IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 21-1200 Filed October 19, 2022
STATE OF IOWA, Plaintiff-Appellee,
vs.
JEREMY JAMES BEHRENDS, Defendant-Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Black Hawk County, Joel Dalrymple,
Judge.
Jeremy Behrends appeals dual convictions of domestic abuse assault
causing bodily injury, challenging the sufficiency of the evidence. AFFIRMED.
Daniel M. Northfield, Urbandale, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Kyle Hanson, Assistant Attorney
General, for appellee.
Considered by Bower, C.J., Tabor, J., and Mullins, S.J.*
*Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206
(2022). 2
MULLINS, Senior Judge.
Jeremy Behrends appeals his dual convictions of domestic abuse assault
causing bodily injury,1 challenging the sufficiency of the evidence. He argues
“there was insufficient evidence to convince a rational fact finder that [he] was
guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.” While he does not offer a specific argument as
to how the State’s evidence was lacking, he appears to argue the State did not
establish assaultive acts occurred or that they resulted in bodily injuries.
I. Background
The State charged Behrends by trial information with two crimes in relation
to his alleged acts against the victim on or about October 10, 2020. The evidence
presented at trial discloses the following.
In her testimony, the victim, Behrends’s wife and mother of his child,
acknowledged she was testifying due to a subpoena. She was resistant to
questioning and understandably emotional, explaining, “I’m not going to ever be
okay with sending . . . my daughter’s father away. I can’t do it. I can’t do it.” Due
to her resistance, the court variously admonished her. Yet, she provided little
substantive testimony.
The victim did testify she and Behrends are married but separated and
share a child. In October 2020, the marriage “wasn’t on good terms.” On the date
in question, the victim went to Behrends’s house and they engaged in consensual
1 Behrends was originally charged with one count of domestic abuse assault by impeding normal breathing or circulation of blood causing bodily injury and one count of domestic abuse assault causing bodily injury. The jury found him guilty of the lesser-included offense of domestic abuse assault causing bodily injury under count one and as charged under count two. 3
intercourse, after which Behrends became angry and wanted the victim to leave.
The victim did not want to leave, however, because she was worried about
Behrends’s mental state.
The victim acknowledged calling 911. The audio recording of that call was
admitted as evidence at trial. A number of the victim’s statements in the recording
are not understandable given her frantic state, but she can be understood to state
her husband Jeremy Behrends beat her, she thought he broke her foot, and she
needed an ambulance. After the ambulance arrived, the victim was taken to the
hospital. In her testimony, the victim refused to identify what caused the injury to
her ankle or foot.
The victim also acknowledged giving a statement to officers while she was
at the hospital. During that statement, which was captured in a video that was
admitted as evidence at trial, the victim is depicted in a hospital room on a stretcher
and in a neck brace. In her statement, the victim recounted that, after intercourse
“he said get out of my house” and
he picks me up he slams me against the furnace or whatever that metal thing is against the wall by the bathroom door, and then he chokes me, and he has his fist against my face, my face by the tile, and then he’s got my . . . leg and he’s bending it back and then I get to the door and he shuts the door, takes my phone, tells me to go sit down on the couch, and he throws an ice pack at me.
When asked on cross-examination whether the injuries could have possibly
occurred during the consensual intercourse, the victim answered, “Maybe” and “I
don’t know.”
Dr. Kim Chapman testified the victim complained of neck and ankle pain
when she arrived at the emergency room, and Chapman observed the victim’s 4
ankle to be swollen and “she had red marks on her neck.” The victim reported to
Chapman that Behrends “slammed her up against the wall in the home, held her
down on the ground, was punching her, holding her face into the tile and then
indicated that he had twisted her legs and ankles up behind her trying to . . . break
her ankle or her leg.” Then, after she tried to leave, Behrends “choked her,
wrapping his arm around her neck until she was unconscious.” When she came
to, she called 911. Chapman testified the injury to the ankle was “very recent
because there wasn’t any bruising. There was just swelling at the site, and swelling
is what usually occurs initially when there’s an injury.” Chapman described the red
marks as “somewhat circular and on one side of her neck,” which was “consistent
with finger marks” and “consistent with someone who had had some sort of assault
or injury done recently.”
Firefighter and paramedic Dwight Paul testified when he arrived on the
scene, the victim advised she was assaulted and “said her neck and her head hurt”
and “her ankle hurt.” Paul also observed the victim’s ankle was swollen and she
had “some red marks on her neck,” “possibly a handprint,” as well as her arm. The
victim specifically advised Paul “she was assaulted by her husband”—he “pushed
her head through the wall and threw her to the ground and hurt her ankle” and
“grabbed her multiple times and hit her again.”
Officer Ryan Muhlenbruch with the Waterloo Police Department was
dispatched to the scene and spoke with Behrends. Some of their exchange was
captured by Muhlenbruch’s body camera. In the video, Behrends basically
reported he just did not remember anything other than waking up in the middle of
having intercourse with the victim, upon which he told her to get out. When she 5
didn’t leave, he “drug her outside.” Muhlenbruch testified Behrends’s residence
appeared to have been the subject of a recent disturbance, including a “large hole
in the drywall,” which he took pictures of.
Muhlenbruch went to the hospital and spoke with the victim. Muhlenbruch
testified to the victim reporting the following occurred after she had intercourse with
Behrends:
Mr. Behrends . . . became violent and . . . kept telling her to get out of his house, kind of out of nowhere, and at one point . . . picked her up and threw her to the ground, and they fell against the wall. And she also stated that at one point he had her in a strangle hold, and she felt that she had passed out, and that, in addition to that, at one point had her on her stomach and was bending her— bending her—had ahold of her ankles and bending her legs back towards her butt, back area, trying to—she felt that she—that he was trying to break her legs.
The victim complained her legs, angles, and neck hurt, and Muhlenbruch observed
injuries to both of the victim’s ankles, with the left ankle being swollen, bruising to
her arm, and visible injuries to her neck.
Behrends testified he woke up on the date in question, around the time of
which he had been using methamphetamine, to having intercourse with the victim,
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 21-1200 Filed October 19, 2022
STATE OF IOWA, Plaintiff-Appellee,
vs.
JEREMY JAMES BEHRENDS, Defendant-Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Black Hawk County, Joel Dalrymple,
Judge.
Jeremy Behrends appeals dual convictions of domestic abuse assault
causing bodily injury, challenging the sufficiency of the evidence. AFFIRMED.
Daniel M. Northfield, Urbandale, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Kyle Hanson, Assistant Attorney
General, for appellee.
Considered by Bower, C.J., Tabor, J., and Mullins, S.J.*
*Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206
(2022). 2
MULLINS, Senior Judge.
Jeremy Behrends appeals his dual convictions of domestic abuse assault
causing bodily injury,1 challenging the sufficiency of the evidence. He argues
“there was insufficient evidence to convince a rational fact finder that [he] was
guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.” While he does not offer a specific argument as
to how the State’s evidence was lacking, he appears to argue the State did not
establish assaultive acts occurred or that they resulted in bodily injuries.
I. Background
The State charged Behrends by trial information with two crimes in relation
to his alleged acts against the victim on or about October 10, 2020. The evidence
presented at trial discloses the following.
In her testimony, the victim, Behrends’s wife and mother of his child,
acknowledged she was testifying due to a subpoena. She was resistant to
questioning and understandably emotional, explaining, “I’m not going to ever be
okay with sending . . . my daughter’s father away. I can’t do it. I can’t do it.” Due
to her resistance, the court variously admonished her. Yet, she provided little
substantive testimony.
The victim did testify she and Behrends are married but separated and
share a child. In October 2020, the marriage “wasn’t on good terms.” On the date
in question, the victim went to Behrends’s house and they engaged in consensual
1 Behrends was originally charged with one count of domestic abuse assault by impeding normal breathing or circulation of blood causing bodily injury and one count of domestic abuse assault causing bodily injury. The jury found him guilty of the lesser-included offense of domestic abuse assault causing bodily injury under count one and as charged under count two. 3
intercourse, after which Behrends became angry and wanted the victim to leave.
The victim did not want to leave, however, because she was worried about
Behrends’s mental state.
The victim acknowledged calling 911. The audio recording of that call was
admitted as evidence at trial. A number of the victim’s statements in the recording
are not understandable given her frantic state, but she can be understood to state
her husband Jeremy Behrends beat her, she thought he broke her foot, and she
needed an ambulance. After the ambulance arrived, the victim was taken to the
hospital. In her testimony, the victim refused to identify what caused the injury to
her ankle or foot.
The victim also acknowledged giving a statement to officers while she was
at the hospital. During that statement, which was captured in a video that was
admitted as evidence at trial, the victim is depicted in a hospital room on a stretcher
and in a neck brace. In her statement, the victim recounted that, after intercourse
“he said get out of my house” and
he picks me up he slams me against the furnace or whatever that metal thing is against the wall by the bathroom door, and then he chokes me, and he has his fist against my face, my face by the tile, and then he’s got my . . . leg and he’s bending it back and then I get to the door and he shuts the door, takes my phone, tells me to go sit down on the couch, and he throws an ice pack at me.
When asked on cross-examination whether the injuries could have possibly
occurred during the consensual intercourse, the victim answered, “Maybe” and “I
don’t know.”
Dr. Kim Chapman testified the victim complained of neck and ankle pain
when she arrived at the emergency room, and Chapman observed the victim’s 4
ankle to be swollen and “she had red marks on her neck.” The victim reported to
Chapman that Behrends “slammed her up against the wall in the home, held her
down on the ground, was punching her, holding her face into the tile and then
indicated that he had twisted her legs and ankles up behind her trying to . . . break
her ankle or her leg.” Then, after she tried to leave, Behrends “choked her,
wrapping his arm around her neck until she was unconscious.” When she came
to, she called 911. Chapman testified the injury to the ankle was “very recent
because there wasn’t any bruising. There was just swelling at the site, and swelling
is what usually occurs initially when there’s an injury.” Chapman described the red
marks as “somewhat circular and on one side of her neck,” which was “consistent
with finger marks” and “consistent with someone who had had some sort of assault
or injury done recently.”
Firefighter and paramedic Dwight Paul testified when he arrived on the
scene, the victim advised she was assaulted and “said her neck and her head hurt”
and “her ankle hurt.” Paul also observed the victim’s ankle was swollen and she
had “some red marks on her neck,” “possibly a handprint,” as well as her arm. The
victim specifically advised Paul “she was assaulted by her husband”—he “pushed
her head through the wall and threw her to the ground and hurt her ankle” and
“grabbed her multiple times and hit her again.”
Officer Ryan Muhlenbruch with the Waterloo Police Department was
dispatched to the scene and spoke with Behrends. Some of their exchange was
captured by Muhlenbruch’s body camera. In the video, Behrends basically
reported he just did not remember anything other than waking up in the middle of
having intercourse with the victim, upon which he told her to get out. When she 5
didn’t leave, he “drug her outside.” Muhlenbruch testified Behrends’s residence
appeared to have been the subject of a recent disturbance, including a “large hole
in the drywall,” which he took pictures of.
Muhlenbruch went to the hospital and spoke with the victim. Muhlenbruch
testified to the victim reporting the following occurred after she had intercourse with
Behrends:
Mr. Behrends . . . became violent and . . . kept telling her to get out of his house, kind of out of nowhere, and at one point . . . picked her up and threw her to the ground, and they fell against the wall. And she also stated that at one point he had her in a strangle hold, and she felt that she had passed out, and that, in addition to that, at one point had her on her stomach and was bending her— bending her—had ahold of her ankles and bending her legs back towards her butt, back area, trying to—she felt that she—that he was trying to break her legs.
The victim complained her legs, angles, and neck hurt, and Muhlenbruch observed
injuries to both of the victim’s ankles, with the left ankle being swollen, bruising to
her arm, and visible injuries to her neck.
Behrends testified he woke up on the date in question, around the time of
which he had been using methamphetamine, to having intercourse with the victim,
pushed her off of him, and asked her to leave. When she didn’t leave, Behrends
“grabbed her by her arm and tried to pull her towards the door, but she resisted
and either “tripped or . . . purposefully fell.” He then grabbed her by the ankle and
“jerk[ed]” her into the kitchen and tried to get her to the door. Then the victim
advised she thought her ankle was broken, so Behrends got her an ice pack.
Behrends eventually got her out the door, after which she apparently called 911.
Behrends denied choking the victim, although he agreed he got physical with her 6
in an “offensive manner.” He also agreed her injuries occurred at his residence
during this incident.
Following the State’s case-in-chief, the defense moved for judgment of
acquittal. As to count one, the defense argued there was insufficient evidence to
show a strangulation occurred. As to both counts, the defense basically argued
there was insufficient evidence to show an assault occurred at all. The court
denied this motion and the renewed motion for judgment of acquittal following the
presentation of evidence for the defense.2
Upon the foregoing evidence, the jury found Behrends guilty of two counts
of domestic abuse assault causing bodily injury. Behrends appeals.
II. Standard of Review
Challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence supporting a conviction are
reviewed for correction of errors at law. State v. Crawford, 974 N.W.2d 510, 517
(Iowa 2022). In reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, the court
views “the evidence ‘in the light most favorable to the State, including all
reasonable inferences that may be fairly drawn from the evidence.’” State v.
Ortiz, 905 N.W.2d 174, 180 (Iowa 2017) (quoting State v. Huser, 894 N.W.2d 472,
490 (Iowa 2017)). All evidence is considered, not just that of an inculpatory nature.
See Huser, 894 N.W.2d at 490. A verdict will be upheld if substantial evidence
supports it. State v. Wickes, 910 N.W.2d 554, 563 (Iowa 2018) (quoting State v.
Ramirez, 895 N.W.2d 884, 890 (Iowa 2017)). “Evidence is substantial if, ‘when
2We note defendants can now challenge the sufficiency of the evidence on direct appeal without first raising the specific challenge in a motion for judgment of acquittal in the district court. See State v. Crawford, 972 N.W.2d 189, 194 (Iowa 2022). 7
viewed in the light most favorable to the State, it can convince a rational jury that
the defendant is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Id. (quoting Ramirez, 895
N.W.2d at 890). Evidence is not rendered insubstantial merely because it might
support a different conclusion; the only question is whether the evidence supports
the finding actually made. See State v. Jones, 967 N.W.2d 336, 339 (Iowa 2021).
In considering a sufficiency-of-the-evidence challenge, “[i]t is not the province of
the court . . . to resolve conflicts in the evidence, to pass upon the credibility of
witnesses, to determine the plausibility of explanations, or to weigh the evidence;
such matters are for the jury.” State v. Musser, 721 N.W.2d 758, 761 (Iowa 2006)
(quoting State v. Williams, 695 N.W.2d 23, 28 (Iowa 2005)).
III. Analysis
While Behrends challenges the sufficiency of evidence supporting his
convictions, he provides us with little guidance on what he thinks the State failed
to prove. He points out that he “testified, and said that he couldn’t for sure account
for whether or not the alleged victim had marks on her before the alleged assault.”
He also points to the victim’s reluctance to testify and the lack of substance her
testimony provided in submitting she “was not very helpful to the prosecution at
trial.” Behrends goes on to insinuate the injuries could have happened during
consensual intercourse. Based on these considerations, Behrends submits “there
was insufficient evidence to convince a rational fact finder that [he] was guilty
beyond a reasonable doubt.”
While he does not specifically say so, we interpret his challenge to be a
claim that the State failed to show assaultive acts actually occurred. On this point,
the jury was instructed under both counts that Behrends was guilty if he 8
did an act which was intended to cause pain or injury to [the victim], or did an act that resulted in physical contact which was insulting or offensive to [the victim], or placed [the victim] in fear of an immediate physical contact which would have been painful, injurious, insulting, or offensive to [the victim].
Accord Iowa Code § 708.1(2)(a), (b) (2020); see also State v. Banes, 910 N.W.2d
634, 639 (Iowa Ct. App. 2018) (noting jury instructions unchallenged on appeal
serve as the law of the case for purposes of reviewing the sufficiency of the
evidence).
The victim herself testified Behrends became angry with her. Her 911 call
told the jury Behrends beat her, she thought he broke her foot, and she needed an
ambulance. She also reported to law enforcement at the hospital Behrends
engaged in various acts of violence against her—slamming her against the wall,
choking her, bending her legs back, putting his fist against her face, putting her
face against the tile, and throwing an ice pack at her. The victim told the doctor
Behrends slammed her up against the wall, held her to the ground, punched her,
held her face to the tile, twisted her legs, and choked her. The victim told the
paramedic “she was assaulted by her husband”—he “pushed her head through the
wall and threw her to the ground and hurt her ankle” and “grabbed her multiple
times and hit her again.”
Long story short, the evidence, when viewed in the light most favorable to
the State, shows Behrends engaged in various acts that meet the definition of an
assault. To the extent Behrends argues those acts did not cause bodily injuries,
the evidence is substantial that they caused “physical pain, illness, or any
impairment of physical condition,” as the jury was instructed. See State v. Taylor,
689 N.W.2d 116, 135 (Iowa 2004) (defining bodily injury). 9
Because the jury’s verdicts enjoy substantial evidentiary support on the
elements Behrends’s claims can be interpreted to challenge, we affirm his
convictions.
AFFIRMED.