IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 20-1143 Filed June 30, 2021
STATE OF IOWA, Plaintiff-Appellee,
vs.
BRENNA ALLYN SHAFER, Defendant-Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Monona County, Jeffrey L. Poulson,
Judge.
A defendant appeals her indeterminate five-year prison term. REVERSED
AND REMANDED FOR RESENTENCING.
Martha J. Lucey, State Appellate Defender, and Shellie L. Knipfer, Assistant
Appellate Defender, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Zachary Miller, Assistant Attorney
General, for appellee.
Considered by Bower, C.J., and Tabor and Ahlers, JJ. 2
TABOR, Judge.
Brenna Shafer appeals her indeterminate five-year sentence following her
guilty plea to theft in the second degree.1 She asserts the district court abused its
discretion and considered an improper factor when imposing the sentence. In
stating its reasons, the court cited an extended wait time for acceptance into a
residential treatment facility because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Rather than hold
Shafer in jail until a bed became available, the court ordered a prison term. The
court speculated the wait in jail might exceed the time Shafer would serve in prison
before the parole board granted her release. Because that speculation crowded
out other pertinent sentencing factors, we reverse and remand for resentencing.
I. Facts and Prior Proceedings
In August 2019, the Monona County Sheriff investigated a burglary at a
residence in Moorhead. The burglary victims identified several items missing from
their home, including electronic devices, a vacuum, a space heater, and
clothing. Officers later confirmed those items were seized from Shafer’s
possession.
The State charged Shafer with theft in the second degree, a class “D”
felony, in violation of Iowa Code sections 714.1 and 714.2(2). After reaching a
plea bargain with the State, Shafer pleaded guilty to the theft charge. Under the
plea agreement, Shafer obtained release on bond until sentencing. But less than
1 Shafer satisfies the good-cause requirement in Iowa Code section 814.6(1)(a)(3) (2019) by challenging her sentence rather than her guilty plea. See State v. Damme, 944 N.W.2d 98, 103 (Iowa 2020). 3
a month later, Shafer was arrested and charged with possession of
methamphetamine to which she pleaded guilty.
Before sentencing, the Third Judicial District Department of Correctional
Services filed a presentence investigation (PSI) report recommending Shafer
receive a suspended sentence and be placed on probation. The PSI report
highlighted “substance abuse, impulse control, and problem solving” as main
culprits of Shafer’s criminal behavior. But the investigator believed those issues
could be addressed through community-based resources. With that in mind, the
investigator recommended Shafer be placed in a residential treatment facility
rather than prison.
In July 2020, Shafer appeared for a telephonic sentencing hearing. By this
point, Shafer had been incarcerated for three months. The State resisted the PSI
report’s recommendation for probation and argued incarceration was more
appropriate given her criminal history. As an alternative, the State urged Shafer
should complete a residential treatment program and be held in jail pending that
placement. In contrast, the defense requested a sentence with credit for time
served or probation.
The district court was torn between holding Shafer in jail pending an
opening at the Sioux City residential treatment facility or sending her to
prison.2 Before making that decision, the court asked the prosecutor whether the
treatment facility was accepting new placements. Because of the COVID-19
pandemic, the treatment facility had temporarily stopped taking new
2 In choosing between these two options, the court explained, “I’m not going to release her again because when I did previously, she immediately reoffended.” 4
candidates. Neither the prosecutor nor the court knew what the waiting time would
be. In weighing the options, the court noted: “I’m concerned. She’s been in jail for
three months already. If I leave her in the jail pending [the residential treatment
facility], she could actually probably be sent to prison and released sooner than
she would even get into the [facility].” Fixating on that chance, the court sentenced
Shafer to an indeterminate five-year prison term. Shafer now appeals that
sentencing decision.
II. Scope and Standards of Review
We review the sentence imposed for correction of legal error. State v.
Formaro, 638 N.W.2d 720, 724 (Iowa 2002). Because Shafer’s sentence is within
statutory limits, it receives a strong presumption in its favor. See id. Given that
presumption, we reverse only for an abuse of discretion or a defect in the
sentencing procedure. Id. Consideration of an impermissible sentencing factor is
an abuse of discretion that requires resentencing. State v. Thomas, 520 N.W.2d
311, 313 (Iowa Ct. App. 1994).
III. Analysis
Shafer asserts the district court abused its discretion in sentencing her to
prison based on its concern about the delay in admissions at the residential
treatment facility. She submits the wait time for the prison alternative was an
impermissible consideration. We agree; the court’s speculation on how long
Shafer would wait to enter the treatment facility should not have factored into its
sentencing decision. By focusing on that factor, the court also failed to properly
consider Shafer’s rehabilitation needs. 5
In rendering a sentencing decision, the district court must explain its
reasoning for imposing a given sentence and must do so with more than
“boilerplate-language.” State v. Thacker, 862 N.W.2d 402, 408 (Iowa 2015). Here,
the court provided an incomplete rationale:
The reasons supporting this sentence include the court’s determination that this will provide for [Shafer’s] maximum opportunity for rehabilitation. It’s necessary for the protection of the community. . . . . However, due to the challenges to the system caused by COVID-19, I know that there is a significant waiting period, . . . and I frankly believe that the waiting period in the jail waiting for a bed at the [residential treatment facility] may well be longer than the sentence that she is likely to serve. And all of those are reasons for the sentencing decision that I made.
Shafer correctly notes that “[a] court’s consideration of the timing of parole
is an impermissible sentencing factor.”3 State v. Remmers, 259 N.W.2d 779, 785
(Iowa 1977). Rather, sentencing courts must consider the nature of the offense,
the attending circumstances, the defendant’s age, character, and propensities,
and chances of reform. State v. Cupples, 152 N.W.2d 277, 280 (Iowa 1967).
Defending the court’s exercise of discretion, the State argues the court was
forced to choose between “a lengthy jail stay” before receiving treatment versus a
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 20-1143 Filed June 30, 2021
STATE OF IOWA, Plaintiff-Appellee,
vs.
BRENNA ALLYN SHAFER, Defendant-Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Monona County, Jeffrey L. Poulson,
Judge.
A defendant appeals her indeterminate five-year prison term. REVERSED
AND REMANDED FOR RESENTENCING.
Martha J. Lucey, State Appellate Defender, and Shellie L. Knipfer, Assistant
Appellate Defender, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Zachary Miller, Assistant Attorney
General, for appellee.
Considered by Bower, C.J., and Tabor and Ahlers, JJ. 2
TABOR, Judge.
Brenna Shafer appeals her indeterminate five-year sentence following her
guilty plea to theft in the second degree.1 She asserts the district court abused its
discretion and considered an improper factor when imposing the sentence. In
stating its reasons, the court cited an extended wait time for acceptance into a
residential treatment facility because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Rather than hold
Shafer in jail until a bed became available, the court ordered a prison term. The
court speculated the wait in jail might exceed the time Shafer would serve in prison
before the parole board granted her release. Because that speculation crowded
out other pertinent sentencing factors, we reverse and remand for resentencing.
I. Facts and Prior Proceedings
In August 2019, the Monona County Sheriff investigated a burglary at a
residence in Moorhead. The burglary victims identified several items missing from
their home, including electronic devices, a vacuum, a space heater, and
clothing. Officers later confirmed those items were seized from Shafer’s
possession.
The State charged Shafer with theft in the second degree, a class “D”
felony, in violation of Iowa Code sections 714.1 and 714.2(2). After reaching a
plea bargain with the State, Shafer pleaded guilty to the theft charge. Under the
plea agreement, Shafer obtained release on bond until sentencing. But less than
1 Shafer satisfies the good-cause requirement in Iowa Code section 814.6(1)(a)(3) (2019) by challenging her sentence rather than her guilty plea. See State v. Damme, 944 N.W.2d 98, 103 (Iowa 2020). 3
a month later, Shafer was arrested and charged with possession of
methamphetamine to which she pleaded guilty.
Before sentencing, the Third Judicial District Department of Correctional
Services filed a presentence investigation (PSI) report recommending Shafer
receive a suspended sentence and be placed on probation. The PSI report
highlighted “substance abuse, impulse control, and problem solving” as main
culprits of Shafer’s criminal behavior. But the investigator believed those issues
could be addressed through community-based resources. With that in mind, the
investigator recommended Shafer be placed in a residential treatment facility
rather than prison.
In July 2020, Shafer appeared for a telephonic sentencing hearing. By this
point, Shafer had been incarcerated for three months. The State resisted the PSI
report’s recommendation for probation and argued incarceration was more
appropriate given her criminal history. As an alternative, the State urged Shafer
should complete a residential treatment program and be held in jail pending that
placement. In contrast, the defense requested a sentence with credit for time
served or probation.
The district court was torn between holding Shafer in jail pending an
opening at the Sioux City residential treatment facility or sending her to
prison.2 Before making that decision, the court asked the prosecutor whether the
treatment facility was accepting new placements. Because of the COVID-19
pandemic, the treatment facility had temporarily stopped taking new
2 In choosing between these two options, the court explained, “I’m not going to release her again because when I did previously, she immediately reoffended.” 4
candidates. Neither the prosecutor nor the court knew what the waiting time would
be. In weighing the options, the court noted: “I’m concerned. She’s been in jail for
three months already. If I leave her in the jail pending [the residential treatment
facility], she could actually probably be sent to prison and released sooner than
she would even get into the [facility].” Fixating on that chance, the court sentenced
Shafer to an indeterminate five-year prison term. Shafer now appeals that
sentencing decision.
II. Scope and Standards of Review
We review the sentence imposed for correction of legal error. State v.
Formaro, 638 N.W.2d 720, 724 (Iowa 2002). Because Shafer’s sentence is within
statutory limits, it receives a strong presumption in its favor. See id. Given that
presumption, we reverse only for an abuse of discretion or a defect in the
sentencing procedure. Id. Consideration of an impermissible sentencing factor is
an abuse of discretion that requires resentencing. State v. Thomas, 520 N.W.2d
311, 313 (Iowa Ct. App. 1994).
III. Analysis
Shafer asserts the district court abused its discretion in sentencing her to
prison based on its concern about the delay in admissions at the residential
treatment facility. She submits the wait time for the prison alternative was an
impermissible consideration. We agree; the court’s speculation on how long
Shafer would wait to enter the treatment facility should not have factored into its
sentencing decision. By focusing on that factor, the court also failed to properly
consider Shafer’s rehabilitation needs. 5
In rendering a sentencing decision, the district court must explain its
reasoning for imposing a given sentence and must do so with more than
“boilerplate-language.” State v. Thacker, 862 N.W.2d 402, 408 (Iowa 2015). Here,
the court provided an incomplete rationale:
The reasons supporting this sentence include the court’s determination that this will provide for [Shafer’s] maximum opportunity for rehabilitation. It’s necessary for the protection of the community. . . . . However, due to the challenges to the system caused by COVID-19, I know that there is a significant waiting period, . . . and I frankly believe that the waiting period in the jail waiting for a bed at the [residential treatment facility] may well be longer than the sentence that she is likely to serve. And all of those are reasons for the sentencing decision that I made.
Shafer correctly notes that “[a] court’s consideration of the timing of parole
is an impermissible sentencing factor.”3 State v. Remmers, 259 N.W.2d 779, 785
(Iowa 1977). Rather, sentencing courts must consider the nature of the offense,
the attending circumstances, the defendant’s age, character, and propensities,
and chances of reform. State v. Cupples, 152 N.W.2d 277, 280 (Iowa 1967).
Defending the court’s exercise of discretion, the State argues the court was
forced to choose between “a lengthy jail stay” before receiving treatment versus a
prison term, which “offered the best chance to maximize rehabilitation and protect
the community.” But as Shafer argues on appeal, the court had “no basis for that
assumption” and the length of her jail stay was not determinable.
Our sentencing cases emphasize that the punishment should fit the crime,
as well as the individual offender and her circumstances. See State v. McKeever,
3 The State notes that the sentencing court “never mentioned parole.” While technically true, the court considered the parole board’s role when comparing the time Shafer might spend in jail with the time she would spend before being released from prison. 6
276 N.W.2d 385, 387 (Iowa 1979). True, the court did refer to Shafer’s “maximum
opportunity for rehabilitation” and “the protection of the community,” both key
sentencing considerations. But the court did not find that a prison sentence was
necessary to achieve those goals. As noted, the PSI preparer believed the
residential treatment facility would give Shafer the best chance for
rehabilitation. Yet the court let the perceived wait time overshadow that
finding. We understand the court was free to reject the PSI’s
recommendation. State v. Headley, 926 N.W.2d 545, 552 (Iowa 2019). Still, the
record suggests the court would have followed that recommendation if a room had
been immediately available at the treatment facility.
The State insists the court was looking out for Shafer’s best interests by not
wanting her to spend more time in jail waiting for placement than she would spend
in prison before being released on parole. We are sympathetic with the uncharted
territory the sentencing court faced given the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on
available services in the community. Yet nothing in the record supports the court’s
speculation that the waiting period for the treatment facility would surpass the
length of her time in prison. When the court inquired about the possible delay, the
prosecutor responded, “I can’t tell the court for sure whether the [residential
treatment facility would be available.” And even if the court had access to more
concrete information, the wait time for the treatment facility should not have played
a role in its sentencing decision. The court must decide between prison and
community-based resources without attention to the timing of parole board
decisions. See Remmers, 259 N.W.2d at 785. This includes mentions of the
workings of the parole board when determining the appropriate sentence. Id. 7
The district court’s reliance on the wait time for the residential treatment
facility was an impermissible factor which sullied its consideration of permissible
factors. See State v. Laffey, 600 N.W.2d 57, 62 (Iowa 1999). Because the court
considered an improper factor, we vacate the sentence and remand for
resentencing before a different judge. State v. Sinclair, 582 N.W.2d 762, 765 (Iowa
1998).
REVERSED AND REMANDED FOR RESENTENCING.