nearby gas station, and
return to the apartment. A detective in an unmarked vehicle tailed the sedan as
it drove off and observed the driver make an illegal turn. A marked patrol car
then initiated a traffic stop. A man later identified as John Eddie Hanes III exited
the passenger front seat door and fled on foot. A backseat passenger also fled on
foot. Police arrested both men nearby and detained the driver and another
occupant in the sedan. Police found a loaded handgun in a bag on the front seat
of the passenger side of the vehicle where Hanes had been seated and a loaded
rifle with a pistol grip on the rear seat floor.
Police determined that Hanes and other men in the sedan were affiliated
with a local street gang known as the Mad Max Gang (MMG). Hanes had
1The defendant raises no claim in this direct appeal that his plea counsel provided ineffective assistance. Iowa Code section 814.7 (2021) “diverts all claims of ineffective assistance of counsel to postconviction-relief proceedings and requires they be resolved there in the first instance.” Treptow, 960 N.W.2d at 103 (quoting State v. Tucker, 959 N.W.2d 140, 152 (Iowa 2021)). 4
previously been convicted of third-degree burglary, a class “D” felony, in 2018,
and had multiple prior juvenile adjudications for burglary, possession of firearms
by a felon, theft, and assault. On June 10, the State charged Hanes by trial
information with one count of criminal gang participation in violation of Iowa
Code sections 703.1, 706.1, 706.3, and 723A.2 (2021), a class “D” felony, and a
second count of possession of a firearm by a felon in violation of
section 724.26(1), a class “D” felony.
On July 9, Hanes entered into a plea agreement in which he agreed to
plead guilty to criminal gang participation in exchange for dismissal of the
felon-in-possession count. The written plea agreement identified an additional
sentencing concession: “The State recommends that the Defendant be granted
supervised probation conditioned on his successful completion of the RCF
[(residential correctional facility)]. If the Defendant is not deemed appropriate for
the RCF, then this becomes an open plea and the State may make any
recommendation at sentencing.” The same day, as permitted by COVID-19
supervisory orders, a written plea of guilty was filed, signed by defense counsel,
and signed and initialed by Hanes. 2 He “expressly waive[d] [his] right to be
present and participate in an in-court plea colloquy.” The written plea stated in
part:
7. I understand that in order to establish my guilt[] of the crimes charged, the State would have to prove beyond a reasonable doubt all of the following elements:
2See generally State v. Basquin, 970 N.W.2d 643 (Iowa 2022) (rejecting constitutional
challenge to written guilty pleas for felonies allowed under temporary COVID-19 supervisory orders). 5
1. On or about . . . April 28, 2021 in Scott County[,] Iowa, John Hanes III actively participated in or was a member of a criminal street gang.
2. On that date and place, the defendant willfully aided and abetted a criminal act, that is, felon in possession of a firearm.
3. On that date and place the criminal act was committed . . . [in association with] the criminal street gang.
8. By pleading guilty, I am asking the Court to accept my guilty plea. I waive all the rights set forth herein with the exception of the right to counsel. I am admitting there is a factual basis for the charge(s), and I admit at the time and place charged in the Trial Information:
I was an active participant in a criminal street gang and I possessed a firearm unlawfully as a felon and did so for the benefit and in association with that same criminal street gang on April 28, 2021 in Scott County[,] Iowa.
Hanes placed his initials next to his admission typed in paragraph 8.
Paragraph 9 stated, “I accept the minutes of testimony as substantially true as
to the elements of these charges.” The minutes recounted the facts set forth
above.
On July 12, the district court entered a written order accepting Hanes’s
guilty plea. The order noted Hanes “has filed a signed Consent to Waive Presence.
The Court, in its discretion, finds that there is no necessity for a full in-court
colloquy and accepts Defendant’s waiver of the same.” The court expressly
advised Hanes of the requirement to file a motion in arrest of judgment in order
to appeal his guilty plea. The order stated:
MOTION IN ARREST OF JUDGMENT Defendant has a right to contest the adequacy of the guilty plea by filing a motion in arrest of judgment pursuant to Iowa R. Crim. P. 2.24(3). A motion in arrest of judgment must be filed no later than 45 days after the guilty plea but no later than five (5) days 6
prior to sentencing (whichever occurs first). If Defendant fails to file a motion in arrest of judgment in a timely manner, Defendant will be precluded from challenging the plea, based upon any alleged defects or mistakes in the plea proceeding, in an appeal to the Iowa Supreme Court.
Hanes never filed a motion in arrest of judgment.
On August 20, the court conducted a virtual sentencing hearing by Zoom
pursuant to the then-existing COVID-19 supervisory orders. Hanes and his
attorney participated remotely by video. The following colloquy ensued:
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Your Honor, I -- I spoke with Mr. Hanes prior to us being on the record here. Could I have a brief colloquy with him, if the Court’s fine with that?
THE COURT: Go ahead.
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Mr. Hanes, in your PSI you -- you made some statements about the events that I just want to clarify with what you said in the plea. Do you agree that in the plea, when you signed off on the factual basis for Criminal Gang Participation, that that was a truthful signature, that you agree to the factual basis in your plea?
[HANES]: Yes.
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: And you agree that you were participating with a criminal street gang and possessed a firearm for the benefit of -- of the gang on that day?
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Okay. And you -- do you wish to withdraw your plea, or attempt to withdraw your plea at this time?
[HANES]: No.
The court offered Hanes the option of continuing the hearing so he could attend
in person; Hanes elected to proceed remotely by Zoom. The court noted that
Hanes was “deemed inappropriate for RCF” due to his assault on a female staffer
in RCF, which made it an “open plea.” Hanes and his counsel still declined to 7
withdraw his guilty plea. The prosecutor recommended incarceration. Defense
counsel argued for a suspended sentence and probation. The court ultimately
imposed a prison sentence of up to five years for criminal gang participation
“because of Mr. Hanes[’s] disturbing and significant criminal history even at his
young age and for purposes of protection of the community.” Pursuant to the
plea agreement, the court dismissed the felon-in-possession charge, another
class “D” felony. Three days later, Hanes filed a notice of appeal.
On appeal, Hanes argues his conviction and guilty plea should be vacated
because his plea lacked a factual basis. Specifically, he argues he cannot “aid
and abet” his own possession of a firearm and that the district court should have
rejected his plea on the court’s own motion. The State moved to dismiss the
appeal on grounds Hanes never filed a motion in arrest of judgment as required
by rule 2.24(3)(a) and Treptow. On the merits, the State argues a factual basis
exists based on Hanes’s admissions and because Iowa law allows an aider and
abettor to be charged as a principal, citing State v. El-Amin, 952 N.W.2d 134, 139
(Iowa 2020). We ordered the State’s motion submitted with the appeal and
retained the case.
II. Standard of Review.
“We ordinarily review challenges to guilty pleas for correction of errors at
law.” State v. Fisher, 877 N.W.2d 676, 680 (Iowa 2016). We review constitutional
challenges to guilty pleas de novo. Treptow, 960 N.W.2d at 107. 8
III. Analysis.
Hanes argues for the first time on appeal that there was no factual basis
in the record for his guilty plea to criminal gang participation. We must first
decide whether Hanes’s failure to file a motion in arrest of judgment precludes
appellate review of his challenge to his guilty plea in this direct appeal. Only if
he clears that hurdle may we reach the merits of his appeal.
Iowa Rules of Criminal Procedure 2.8(2)(d) and 2.24(3) govern motions in
arrest of judgment. Rule 2.8(2)(d) requires the court to “inform the defendant
that any challenges to a plea of guilty based on alleged defects in the plea
proceedings must be raised in a motion in arrest of judgment and that failure to
so raise such challenges shall preclude the right to assert them on appeal.” Iowa
R. Crim. P. 2.8(2)(d). Rule 2.24(3)(a) in turn states, “A defendant’s failure to
challenge the adequacy of a guilty plea proceeding by motion in arrest of
judgment shall preclude the defendant’s right to assert such challenge on
appeal.” Id. r. 2.24(3)(a). Hanes concedes he was properly advised of the
requirement that he file a motion in arrest of judgment in order to challenge his
plea on appeal. We reiterate that a “purpose of these two rules is to allow the
district court to correct defects in guilty plea proceedings before an appeal and
therefore eliminate the necessity for the appeal.” State v. Gant, 597 N.W.2d 501,
503–04 (Iowa 1999). This “admirable purpose would be thwarted” by allowing
Hanes’s appeal to proceed “after [he had been properly] advised of his right to
[file a motion in arrest of judgment] and the consequences for not doing so.”
Wenman v. State, 327 N.W.2d 216, 218 (Iowa 1982). 9
Hanes, however, relies on rule 2.24(3)(c), which states, “The court may
also, upon its own observation of any of these grounds, arrest the judgment on
its own motion.” 3 Iowa R. Crim. P. 2.24(3)(c). The district court accepted Hanes’s
guilty plea at his request without arresting judgment sua sponte. Hanes argues
due process is violated by affirming a conviction based on a guilty plea that lacks
a factual basis. He relies on the district court’s independent obligation to ensure
his guilty plea was supported by a factual basis and argues we should recognize
a “new exception” to error preservation requirements, tantamount to “ineffective
assistance of the judge.” The State argues that review is precluded by the
criminal rules and our caselaw, most recently Treptow. See 960 N.W.2d at 109.
We agree with the State.
In Treptow, David Treptow pleaded guilty to three drug-related offenses.
Id. at 102. He was advised of his right to file a motion in arrest of judgment and
waived that right. Id. On direct appeal, Treptow argued there was no “factual
basis supporting one of the convictions and his counsel provided constitutionally
ineffective assistance in allowing [him] to plead guilty in the absence of a factual
3The dissent relies primarily on Iowa Rule of Criminal Procedure 2.8(2)(b), which states
that a court “shall not accept a plea of guilty without first determining that the plea is made voluntarily and intelligently and has a factual basis.” Hanes first cited rule 2.8(2)(b) in his reply brief, but then only to note that rule was cited in another case that was requesting plain error review. Hanes’s lawyer never mentioned rule 2.8(2)(b) at oral argument. The dissent’s advocacy goes further and makes an argument not raised by Hanes—that rule 2.8(2)(b) itself should allow the defendant to get direct appellate review of a guilty plea without filing the motion in arrest of judgment expressly required by rules 2.8(2)(d) and 2.24(3)(a). The dissent’s reasoning based on rule 2.8(2)(b)’s requirements would logically also allow direct appeals alleging a plea was unknowing or involuntary without a motion in arrest of judgment filed in district court. We decline to effectively rewrite rules 2.8(2) and 2.24(3)(a) to eliminate that motion required for direct appellate review of the plea. 10
basis.” Id. We held that Treptow’s “failure to file a motion in arrest of judgment
precludes appellate relief.” Id. at 109 (citing Iowa R. Crim. P. 2.24(3)(a)).
Treptow discussed two exceptions. Id. First, when “the district court failed
to adequately advise the defendant of the consequences of not filing a motion in
arrest of judgment.” Id. Treptow was adequately advised; so too was Hanes.
Second, when the “failure to file a motion in arrest of judgment resulted from
ineffective assistance of counsel.”4 Id. (quoting State v. Straw, 709 N.W.2d 128,
133 (Iowa 2006), superseded in part on other grounds by Iowa Code
§§ 814.6(1)(a), .7). That path was foreclosed to Treptow by Iowa Code
section 814.7, which diverts ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims to
postconviction proceedings. Hanes has not yet raised an ineffective assistance
claim, nor could he in this direct appeal. See id. But Hanes attempts to
distinguish Treptow by noting the defendant in that case did not raise the
argument Hanes asserts here—urging our court to recognize a third exception
based on the district court’s own ability to arrest judgment when a factual basis
is lacking for the guilty plea. See Iowa R. Crim. P. 2.24(3)(c).
4We have said it is a “per se example of ineffective assistance of counsel” when the defense attorney allows the defendant to plead guilty when “the facts of the charge do not state a violation of the statute under which the charge is made.” State v. Mitchell, 650 N.W.2d 619, 620 (Iowa 2002) (per curiam) (defendant charged under wrong statute for bringing contraband into a correctional facility). We have also said, “Where a factual basis for a charge does not exist, and trial counsel allows the defendant to plead guilty anyway, counsel has failed to perform an essential duty. Prejudice in such a case is inherent.” State v. Schminkey, 597 N.W.2d 785, 788– 89 (Iowa 1999) (en banc) (citation omitted) (concluding factual basis was lacking for charge of theft without “proof that [defendant] intended to permanently deprive the owner of his vehicle” (emphasis omitted)). As noted, Iowa Code section 814.7 now requires ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims to be pursued in postconviction-relief proceedings, not on direct appeal. Treptow, 960 N.W.2d at 103. In Treptow, we rejected claims that the resulting delays in obtaining relief rendered section 814.7 unconstitutional. See id. at 107–08. 11
We decline to create this new exception. To do so would eviscerate
rule 2.24(3)(a)’s express prohibition on appeals where the defendant has failed
to file a motion in arrest of judgment. Id. r. 2.24(3)(a). Rule 2.24(3)(a) is
mandatory. By contrast, rule 2.24(3)(c) is permissive and merely allows the
district court to arrest judgment on its own motion. See id. r. 2.24(3)(c). It does
not provide the district court’s failure to do so enables the defendant to appeal
the very plea he urged the court to enter.
“It is a fundamental doctrine of appellate review that issues must
ordinarily be both raised and decided by the district court before we will decide
them on appeal.” Meier v. Senecaut, 641 N.W.2d 532, 537 (Iowa 2002). “A
supreme court is ‘a court of review, not of first view.’ ” Ripperger v. Iowa Pub.
Info. Bd., 967 N.W.2d 540, 552 (Iowa 2021) (quoting Cutter v. Wilkinson, 544 U.S.
709, 718 n.7 (2005)). Requiring a motion in arrest of judgment ensures that there
will be a district court ruling to review on appeal, and as noted, provides the
district court an opportunity to correct the error. The motion can also serve to
alert the state to fill any gaps in the record to establish a factual basis for the
plea, 5 or attempt to renegotiate the plea agreement if a factual basis is lacking
on a certain charge. Indeed, if Hanes had filed such a motion to challenge the
factual basis for criminal gang participation, the parties might have renegotiated
the plea agreement to dismiss that charge in exchange for his guilty plea to being
5In this case, for example, the State might have supplemented the record to show other occupants of the vehicle with Hanes were felons and argued based on the second firearm in the backseat that Hanes aided and abetted their criminal possession of a weapon in furtherance of gang activity. The dissent does not address this scenario, and we do not reach the merits of Hanes’s factual basis challenge. 12
a felon in possession of a firearm. The delay of this direct appeal, filed August 23,
2021, easily could have been avoided.
The new exception to error preservation requirements sought by Hanes
would undermine one of the chief values of guilty pleas: finality. “A guilty plea
waives all defenses and challenges not intrinsic to the voluntariness of the plea.”
State v. Tucker, 959 N.W.2d 140, 146 (Iowa 2021). “A plea of guilty is more than
a confession which admits that the accused did various acts; it is itself a
conviction; nothing remains but to give judgment and determine punishment.”
Id. (quoting Boykin v. Alabama, 395 U.S. 238, 242 (1969)). “A guilty plea puts a
lid on the box and presumably concludes a case.” Id. “Once a defendant has
waived his right to a trial by pleading guilty, the State is entitled to expect finality
in the conviction.” Id. at 150. (quoting State v. Mann, 602 N.W.2d 785, 789 (Iowa
1999)).
Hanes maintains that due process requires allowing him to challenge his
guilty plea on direct appeal without first filing a motion in arrest of judgment in
district court. We disagree. See, e.g., Massey v. Warden, 733 F. App’x 980, 990 &
n.6 (11th Cir. 2018) (per curiam) (“We note, however, that due process does not
require a state court to find a factual basis for a guilty plea unaccompanied by a
claim of innocence.”); Eggers v. Warden, 826 F.3d 873, 876 (6th Cir. 2016)
(“Absent a claim of innocence during the plea hearing, ‘there is no constitutional
requirement that a trial judge inquire into the factual basis of a plea.’ ” (quoting
Roddy v. Black, 516 F.2d 1380, 1385 (6th Cir. 1975))); Oller v. Bryant, 650 F.
App’x 598, 601 (10th Cir. 2016) (“But the Supreme Court has not acknowledged 13
a Due Process requirement that state courts must first establish an independent
factual basis before acceptance of a guilty plea.”); Booker v. State, 552 S.W.3d
522, 528 (Mo. 2018) (en banc) (“But as Missouri courts and several federal courts
have repeatedly noted, a sufficient factual basis is not constitutionally
required.”).
We have already rejected due process challenges to the 2019 amendment
to Iowa Code section 814.6 restricting direct appeals from guilty pleas. Treptow,
960 N.W.2d at 105; see 2019 Iowa Acts ch. 140, § 28 (codified at Iowa Code
§ 814.6 (2020)). If Hanes relied on constitutionally deficient advice of counsel to
plead guilty and forgo a motion in arrest of judgment, he can pursue relief in
postconviction proceedings. See id. at 103, 109 (rejecting constitutional
challenge to Iowa Code section 814.7). Hanes relies on State v. Williams, where
we reversed a conviction because the colloquy failed to show a factual basis for
the guilty plea, 224 N.W.2d 17, 18–19 (Iowa 1974), and State v. Sisco, where we
vacated a guilty plea based on inadequate colloquy to show the plea was knowing
and voluntary, 169 N.W.2d 542, 551–52 (Iowa 1969) (en banc). Those cases did
not discuss motions in arrest of judgment and were decided before the enactment
of our current rules of criminal procedure requiring such motions for appellate
review, and before the 2019 statutory changes restricting appeals from guilty
pleas.
After Hanes and the State filed their appellate briefs, we decided State v.
Crawford, overruling precedent to allow the defendant to challenge the
sufficiency of the evidence in his jury trial on direct appeal without first filing a 14
motion for acquittal in district court. 972 N.W.2d 189, 202 (Iowa 2022). Crawford
is inapposite because “those convicted after trial and those convicted pursuant
to a guilty plea are not similarly situated for the purposes of appellate review.”
Treptow, 960 N.W.2d at 104–05 (quoting Tucker, 959 N.W.2d at 146). “We
explained that those who plead guilty have acknowledged their guilt and waived
their constitutional rights so the need for appellate review is not necessary in the
same way as it is after trial.” Id. at 105. Indeed, our rules of criminal procedure
demonstrate this distinction by attaching a specific penalty—a bar to appeal—to
a defendant’s failure to file a motion in arrest of judgment. Iowa R. Crim. P.
2.24(3)(a). By contrast, the rules impose no such penalty on a defendant who
fails to file a motion for judgment of acquittal. See id. r. 2.19(8).
Convictions following guilty pleas and trials differ in another important
way. An appellate determination that the evidence at trial was insufficient results
in a dismissal of the charge. State v. Chapman, 944 N.W.2d 864, 875 (Iowa
2020). But if on appeal the factual basis for a guilty plea is found lacking, the
remedy is a remand to allow the state another opportunity to establish a factual
basis or to restore the original charges, including those that were to be dismissed
in a plea bargain. See State v. Gines, 844 N.W.2d 437, 441–42 (Iowa 2014). We
decline to compare apples to oranges. Crawford is inapplicable to the review of
guilty-plea-based convictions.
Because Hanes failed to file a motion in arrest of judgment, he cannot
establish good cause to pursue this direct appeal from his guilty plea as a matter
of right, and we lack jurisdiction to hear his appeal. See Treptow, 960 N.W.2d at 15
110. Dismissal of the appeal is required. Id. Accordingly, we do not reach the
merits of his no-factual-basis challenge to his guilty plea. 6
Nevertheless, and without criticizing the record made in this case, we
repeat this admonition:
Nothing in this opinion, however, should be construed as an invitation to district courts to short circuit rule 2.8(2)(b) when taking a guilty plea. The taking of a guilty plea, though often appearing routine and even ritualistic, has the same consequence for the defendant as a criminal trial. The plea colloquy is an important backstop to help ensure that defendants who might not be guilty do not end up with wrongful convictions as the result of a flawed plea-bargaining process. In addition, a thorough record at the time of the taking of a guilty plea lessens the likelihood of later challenges and, if those challenges do occur, provides an important
6 The dissent contends that postconviction relief will be a waste of time and we should exercise jurisdiction and grant relief now by treating this appeal as a petition for writ of certiorari. Even if we assume that course were available to us, and it is not, the relevant considerations would extend beyond this single case. We would also have to consider the impact of our decision on other cases to come. Is it more efficient to encourage defendants to raise all objections to guilty pleas in a motion in arrest of judgment or, failing that, in postconviction relief? Or is it more efficient to encourage parties to take direct appeals from guilty pleas allegedly lacking a factual basis, notwithstanding having failed to raise the point in the district court? Direct appeals can take about a year to be resolved. As noted, in this case the notice of appeal was filed August 23, 2021. A petition for writ of certiorari is available when the district court “exceeded the judge’s jurisdiction or otherwise acted illegally.” Iowa R. App. P. 6.107(1)(a). We have never held that the district court acts “illegally” or exceeds its “jurisdiction” by accepting a guilty plea without a factual basis, and Hanes makes no such argument. His sentence is within statutory limits. The author of the dissent joined Treptow without raising this illegality theory that would effectively overrule that decision. In Tindell v. State, we declined to relax the requirement to file a motion in arrest of judgment to appeal procedural errors in guilty pleas. 629 N.W.2d 357, 359–60 (Iowa 2001) (en banc) (holding the defendant failed to preserve error on his claim that he withdrew and never renewed his guilty plea, resulting in an illegal sentence). Like Hanes, defendant Tindell claimed there was no valid guilty plea supporting his conviction. Id. at 358–59. We noted that our cases “allow challenges to illegal sentences at any time, but they do not allow challenges to sentences that, because of procedural errors, are illegally imposed.” Id. at 359. We warned that [i]f we were to expand th[e] concept [of illegality] to encompass redress for underlying procedural defects, as well, it would open up a virtual Pandora’s box of complaints with no statutorily prescribed procedures for their disposition nor any time limits for their implementation. We do not believe the legislature intended such a result. Id. at 360. That warning applies with equal force here. The dissent disclaims reliance on “illegal sentence” cases, yet fails to cite any case holding the lack of a factual basis results in a form of illegality supporting certiorari review. 16
contemporary record to assist reviewing courts in evaluating the merits of such claims.
State v. Finney, 834 N.W.2d 46, 62–63 (Iowa 2013). We also urge district courts
to expedite postconviction review of claims that a guilty plea lacked a factual
basis. Such claims presumably could be promptly decided based on the minutes
and plea colloquy.
IV. Disposition.
For the foregoing reasons, we dismiss this appeal for lack of jurisdiction.
APPEAL DISMISSED.
Christensen, C.J., and Mansfield, McDonald, Oxley, and May, JJ., join
this opinion. Oxley, J., files a concurring opinion. McDermott, J., files a
dissenting opinion. 17
#21–1146, State v. Hanes
OXLEY, Justice (concurring).
I join the majority’s opinion because I agree that State v. Treptow, 960
N.W.2d 98 (Iowa 2021), governs. But I write separately to note the additional
judicial proceedings Hanes, and others like him, will needlessly have to go
through under our rules of criminal procedure. As the majority rightly points
out, rule 2.24(3)(a) precludes a defendant who pleads guilty from raising issues
on appeal that are not first raised in district court through a motion in arrest of
judgment, including a claim that a factual basis is lacking. Iowa R. Crim. P.
2.24(3)(a). Historically, we have nonetheless allowed defendants to raise lack of
a factual basis on direct appeal even when they didn’t file a motion in arrest of
judgment, using ineffective assistance of counsel as the conduit. See Treptow,
960 N.W.2d at 109 (recognizing ineffective assistance as one exception to the
requirement to file a motion in arrest of judgment).
But let’s call a spade a spade. When a factual basis was lacking, we didn’t
really use ineffective assistance of counsel to excuse the failure to file the motion.
See Rhoades v. State, 848 N.W.2d 22, 33 (Iowa 2014) (Mansfield, J., concurring
specially) (“Although we have not said so as a court, I think the reality is that
our court has an expansive view of ineffective assistance of counsel.”). Rather,
“we vacate[d] a plea whenever the record d[id] not contain a factual basis for each
element of the crime, seemingly without regard to counsel’s actual competence.”
Id.; see also State v. Mitchell, 650 N.W.2d 619, 620–21 (Iowa 2002) (per curiam)
(“[I]t is perhaps unfair to justify the granting of relief to a defendant in all such 18
instances on an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel theory. There will be cases in
which the interpretation of the statutes present[s] a close case involving good-
faith professional judgment.”). Whether or not counsel provided ineffective
assistance, “we adhere[d] to our view that all such convictions must be vacated.”
Mitchell, 650 N.W.2d at 621. And we did that because “our decision in State v.
Schminkey, 597 N.W.2d 785, 788 (Iowa 1999) [(en banc)], mandates that under
no circumstances may a conviction upon plea of guilty stand if it appears that
the facts of the charge do not state a violation of the statute under which the
charge is made.” Mitchell, 650 N.W.2d at 620 (emphasis added).
In reviewing a factual-basis challenge where no motion in arrest of
judgment is filed, we don’t even address the elements of an ineffective-
assistance-of-counsel claim. Rather, “our first and only inquiry is whether the
record shows a factual basis for [the defendant’s] guilty plea.” Schminkey, 597
N.W.2d at 788. No new evidence is considered. Our decision is based only on the
“record before the district court at the guilty plea hearing, including any
statements made by the defendant, facts related by the prosecutor, the minutes
of testimony, and the presentence report.” Id.
Rather than continuing the façade of analyzing factual-basis challenges
through the lens of an ineffective-assistance claim when no motion in arrest of
judgment is filed, we should amend rule 2.24(3)(a) to allow factual-basis claims
to be brought on direct appeal even if a motion in arrest of judgment is not filed.
Sending the claims to postconviction relief (PCR) serves no purpose but to cause
delay and increase the burden on defendants and judicial resources through 19
additional proceedings. While a motion in arrest of judgment is preferable
because it allows the district court to consider the issue in the first instance and
correct any correctable deficiencies, sending the case to PCR does not change
the fact that the district court lacked an opportunity to consider its alleged error.
The PCR court will have to do the same review we have always done on appeal,
and, like us, without the benefit of the district court’s ruling on a motion in arrest
of judgment. Nor will changing the rule somehow advantage the defendant by
allowing him to hide the ball from the district court. It is still more advantageous
to the defendant to raise the claim in a motion to arrest judgment—so that the
district court can correct the error immediately—rather than waiting until the
appellate process to do so. But when the issue is not raised first in district court
through a motion in arrest of judgment, it makes no sense to send it to PCR for
essentially the same review we would do on direct appeal. 20
McDERMOTT, Justice (dissenting).
As with the wisdom about liberty, it seems that the price of justice in a
system driven by plea bargaining is eternal vigilance.
The crime to which the defendant pleaded guilty in this case—criminal
gang participation—includes as a necessary element that the defendant “willfully
aids and abets any criminal act.” Iowa Code § 723A.2 (2021). In the guilty plea
presented to the district court, Hanes admitted to having “willfully aided and
abetted a criminal act, that is, felon in possession of a firearm.” The district court
accepted Hanes’s plea, entered a judgment of conviction, and sentenced him.
But here’s the rub: the “felon” that Hanes “aided and abetted” in
possessing a firearm was Hanes himself. To aid and abet a criminal act requires
that there be someone else—a principal, as the law refers to the person—that the
aider and abettor assists. Hanes can’t aid and abet himself in a criminal act.
While Hanes, of course, can commit the crime of felon in possession of a firearm
by possessing a firearm, he can’t aid and abet himself in his own unlawful
possession of the firearm. Iowa’s aiding-and-abetting statute makes a distinction
between “principals” (those who “directly commit the act constituting the
offense”) and those who “aid and abet its commission.” Id. § 703.1. By definition,
“there must be a guilty principal before there can be an aider and abettor.” United
States v. Washington, 106 F.3d 983, 1003 (D.C. Cir. 1997) (per curiam) (quoting
United States v. Staten, 581 F.2d 878, 887 (D.C. Cir. 1978)); see also Nye &
Nissen v. United States, 336 U.S. 613, 620 (1949) (“Aiding and abetting . . . states 21
a rule of criminal responsibility for acts which one assists another in
performing.”).
If Hanes can’t aid and abet his own felon-in-possession crime—and that’s
the only crime presented as evidence of his aiding and abetting in this case—
then Hanes hasn’t aided and abetted a criminal act necessary to support a
conviction for criminal gang participation. A required element of the crime is
lacking. Hanes thus stands wrongly convicted—and at this moment,
incarcerated—for a crime that on this record he did not commit. 7
By accepting Hanes’s plea and entering a judgment of conviction without
a factual basis for the crime, the district court violated Iowa Rule of Criminal
Procedure 2.8(2)(b), which states that a court “shall not accept a plea of guilty
without first determining that the plea is made voluntarily and intelligently and
has a factual basis.” Yet the majority today refuses to act to correct this, instead
dismissing this appeal for lack of jurisdiction because Hanes failed to file a
“motion in arrest of judgment” under rule 2.24(3)(a) to set aside the district
court’s judgment of conviction. Hanes is left to challenge his conviction through
a civil postconviction-relief (PCR) action under Iowa Code chapter 822. In a PCR
action, he will need to prove a claim of ineffective assistance by his trial counsel
but will have no mechanism to challenge the district court’s own separate
7The majority recites the State’s argument that “Iowa law allows an aider and abettor to be charged as a principal.” The majority doesn’t get into the merits of this argument, and for good reason. The State’s argument fails because it confuses how a crime is charged with how a crime is committed. The gang-participation statute, by its express terms, focuses on how the associated crime is committed, specifying the necessary element that the defendant “willfully aids and abets any criminal act.” Iowa Code § 723A.2. The focus of the gang-participation statute is the nature of the criminal act, not how that act might later be charged. 22
violation of rule 2.8(2)(b) in accepting the guilty plea without a factual basis for
it.
As the majority notes, our prior cases have carved two exceptions to the
rule requiring that defendants file a motion in arrest of judgment before we’ll
consider a challenge to a guilty plea in a direct appeal. The first is when the
district court fails to inform a defendant that a motion in arrest of judgment
must be filed to challenge the guilty plea in an appeal. See State v. Loye, 670
N.W.2d 141, 149–50 (Iowa 2003). The second is when a defendant alleges that
the failure to file a motion in arrest of judgment resulted from ineffective
assistance of counsel. See State v. El-Amin, 952 N.W.2d 134, 137–38 (Iowa 2020).
Hanes asserts that his lawyer provided ineffective assistance of counsel by
failing to file a motion in arrest of judgment. But this second exception to the
motion-in-arrest-of-judgment rule is now something of a historical relic in light
of recent amendments to Iowa Code section 814.7, which forbids parties from
raising ineffective-assistance claims in a direct appeal. As a result, Hanes asks
us to create a new exception that would permit defendants to challenge a guilty
plea in a direct appeal—even if they’ve failed to file a motion in arrest of judgment
under rule 2.24(3)(a)—when the district court fails in its duty to ensure a factual
basis for the guilty plea under rule 2.8(2)(b) or (relatedly) fails to arrest a defective
judgment of conviction on its own. See Iowa R. Crim. P. 2.8(2)(b).
A better approach to this problem exists, in my view. Hanes’s challenge to
his wrongful conviction is best addressed as a petition for writ of certiorari.
Hanes’s appellate briefs argue that the district court failed in its duties when it 23
accepted his guilty plea to the gang-participation charge without a factual basis.
Iowa Rule of Appellate Procedure 6.107 states that a party asserting that a
district court judge “exceeded the judge’s jurisdiction or otherwise acted illegally”
may file a petition for writ of certiorari in the supreme court. (Emphasis added.)
That Hanes’s appellate counsel filed a notice of appeal and not a petition for writ
of certiorari doesn’t matter. If our court “determines another form of review was
the proper one, the case shall not be dismissed, but shall proceed as though the
proper form of review had been requested.” Id. r. 6.108; see also Crowell v. State
Pub. Def., 845 N.W.2d 676, 682 (Iowa 2014). “Our power to review lower court
actions by issuing writs of certiorari is discretionary.” Crowell, 845 N.W.2d at
682 (citing Sorci v. Iowa Dist. Ct., 671 N.W.2d 482, 490 (Iowa 2003)).
What’s the point of forcing Hanes to challenge his unquestionably unlawful
conviction in a separate, time-consuming PCR action? Hanes poses a purely legal
challenge to the validity of his guilty plea and no fact-finding is required. In this
situation, “our first and only inquiry is whether the record shows a factual basis
for [the defendant’s] guilty plea to the charge.” State v. Schminkey, 597 N.W.2d
785, 788 (Iowa 1999) (en banc). We have the record in front of us. It shows that
the district court violated rule 2.8(2)(b) when it accepted Hanes’s guilty plea to
the gang-participation charge without a factual basis. We have discretion under
rule 6.108 to address the district court’s violation now—and we ought to.
The majority’s decision to dismiss this appeal and thus compel Hanes to
seek relief through a PCR action raises a separate, disturbing question: what if
Hanes had not been represented by counsel when he pleaded guilty without a 24
factual basis? A defendant can’t claim ineffective assistance of counsel if the
defendant had no counsel assisting him. See State v. Hutchison, 341 N.W.2d 33,
42 (Iowa 1983). If Hanes had been without a lawyer, he would have no lawyer to
point to as ineffective in a PCR action, and thus the district court’s acceptance
of the guilty plea, in violation of rule 2.8(2)(b), would appear to have no remedy.
Under the majority’s PCR-or-bust resolution of this appeal, self-represented
defendants who plead guilty to a charge with no factual basis appear destined to
serve out their sentences without any means to challenge the spurious
conviction that it’s based on. 8
Defendants cannot, for mistaken reasons or strategic ones, plead guilty to
a crime with no factual basis. “Endorsing such strategies,” we have said, “would
erode the integrity of all pleas and the public’s confidence in our criminal justice
system.” State v. Hack, 545 N.W.2d 262, 263 (Iowa 1996). “It makes a mockery
of the justice system when a defendant is punished for violating a statute that
he unquestionably did not violate.” Iowa Sup. Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Howe,
706 N.W.2d 360, 379 (Iowa 2005).
None of this is to suggest, of course, that the State, Hanes’s lawyer, or the
district court judge ever intended to violate the law by advocating (in the case of
8The majority in a footnote addressing this dissent asks rhetorically whether it’s more efficient for defendants to raise objections to guilty pleas in a motion in arrest of judgment in the district court as opposed to in a PCR action or in a direct appeal. But the majority’s rhetorical question obscures the actual question before us: whether an appellate court may on direct appeal vacate a guilty plea when the defendant has already failed to make a motion in arrest of judgment. In the same footnote, the majority discusses some of our cases on challenges under an “illegal sentence” theory. It’s not clear to me why these are included in apparent reference to this dissent, as I do not mention (let alone rely on) any basis to vacate Hanes’s guilty plea under our illegal sentence cases. 25
the lawyers) or accepting (in the case of the judge) the guilty plea in this case.
The record contains no suggestion of anyone involved in the case seeking to skirt
the law. But a serious mistake has been made nonetheless, and one we should
not—and need not—delay in fixing.
The United States Supreme Court has acknowledged that plea-bargaining
“is not some adjunct to the criminal justice system; it is the criminal justice
system.” Missouri v. Frye, 566 U.S. 134, 144 (2012) (quoting Robert E. Scott &
William J. Stuntz, Plea Bargaining as Contract, 101 Yale L.J. 1909, 1912 (1992)).
The court’s vigilance in ensuring that every guilty plea “is made voluntarily and
intelligently and has a factual basis” is thus vital to safeguarding a defendant’s
constitutional rights and, more broadly, the integrity of the criminal justice
system. Iowa R. Crim. P. 2.8(2)(b); see Hack, 545 N.W.2d at 263.
Until today, our court had resolutely maintained that “under no
circumstances may a conviction upon plea of guilty stand if it appears that the
facts of the charge do not state a violation of the statute under which the charge
is made.” State v. Mitchell, 650 N.W.2d 619, 620 (Iowa 2002) (per curiam) (citing
Schminkey, 597 N.W.2d at 788). That’s precisely what we have here: the facts of
the charge do not state a violation of the statute. And conspicuously, nowhere in
the majority opinion does the majority suggest any disagreement with this. Our
court’s “under no circumstances” tough talk appears to have been mere flexing,
for today we let Hanes’s unsupported conviction stand. In place of action to
correct an indisputably baseless conviction, we now simply urge that the district
court “expedite postconviction review.” 26
It need not be so. I would grant a writ of certiorari and hold that the district
court violated its duty to reject Hanes’s guilty plea under rule 2.8(2)(b) because
it lacked a factual basis. The appropriate remedy in this situation is to vacate
the plea, reverse the judgment of conviction and sentence, and remand the case
to the district court to give the State the opportunity to establish a factual basis.
See State v. Gines, 844 N.W.2d 437, 441–42 (Iowa 2014). If the State can
establish a factual basis for the gang-participation charge, the district court
should resentence Hanes. Id. If the State is unable to establish a factual basis
for the charge, the State returns to the position it was in before the plea
agreement and may charge the defendant under any code section supported by
the facts. Id.