IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 18-0186 Filed March 20, 2019
STATE OF IOWA, Plaintiff-Appellee,
vs.
CHERYL WANCHANIC, Defendant-Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Black Hawk County, David P.
Odekirk, Judge.
Cheryl Wanchanic appeals his conviction, following a jury trial, of first-
degree robbery and the sentence imposed. CONVICTION AFFIRMED,
SENTENCE AFFIRMED IN PART AND VACATED IN PART, AND REMANDED
FOR ENTRY OF A CORRECTED SENTENCING ORDER.
Mark C. Smith, State Appellate Defender, and Mary K. Conroy, Assistant
Appellate Defender, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Zachary Miller, Assistant Attorney
General, for appellee.
Considered by Vaitheswaran, P.J., and Doyle and Mullins, JJ. 2
MULLINS, Judge.
Cheryl Wanchanic1 appeals his conviction, following a jury trial, of first-
degree robbery and the sentence imposed. He contends his trial counsel was
ineffective in failing to move for a mistrial. He further challenges the district court’s
order assessing appellate attorney fees against him unless he filed a request for a
hearing on his reasonable ability to pay.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings
This case arises out of a 2015 cellular phone retail store robbery.
Wanchanic was charged by trial information with one count of robbery in the first
degree. See Iowa Code §§ 711.1, .2 (2015). Wanchanic filed a motion in limine
the morning of December 12, 2017, prior to the commencement of trial later that
same day. Wanchanic sought to prevent specific items of evidence, including any
evidence that was not referenced in the filed minutes of evidence. After voir dire
but before opening statements, the court granted the motion with no objection from
the State. During the testimony of a witness who drove Wanchanic to the store
before the robbery, the witness was asked if she saw Wanchanic with any type of
object after he left the car. The State asked, “And when you looked at [Wanchanic],
what did you see?” The witness replied, “He had everything covered, and he was
switching something like a knife to the front.” At that point, defense counsel asked
to approach the bench, and an unreported sidebar conference occurred. The court
then removed the jury and took a half-hour break. The court then resumed the
proceedings outside the jury’s presence. The State, after reviewing the minutes
1 Wanchanic’s preferred pronouns are he, him, and his. Therefore, we will refer to him accordingly. 3
of evidence, conceded that the witness’s testimony about the presence of a knife
was not contained in the minutes. Defense counsel asked the court just to strike
the witness’s last response from the record and admonish the jury to disregard it.
When admonishing the jury, the court stated “[m]embers of the jury, the testimony
you heard from the witness concerning the knife should be disregarded, and that
testimony is stricken from the record.” Defense counsel made no other request
and the trial continued. Jury deliberation began in the afternoon of December 14.
The jury found Wanchanic guilty as charged the next day. Wanchanic filed post-
trial motions on other issues but did not reference the witness-testimony issue.
The court subsequently sentenced Wanchanic to an indeterminate term of
incarceration not to exceed twenty-five years, with a mandatory minimum of
seventy percent. Wanchanic appeals.
II. Analysis
A. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
Wanchanic first argues his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance in
failing to move for a mistrial after the State elicited witness testimony not included
in the minutes of evidence. Alternatively, he contends trial counsel should have
moved for a mistrial after the court, in its admonishment, referenced the witness
testimony it was striking from the record and directing the jury to disregard.
We review ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims de novo. State v.
Harrison, 914 N.W.2d 178, 187 (Iowa 2018). “Generally, claims of ineffective
assistance of counsel are preserved for postconviction relief proceedings.” Id. at
206 (quoting State v. Soboroff, 798 N.W.2d 1, 8 (Iowa 2011)). Preservation allows
for the development of “an adequate record of the claims and provides the attorney 4
charged with ineffective assistance with the ‘opportunity to respond to defendant’s
claims.’” Id. (quoting Soboroff, 798 N.W.2d at 8). If we find the record adequate,
“we may resolve the claim on direct appeal.” Id. (quoting Soboroff, 798 N.W.2d at
8). Wanchanic must show his defense counsel “failed an essential duty and that
the failure resulted in prejudice.” Id. (quoting State v. Schlitter, 881 N.W.2d 380,
388 (Iowa 2016)). We “presume the attorney performed competently, requiring
[Wanchanic] to rebut the presumption with evidence the attorney performed
outside the standard of a reasonably competent practitioner.” Schlitter, 881
N.W.2d at 388. Further, Wanchanic must “show the attorney’s errors functionally
deprived [him] of a fair trial and further show by a reasonable probability that the
result of the proceeding would have been different without the errors by the
attorney.” Id. “A defendant’s inability to prove either element is fatal.” State v.
Graves, 668 N.W.2d 860, 869 (Iowa 2003).
Based on the record before us, we cannot determine why counsel did not
move for a mistrial after the witness testimony. Further, we cannot determine why
counsel did not object to or move for a mistrial after the court referenced the knife
when admonishing the jury to disregard the witness’s testimony about the knife.
Therefore, we cannot determine if counsel’s performance fell below the standard
of a reasonably competent counsel or if prejudice resulted. We consequently
affirm Wanchanic’s conviction but preserve this claim for possible postconviction-
relief proceedings. 5
B. Appellate Attorney Fees
Next, Wanchanic challenges the district court’s sentencing order. We
review challenges to restitution for errors at law. State v. Coleman, 907 N.W.2d
124, 134 (Iowa 2018).
The challenged section of Wanchanic’s sentencing order provides:
The Defendant is advised that if [he] determines to appeal this ruling, [he] may be entitled to court appointed counsel to represent [him] in an appeal. The Defendant is advised that if [he] qualifies for court appointed appellate counsel then [he] can be assessed the cost of the court appointed appellate attorney when a claim for such fees is presented to the clerk of court following the appeal. The Defendant is further advised that [he] may request a hearing on [his] reasonable ability to pay court appointed appellate attorney fees within 30 days of the issuance of the procedendo following the appeal.
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 18-0186 Filed March 20, 2019
STATE OF IOWA, Plaintiff-Appellee,
vs.
CHERYL WANCHANIC, Defendant-Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Black Hawk County, David P.
Odekirk, Judge.
Cheryl Wanchanic appeals his conviction, following a jury trial, of first-
degree robbery and the sentence imposed. CONVICTION AFFIRMED,
SENTENCE AFFIRMED IN PART AND VACATED IN PART, AND REMANDED
FOR ENTRY OF A CORRECTED SENTENCING ORDER.
Mark C. Smith, State Appellate Defender, and Mary K. Conroy, Assistant
Appellate Defender, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Zachary Miller, Assistant Attorney
General, for appellee.
Considered by Vaitheswaran, P.J., and Doyle and Mullins, JJ. 2
MULLINS, Judge.
Cheryl Wanchanic1 appeals his conviction, following a jury trial, of first-
degree robbery and the sentence imposed. He contends his trial counsel was
ineffective in failing to move for a mistrial. He further challenges the district court’s
order assessing appellate attorney fees against him unless he filed a request for a
hearing on his reasonable ability to pay.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings
This case arises out of a 2015 cellular phone retail store robbery.
Wanchanic was charged by trial information with one count of robbery in the first
degree. See Iowa Code §§ 711.1, .2 (2015). Wanchanic filed a motion in limine
the morning of December 12, 2017, prior to the commencement of trial later that
same day. Wanchanic sought to prevent specific items of evidence, including any
evidence that was not referenced in the filed minutes of evidence. After voir dire
but before opening statements, the court granted the motion with no objection from
the State. During the testimony of a witness who drove Wanchanic to the store
before the robbery, the witness was asked if she saw Wanchanic with any type of
object after he left the car. The State asked, “And when you looked at [Wanchanic],
what did you see?” The witness replied, “He had everything covered, and he was
switching something like a knife to the front.” At that point, defense counsel asked
to approach the bench, and an unreported sidebar conference occurred. The court
then removed the jury and took a half-hour break. The court then resumed the
proceedings outside the jury’s presence. The State, after reviewing the minutes
1 Wanchanic’s preferred pronouns are he, him, and his. Therefore, we will refer to him accordingly. 3
of evidence, conceded that the witness’s testimony about the presence of a knife
was not contained in the minutes. Defense counsel asked the court just to strike
the witness’s last response from the record and admonish the jury to disregard it.
When admonishing the jury, the court stated “[m]embers of the jury, the testimony
you heard from the witness concerning the knife should be disregarded, and that
testimony is stricken from the record.” Defense counsel made no other request
and the trial continued. Jury deliberation began in the afternoon of December 14.
The jury found Wanchanic guilty as charged the next day. Wanchanic filed post-
trial motions on other issues but did not reference the witness-testimony issue.
The court subsequently sentenced Wanchanic to an indeterminate term of
incarceration not to exceed twenty-five years, with a mandatory minimum of
seventy percent. Wanchanic appeals.
II. Analysis
A. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
Wanchanic first argues his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance in
failing to move for a mistrial after the State elicited witness testimony not included
in the minutes of evidence. Alternatively, he contends trial counsel should have
moved for a mistrial after the court, in its admonishment, referenced the witness
testimony it was striking from the record and directing the jury to disregard.
We review ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims de novo. State v.
Harrison, 914 N.W.2d 178, 187 (Iowa 2018). “Generally, claims of ineffective
assistance of counsel are preserved for postconviction relief proceedings.” Id. at
206 (quoting State v. Soboroff, 798 N.W.2d 1, 8 (Iowa 2011)). Preservation allows
for the development of “an adequate record of the claims and provides the attorney 4
charged with ineffective assistance with the ‘opportunity to respond to defendant’s
claims.’” Id. (quoting Soboroff, 798 N.W.2d at 8). If we find the record adequate,
“we may resolve the claim on direct appeal.” Id. (quoting Soboroff, 798 N.W.2d at
8). Wanchanic must show his defense counsel “failed an essential duty and that
the failure resulted in prejudice.” Id. (quoting State v. Schlitter, 881 N.W.2d 380,
388 (Iowa 2016)). We “presume the attorney performed competently, requiring
[Wanchanic] to rebut the presumption with evidence the attorney performed
outside the standard of a reasonably competent practitioner.” Schlitter, 881
N.W.2d at 388. Further, Wanchanic must “show the attorney’s errors functionally
deprived [him] of a fair trial and further show by a reasonable probability that the
result of the proceeding would have been different without the errors by the
attorney.” Id. “A defendant’s inability to prove either element is fatal.” State v.
Graves, 668 N.W.2d 860, 869 (Iowa 2003).
Based on the record before us, we cannot determine why counsel did not
move for a mistrial after the witness testimony. Further, we cannot determine why
counsel did not object to or move for a mistrial after the court referenced the knife
when admonishing the jury to disregard the witness’s testimony about the knife.
Therefore, we cannot determine if counsel’s performance fell below the standard
of a reasonably competent counsel or if prejudice resulted. We consequently
affirm Wanchanic’s conviction but preserve this claim for possible postconviction-
relief proceedings. 5
B. Appellate Attorney Fees
Next, Wanchanic challenges the district court’s sentencing order. We
review challenges to restitution for errors at law. State v. Coleman, 907 N.W.2d
124, 134 (Iowa 2018).
The challenged section of Wanchanic’s sentencing order provides:
The Defendant is advised that if [he] determines to appeal this ruling, [he] may be entitled to court appointed counsel to represent [him] in an appeal. The Defendant is advised that if [he] qualifies for court appointed appellate counsel then [he] can be assessed the cost of the court appointed appellate attorney when a claim for such fees is presented to the clerk of court following the appeal. The Defendant is further advised that [he] may request a hearing on [his] reasonable ability to pay court appointed appellate attorney fees within 30 days of the issuance of the procedendo following the appeal. If the Defendant does not file a request for a hearing on the issue of [his] reasonable ability to pay court appointed appellate attorney fees, the fees approved by the State Public Defender will be assessed in full to the Defendant.
(Emphasis added.) Wanchanic contends the emphasized portion is illegal, as it
requires him to affirmatively request a hearing on his ability to pay, otherwise the
full amount of court-appointed appellate attorney fees will be assessed against
him.
Iowa Code section 910.2(1) provides, in relevant part:
In all criminal cases in which there is a . . . verdict of guilty, . . . the sentencing court shall order that restitution be made by each offender . . . , to the extent that the offender is reasonably able to pay, for . . . court-appointed attorney fees ordered pursuant to section 815.9, including the expense of a public defender, when applicable.
When a district court assesses attorney’s fees against a defendant, “it must . . .
determine the defendant’s reasonable ability to pay the attorney fees without
requiring him to affirmatively request a hearing on his ability to pay.” Coleman,
907 N.W.2d at 149. Accordingly, we find the emphasized portion of the sentencing 6
order places an affirmative duty on Wanchanic to request a reasonable-ability-to-
pay hearing before the court will determine his reasonable ability to pay, which is
in contrast to the law and precedent. Although that portion of the order is not yet
operative—the order was anticipatory—it is nonetheless invalid. We therefore
vacate the portion of the sentencing order requiring Wanchanic to affirmatively
request a reasonable-ability-to-pay hearing, and we remand for entry of a
corrected sentencing order.2
III. Conclusion
We affirm Wanchanic’s conviction but preserve his claim of ineffective
assistance of counsel for possible postconviction-relief proceedings. We affirm his
sentence in part, but vacate the portion of the sentencing order requiring
Wanchanic to affirmatively request a reasonable-ability-to-pay hearing. We
remand for the entry of a corrected sentencing order.
CONVICTION AFFIRMED, SENTENCE AFFIRMED IN PART AND
VACATED IN PART, AND REMANDED FOR ENTRY OF A CORRECTED
SENTENCING ORDER.
2 See State v. McLachlan, 880 N.W.2d 513, 516 n.5 (Iowa Ct. App. 2016).