IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 16-1150 Filed July 19, 2017
STATE OF IOWA, Plaintiff-Appellee,
vs.
DAVID DWIGHT JACKSON, Defendant-Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Lawrence P.
McLellan, Judge.
David Dwight Jackson appeals some of his convictions, alleging the State
submitted insufficient evidence. AFFIRMED.
Christopher J. Foster of Foster Law Office, Iowa City, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Thomas E. Bakke, Assistant
Attorney General, for appellee.
Considered by Vaitheswaran, P.J., and Tabor and Mullins, JJ. 2
MULLINS, Judge.
In 2016, David Dwight Jackson was charged with five counts:
(1) possession of a controlled substance (methamphetamine) with intent to
deliver, (2) possession of a controlled substance (cocaine base) with intent to
deliver, (3) failure to possess a tax stamp, (4) possession of a controlled
substance (heroin) second offense, and (5) possession of a controlled substance
(marijuana) second offense. Each of these charges was subject to an habitual-
offender enhancement. Following a jury trial, Jackson was found guilty of lesser-
included charges on the first (methamphetamine) and second (cocaine base)
counts, guilty of the third (tax stamp) and fifth (marijuana) counts, and not guilty
of the fourth (heroin) count. Jackson appeals claiming the State submitted
insufficient evidence to support his conviction for possession of the cocaine base,
possession of the marijuana, and failure to possess a tax stamp for the
methamphetamine.
“A jury verdict is binding upon an appellate court if it is supported by
substantial evidence.” State v. Garr, 461 N.W.2d 171, 173 (Iowa 1990).
“Substantial evidence is evidence that could convince a rational factfinder that a
defendant is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. “Direct and circumstantial
evidence are equally probative.” Id. “We review challenges to the sufficiency of
the evidence for the correction of errors at law.” State v. Lambert, 612 N.W.2d
810, 813 (Iowa 2000).
When viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, the
testimony at trial established the following. See Garr, 461 N.W.2d at 173 (“[W]e
view the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, ‘including all legitimate 3
inferences and presumptions which may fairly and reasonably be deduced from
the evidence in the record.’” (citation omitted)). In February 2016, police officers
executed a search warrant on an apartment in Des Moines. When they knocked
on the door and no one responded, the officers forcibly entered and found two
persons in the apartment. They first found a female located in the living room,
whom one officer had seen entering the apartment shortly before the officers
made their entry. The officers forcibly entered the only bathroom in the
apartment and found Jackson sitting clothed on the toilet, with the toilet seat
open and the toilet water running as if recently flushed, which one officer testified
led him to believe Jackson had been using it to dispose of evidence. The officers
then searched Jackson’s person and found a plastic bag with 6.97 grams of
methamphetamine and three hundred and three dollars in cash.
The officers then searched the apartment’s bedroom, finding three bags
containing a total of 1.07 grams of methamphetamine, with one containing .83
grams, another .24 grams, and the third methamphetamine residue. The officers
also found eight cellular phones, a box of sandwich bags, a digital scale, a pill
grinder, a total of 5.99 grams of marijuana, and .25 grams of heroin found in a
shoe under the bed. On top of a dresser in the bedroom, the officers found a
prescription pill bottle with Jackson’s name on the label. The officers further
found men’s and women’s clothing in the bedroom. In the living room, the
officers found approximately 1.33 grams of cocaine base, a small amount of
methamphetamine, drug pipes, a small marijuana joint, a blunt, some rolling
papers for marijuana, a digital scale, and a cell phone belonging to the female
occupant. They also found men’s clothing in the living room closet. 4
An officer also testified to his interview of Jackson.1 The officer said
Jackson admitted to selling crack cocaine and methamphetamine—and selling it
to support his own use—but denied selling heroin. The officer further testified
Jackson used certain drug-specific terminology, such as referring to certain drugs
as “pieces,” which the officer testified “is generally exclusive to crack cocaine,”
and discussed the price and weight at which he sold methamphetamine—for
instance, that he sold a quarter gram of methamphetamine for twenty-five dollars
and a gram of methamphetamine for one hundred dollars. Finally, the officer
testified Jackson admitted he had resided in the apartment for the last two
months. It is undisputed there was no drug tax stamp on the contraband.
On appeal, Jackson claims “aside from the 6.97 grams of
methamphetamine found on Jackson’s person, the State submitted insufficient
evidence to prove that he possessed any of the other contraband found in the
apartment.” “Possession may be actual or constructive.” State v. Reed, 875
N.W.2d 693, 705 (Iowa 2016) (footnote omitted). Here, apart from the 6.97
grams of methamphetamine, the State relies upon a theory of constructive
possession. “Constructive possession exists when the evidence shows the
defendant ‘has knowledge of the presence of the controlled substance and has
the authority or right to maintain control of it.’” Id. (quoting State v. Maxwell, 743
N.W.2d 185, 193 (Iowa 2008)). When drugs are found in a person’s exclusive
possession, constructive possession may be inferred. Id. When, as here, “the
premises are jointly occupied, additional proof is needed.” Id.
1 A recording of the interview was provided but is difficult to hear. 5
There are several factors our court considers to determine whether a
defendant has possession of items when those items are discovered in a jointly
occupied place:
(1) incriminating statements made by a person; (2) incriminating actions of the person upon the police’s discovery of a controlled substance among or near the person’s personal belongings; (3) the person’s fingerprints on the packages containing the controlled substance; and (4) any other circumstance linking the person to the controlled substance.
Id. (quoting State v. Kern, 831 N.W.2d 149, 161 (Iowa 2013)).
Here, testimony was provided that Jackson admitted to selling crack
cocaine and knew certain terminology used exclusively in reference to crack
cocaine. There was also testimony Jackson admitted to selling
methamphetamine in amounts generally consistent with those found in bags in
the bedroom of the apartment. An officer testified Jackson admitted he was
residing in the apartment.2 The police found, among other items,
methamphetamine and marijuana in the only bedroom of the house where they
also found a prescription pill bottle with Jackson’s name on the label. There were
also additional items confirming Jackson resided in the apartment—such as the
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 16-1150 Filed July 19, 2017
STATE OF IOWA, Plaintiff-Appellee,
vs.
DAVID DWIGHT JACKSON, Defendant-Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Lawrence P.
McLellan, Judge.
David Dwight Jackson appeals some of his convictions, alleging the State
submitted insufficient evidence. AFFIRMED.
Christopher J. Foster of Foster Law Office, Iowa City, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Thomas E. Bakke, Assistant
Attorney General, for appellee.
Considered by Vaitheswaran, P.J., and Tabor and Mullins, JJ. 2
MULLINS, Judge.
In 2016, David Dwight Jackson was charged with five counts:
(1) possession of a controlled substance (methamphetamine) with intent to
deliver, (2) possession of a controlled substance (cocaine base) with intent to
deliver, (3) failure to possess a tax stamp, (4) possession of a controlled
substance (heroin) second offense, and (5) possession of a controlled substance
(marijuana) second offense. Each of these charges was subject to an habitual-
offender enhancement. Following a jury trial, Jackson was found guilty of lesser-
included charges on the first (methamphetamine) and second (cocaine base)
counts, guilty of the third (tax stamp) and fifth (marijuana) counts, and not guilty
of the fourth (heroin) count. Jackson appeals claiming the State submitted
insufficient evidence to support his conviction for possession of the cocaine base,
possession of the marijuana, and failure to possess a tax stamp for the
methamphetamine.
“A jury verdict is binding upon an appellate court if it is supported by
substantial evidence.” State v. Garr, 461 N.W.2d 171, 173 (Iowa 1990).
“Substantial evidence is evidence that could convince a rational factfinder that a
defendant is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. “Direct and circumstantial
evidence are equally probative.” Id. “We review challenges to the sufficiency of
the evidence for the correction of errors at law.” State v. Lambert, 612 N.W.2d
810, 813 (Iowa 2000).
When viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, the
testimony at trial established the following. See Garr, 461 N.W.2d at 173 (“[W]e
view the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, ‘including all legitimate 3
inferences and presumptions which may fairly and reasonably be deduced from
the evidence in the record.’” (citation omitted)). In February 2016, police officers
executed a search warrant on an apartment in Des Moines. When they knocked
on the door and no one responded, the officers forcibly entered and found two
persons in the apartment. They first found a female located in the living room,
whom one officer had seen entering the apartment shortly before the officers
made their entry. The officers forcibly entered the only bathroom in the
apartment and found Jackson sitting clothed on the toilet, with the toilet seat
open and the toilet water running as if recently flushed, which one officer testified
led him to believe Jackson had been using it to dispose of evidence. The officers
then searched Jackson’s person and found a plastic bag with 6.97 grams of
methamphetamine and three hundred and three dollars in cash.
The officers then searched the apartment’s bedroom, finding three bags
containing a total of 1.07 grams of methamphetamine, with one containing .83
grams, another .24 grams, and the third methamphetamine residue. The officers
also found eight cellular phones, a box of sandwich bags, a digital scale, a pill
grinder, a total of 5.99 grams of marijuana, and .25 grams of heroin found in a
shoe under the bed. On top of a dresser in the bedroom, the officers found a
prescription pill bottle with Jackson’s name on the label. The officers further
found men’s and women’s clothing in the bedroom. In the living room, the
officers found approximately 1.33 grams of cocaine base, a small amount of
methamphetamine, drug pipes, a small marijuana joint, a blunt, some rolling
papers for marijuana, a digital scale, and a cell phone belonging to the female
occupant. They also found men’s clothing in the living room closet. 4
An officer also testified to his interview of Jackson.1 The officer said
Jackson admitted to selling crack cocaine and methamphetamine—and selling it
to support his own use—but denied selling heroin. The officer further testified
Jackson used certain drug-specific terminology, such as referring to certain drugs
as “pieces,” which the officer testified “is generally exclusive to crack cocaine,”
and discussed the price and weight at which he sold methamphetamine—for
instance, that he sold a quarter gram of methamphetamine for twenty-five dollars
and a gram of methamphetamine for one hundred dollars. Finally, the officer
testified Jackson admitted he had resided in the apartment for the last two
months. It is undisputed there was no drug tax stamp on the contraband.
On appeal, Jackson claims “aside from the 6.97 grams of
methamphetamine found on Jackson’s person, the State submitted insufficient
evidence to prove that he possessed any of the other contraband found in the
apartment.” “Possession may be actual or constructive.” State v. Reed, 875
N.W.2d 693, 705 (Iowa 2016) (footnote omitted). Here, apart from the 6.97
grams of methamphetamine, the State relies upon a theory of constructive
possession. “Constructive possession exists when the evidence shows the
defendant ‘has knowledge of the presence of the controlled substance and has
the authority or right to maintain control of it.’” Id. (quoting State v. Maxwell, 743
N.W.2d 185, 193 (Iowa 2008)). When drugs are found in a person’s exclusive
possession, constructive possession may be inferred. Id. When, as here, “the
premises are jointly occupied, additional proof is needed.” Id.
1 A recording of the interview was provided but is difficult to hear. 5
There are several factors our court considers to determine whether a
defendant has possession of items when those items are discovered in a jointly
occupied place:
(1) incriminating statements made by a person; (2) incriminating actions of the person upon the police’s discovery of a controlled substance among or near the person’s personal belongings; (3) the person’s fingerprints on the packages containing the controlled substance; and (4) any other circumstance linking the person to the controlled substance.
Id. (quoting State v. Kern, 831 N.W.2d 149, 161 (Iowa 2013)).
Here, testimony was provided that Jackson admitted to selling crack
cocaine and knew certain terminology used exclusively in reference to crack
cocaine. There was also testimony Jackson admitted to selling
methamphetamine in amounts generally consistent with those found in bags in
the bedroom of the apartment. An officer testified Jackson admitted he was
residing in the apartment.2 The police found, among other items,
methamphetamine and marijuana in the only bedroom of the house where they
also found a prescription pill bottle with Jackson’s name on the label. There were
also additional items confirming Jackson resided in the apartment—such as the
men’s clothing found in the bedroom and the living room closet. Further,
Jackson locked himself in a bathroom when the police arrived and was found
dressed sitting on top of a toilet that had been flushed, which an officer testified
indicated Jackson may have been disposing of evidence. This conclusion by the
officers is supported by an admission Jackson made during a phone call while in
2 There was no indication any other party was residing in the apartment. An officer testified Jackson had told the officer “[h]is baby mama, as he described her, . . . had initially rented the apartment. As [Jackson] described, she had moved out, and he paid $500 rent for the residence.” 6
jail, in which he stated he “got in the bathroom and dropped [an item] in the toilet
and flushed it [but] forgot one . . . bag . . . that was underneath [his] wallet.” The
female occupant, who had been in the apartment for less than twenty minutes
based upon pre-entry surveillance, made no comparable incriminating
movements. See State v. Thomas, 847 N.W.2d 438, 443 (Iowa 2014) (noting
two other occupants had not “offered any resistance or acted inappropriately in
their dealing with the officers”); State v. Henderson, 696 N.W.2d 5, 9 (Iowa 2005)
(noting one party’s acts implied guilty where the other’s did not). We conclude
there was sufficient evidence from which a factfinder could conclude Jackson
was in constructive possession of marijuana and cocaine base. See generally
Reed, 875 N.W.2d at 707-08 (discussing and contrasting cases addressing
constructive possession while finding the defendant was in constructive
possession of drugs). Further, we find there is sufficient evidence to support
Jackson was in constructive possession of more than seven grams of
methamphetamine, when taking into account the amounts found on Jackson’s
person (6.97 grams) and in the bedroom (1.07 grams), and thus affirm his
conviction for failure to possess a tax stamp. See Iowa Code §§ 453B.3 (2016)
(“A dealer shall not possess, distribute, or offer to sell a taxable substance unless
the tax imposed under this chapter has been paid as evidenced by a stamp,
label, or other official indicia permanently affixed to the taxable substance.”);
453B.12 (imposing civil and criminal penalties on persons who violate chapter
453B); see also Iowa Code § 453B.1 (defining a “[d]ealer” as “any person who
ships, transports, or imports into this state or acquires, purchases, possesses,
manufactures, or produces in this state” items including “[s]even or more grams 7
of a taxable substance other than marijuana, but including a taxable substance
that is a mixture of marijuana and other taxable substances”).
AFFIRMED.