SIXTH DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL STATE OF FLORIDA _____________________________
Case No. 6D2024-0196 Lower Tribunal No. 2021-CF-006891-O _____________________________
STATE OF FLORIDA,
Appellant,
v.
JAMES EARL GAFFORD,
Appellee. _____________________________
Appeal from the Circuit Court for Orange County. Michael J. Snure, Judge.
July 18, 2025
WOZNIAK, J.
The State appeals the trial court’s order granting James Earl Gafford’s motion
to suppress and ruling that the State violated his Miranda 1 rights. The trial court
determined that law enforcement failed to adequately answer a preliminary question
Gafford asked while being read his Miranda rights and that law enforcement should
have ceased its interrogation after Gafford invoked his right to counsel later in the
1 Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966). interrogation. The State contends that law enforcement correctly answered Gafford’s
question concerning his Miranda rights and, upon invoking his right to counsel,
Gafford then reinitiated contact with law enforcement and voluntarily waived his
right to counsel. We agree with the State and reverse.
On June 25, 2021, a grand jury indicted Gafford for first-degree murder.
Gafford was interviewed twice with respect to the murder, once in April 2021 and
again in June 2021. This appeal concerns the suppression of statements obtained
during the June 2021 interview during which Gafford confessed.
Gafford was escorted to an interview room in handcuffs. Detective Daniel
Maganiello read Gafford his Miranda rights. Maganiello asked Gafford whether he
understood that if he could not afford an attorney one would be provided for him;
Gafford responded, “I understand that. But . . . would I be able to get one?”
Maganiello responded, “Would you—of course. Everyone has a—everyone has a
right to an attorney. Sure.” After responding, Maganiello continued, “Has anyone
threatened you or promised you anything to get you to talk to me?” Gafford said he
felt threatened because he had been arrested for something he did not do. Maganiello
told him that they were going to talk about why he was there and asked if Gafford
had any questions. Gafford responded, “What’s this for?” Maganiello explained why
Gafford was being interviewed.
2 After some questioning, Gafford stated, “Damn. I want to speak with my
lawyer.” Directly after that statement, Gafford, without prompting from either
officer in the interview room, stated, “How long did it take you to prove this?”
Maganiello responded, “I’m sorry?” Gafford continued to speak, stating that he was
with the victim, that he was high, and that he “just got scared.” Two minutes later,
Gafford began asking Maganiello questions:
Gafford: What about the shoestrings? What about that? Maganiello: I’m sorry. Gafford: What about the shoestrings around her neck? You get anything off that, on me? Maganiello: Hmm. Gafford: You say were going to answer my questions if I’m answering yours. Maganiello: I have to be clear. I don’t know if you said it or not because you kind of said it under your breath. Were you requesting an attorney? I just got to be clear on that because I’m not going to continue. I just heard you say something; I wasn’t sure what you said. Gafford: Nah. I was just saying you wanted uh you said about you can’t afford one you can get one. Maganiello: Ok. So, you’re not requesting an attorney. Gafford: No. Maganiello: Ok. I just wanted to make sure we’re clear because I thought I heard you say something but it wasn’t clear. So, what was your question about the shoelaces?
Shortly after that exchange, Gafford confessed to the murder.
The trial court granted a subsequently-filed motion to suppress statements on
two grounds: (1) Maganiello did not provide an adequate response to Gafford when
3 he asked, “[W]ill I be able to get [an attorney]?” 2; and (2) the detectives did not stop
the interview when Gafford said, “Damn. I want to speak to my lawyer.” This appeal
followed.
We begin our analysis by identifying our standard of review. “When
reviewing an order on a motion to suppress, an appellate court defers to a trial court’s
factual findings but reviews its legal conclusions de novo.” State v. Freeman, 377
So. 3d 225, 228 (Fla. 6th DCA 2024). However, this Court’s deference to the trial
court’s findings of fact “does not fully apply when the findings are based on evidence
other than live testimony.” Parker v. State, 873 So. 2d 270, 279 (Fla. 2004); see also
Thomas v. State, 351 So. 3d 197, 204 (Fla. 1st DCA 2022) (“[W]e apply a less
deferential standard to the trial court’s factual findings to the extent that they are
based on the video.”). Here, the interrogation video provided the basis for the trial
court’s factual findings. So, as to those findings, we apply a less deferential standard.
We turn first to determine whether Maganiello properly answered Gafford’s
prefatory question. “[I]f, at any point during custodial interrogation, a suspect asks
a clear question concerning his or her rights, the officer must stop the interview and
make a good-faith effort to give a simple and straightforward answer.” Almeida v.
State, 737 So. 2d 520, 525 (Fla. 1999). Once the officer provides an answer, the
2 The order granting suppression states that Gafford said, “Will I be able to get one?” However, Gafford actually said, “Would I be able to get one?” 4 interview may continue provided that the suspect has not invoked his or her rights
in the meantime. Id. Accordingly, to comply with the rule announced in Almeida,
law enforcement must make a good-faith effort to give a simple and straightforward
answer to a clear question concerning a suspect’s rights; if after answering, the
suspect does not make an invocation, the interview may continue.
Here, Maganiello complied with Almeida. After explaining that if Gafford
could not afford an attorney, one would be provided, Gafford responded, “I
understand that. But . . . would I be able to get one?” The trial court characterized
this question as a prefatory question seeking clarification about his right, not an
invocation of Gafford’s right to counsel. The video does not contradict the trial
court’s determination on that point; Gafford sought to clarify whether he would be
provided an attorney if he could not afford one. The trial court, however, then
determined that Maganiello’s response—“Would you—of course. Everyone has a—
everyone has a right to an attorney”—was, in effect, a refusal to answer Gafford’s
question. 3 On this point, the trial court’s determination is incorrect. Maganiello did
exactly what Almeida requires; he provided a straightforward, accurate, and simple
response to Gafford’s question.
3 Because of this purported refusal, the trial court suppressed all statements up to the point that Gafford asserted, “Damn. I want to speak with my lawyer.” However, as discussed later in this opinion, from that statement onward, the trial court provides a different reason for suppression. 5 Instructive is State v. Glatzmayer, 789 So. 2d 297 (Fla. 2001), where under
similar circumstances, the Florida Supreme Court found law enforcement officers
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SIXTH DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL STATE OF FLORIDA _____________________________
Case No. 6D2024-0196 Lower Tribunal No. 2021-CF-006891-O _____________________________
STATE OF FLORIDA,
Appellant,
v.
JAMES EARL GAFFORD,
Appellee. _____________________________
Appeal from the Circuit Court for Orange County. Michael J. Snure, Judge.
July 18, 2025
WOZNIAK, J.
The State appeals the trial court’s order granting James Earl Gafford’s motion
to suppress and ruling that the State violated his Miranda 1 rights. The trial court
determined that law enforcement failed to adequately answer a preliminary question
Gafford asked while being read his Miranda rights and that law enforcement should
have ceased its interrogation after Gafford invoked his right to counsel later in the
1 Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966). interrogation. The State contends that law enforcement correctly answered Gafford’s
question concerning his Miranda rights and, upon invoking his right to counsel,
Gafford then reinitiated contact with law enforcement and voluntarily waived his
right to counsel. We agree with the State and reverse.
On June 25, 2021, a grand jury indicted Gafford for first-degree murder.
Gafford was interviewed twice with respect to the murder, once in April 2021 and
again in June 2021. This appeal concerns the suppression of statements obtained
during the June 2021 interview during which Gafford confessed.
Gafford was escorted to an interview room in handcuffs. Detective Daniel
Maganiello read Gafford his Miranda rights. Maganiello asked Gafford whether he
understood that if he could not afford an attorney one would be provided for him;
Gafford responded, “I understand that. But . . . would I be able to get one?”
Maganiello responded, “Would you—of course. Everyone has a—everyone has a
right to an attorney. Sure.” After responding, Maganiello continued, “Has anyone
threatened you or promised you anything to get you to talk to me?” Gafford said he
felt threatened because he had been arrested for something he did not do. Maganiello
told him that they were going to talk about why he was there and asked if Gafford
had any questions. Gafford responded, “What’s this for?” Maganiello explained why
Gafford was being interviewed.
2 After some questioning, Gafford stated, “Damn. I want to speak with my
lawyer.” Directly after that statement, Gafford, without prompting from either
officer in the interview room, stated, “How long did it take you to prove this?”
Maganiello responded, “I’m sorry?” Gafford continued to speak, stating that he was
with the victim, that he was high, and that he “just got scared.” Two minutes later,
Gafford began asking Maganiello questions:
Gafford: What about the shoestrings? What about that? Maganiello: I’m sorry. Gafford: What about the shoestrings around her neck? You get anything off that, on me? Maganiello: Hmm. Gafford: You say were going to answer my questions if I’m answering yours. Maganiello: I have to be clear. I don’t know if you said it or not because you kind of said it under your breath. Were you requesting an attorney? I just got to be clear on that because I’m not going to continue. I just heard you say something; I wasn’t sure what you said. Gafford: Nah. I was just saying you wanted uh you said about you can’t afford one you can get one. Maganiello: Ok. So, you’re not requesting an attorney. Gafford: No. Maganiello: Ok. I just wanted to make sure we’re clear because I thought I heard you say something but it wasn’t clear. So, what was your question about the shoelaces?
Shortly after that exchange, Gafford confessed to the murder.
The trial court granted a subsequently-filed motion to suppress statements on
two grounds: (1) Maganiello did not provide an adequate response to Gafford when
3 he asked, “[W]ill I be able to get [an attorney]?” 2; and (2) the detectives did not stop
the interview when Gafford said, “Damn. I want to speak to my lawyer.” This appeal
followed.
We begin our analysis by identifying our standard of review. “When
reviewing an order on a motion to suppress, an appellate court defers to a trial court’s
factual findings but reviews its legal conclusions de novo.” State v. Freeman, 377
So. 3d 225, 228 (Fla. 6th DCA 2024). However, this Court’s deference to the trial
court’s findings of fact “does not fully apply when the findings are based on evidence
other than live testimony.” Parker v. State, 873 So. 2d 270, 279 (Fla. 2004); see also
Thomas v. State, 351 So. 3d 197, 204 (Fla. 1st DCA 2022) (“[W]e apply a less
deferential standard to the trial court’s factual findings to the extent that they are
based on the video.”). Here, the interrogation video provided the basis for the trial
court’s factual findings. So, as to those findings, we apply a less deferential standard.
We turn first to determine whether Maganiello properly answered Gafford’s
prefatory question. “[I]f, at any point during custodial interrogation, a suspect asks
a clear question concerning his or her rights, the officer must stop the interview and
make a good-faith effort to give a simple and straightforward answer.” Almeida v.
State, 737 So. 2d 520, 525 (Fla. 1999). Once the officer provides an answer, the
2 The order granting suppression states that Gafford said, “Will I be able to get one?” However, Gafford actually said, “Would I be able to get one?” 4 interview may continue provided that the suspect has not invoked his or her rights
in the meantime. Id. Accordingly, to comply with the rule announced in Almeida,
law enforcement must make a good-faith effort to give a simple and straightforward
answer to a clear question concerning a suspect’s rights; if after answering, the
suspect does not make an invocation, the interview may continue.
Here, Maganiello complied with Almeida. After explaining that if Gafford
could not afford an attorney, one would be provided, Gafford responded, “I
understand that. But . . . would I be able to get one?” The trial court characterized
this question as a prefatory question seeking clarification about his right, not an
invocation of Gafford’s right to counsel. The video does not contradict the trial
court’s determination on that point; Gafford sought to clarify whether he would be
provided an attorney if he could not afford one. The trial court, however, then
determined that Maganiello’s response—“Would you—of course. Everyone has a—
everyone has a right to an attorney”—was, in effect, a refusal to answer Gafford’s
question. 3 On this point, the trial court’s determination is incorrect. Maganiello did
exactly what Almeida requires; he provided a straightforward, accurate, and simple
response to Gafford’s question.
3 Because of this purported refusal, the trial court suppressed all statements up to the point that Gafford asserted, “Damn. I want to speak with my lawyer.” However, as discussed later in this opinion, from that statement onward, the trial court provides a different reason for suppression. 5 Instructive is State v. Glatzmayer, 789 So. 2d 297 (Fla. 2001), where under
similar circumstances, the Florida Supreme Court found law enforcement officers
complied with Almeida. In Glatzmayer, the suspect asked if the law enforcement
officers “thought he should have an attorney.” Id. at 304. In response, the officers
responded, “[T]hat’s not our decision to make, that [sic] yours, it’s up to you.” Id.
The Glatzmayer court found this response was “simple, reasonable, and true.” Id. at
305; see also State v. Parker, 144 So. 3d 700, 704 (Fla. 1st DCA 2014) (holding that
detective gave a good faith response—“simple, straightforward, and honest”—to
defendant’s question, “‘Can you just tell me if I need to get a lawyer or something?’”
when detective said “‘Listen, that’s your right. But what I’m interested in is the
truth,—’”; same conclusion where defendant said, “‘[I]s there a lawyer in the
building,’” and detective said, “‘No, you would have to call one’”); Chaney v. State,
903 So. 2d 951 (Fla. 3d DCA 2005) (holding that where defendant asked officer
whether he thought defendant needed a lawyer, officer’s response, “‘Do you think
you need one?’” was proper and correctly informed defendant that it was up to him).
Having determined that Maganiello sufficiently responded to Gafford’s
prefatory question, we turn next to determine whether the officers improperly
continued their questioning after Gafford stated later in the interview, “Damn. I want
to speak with my lawyer.”
6 “When a suspect unequivocally invokes [his] right to counsel, the officers
must immediately stop questioning the suspect.” State v. Penna, 385 So. 3d 595, 600
(Fla. 2024) (citing Edwards v. Arizona, 451 U.S. 477, 484-85 (1981)). That
invocation, however, does not mean officers may never again question a suspect in
a custodial setting. Id. (citing Oregon v. Bradshaw, 462 U.S. 1039, 1045 (1983)). In
Penna, the Florida Supreme Court established a two-prong analysis to determine
whether post-invocation statements violate Miranda based on their interpretation of
Edwards and Bradshaw: (1) the defendant must reinitiate contact with the police;
and (2) there must be a valid waiver of the Miranda rights already invoked. Id.; see
also Welch v. State, 992 So. 2d 206, 214-15 (Fla. 2008) (“[I]f the accused initiates
further conversation, is reminded of his rights, and knowingly and voluntarily
waives those rights, any incriminating statements made during this conversation may
be properly admitted.” (citing Bradshaw, 462 U.S. at 1045-46)).
After Gafford said, “Damn. I want to speak with my lawyer,” the officers did
not thereafter question Gafford. Instead, Gafford then reinitiated contact with the
officers, asking Maganiello, “So how long did it take you to prove this?” Maganiello
responded, “I’m sorry?” After which, Gafford again continued speaking at length.
When Gafford stopped speaking, Maganiello sought to clarify whether Gafford was
invoking his right to counsel. Gafford said, “Nah. I was just saying you wanted uh
you said about you can’t afford one you can get one.” Maganiello again asked
7 Gafford if he was requesting an attorney. Gafford without equivocation said, “No.”
The entire exchange—Gafford invoking his right to counsel, reinitiating contact with
the officers, and later asserting that he was not requesting an attorney—lasted four
minutes. Under the circumstances, the officers complied with the mandate in Penna.
See Herard v. State, 390 So. 3d 610, 619 (Fla. 2024) (holding that law enforcement
officer’s continued questioning after three-minute exchange where defendant
invoked counsel then immediately reinitiated contact with interrogating officers and
waived right to counsel did not violate defendant’s Miranda rights).
Accordingly, the trial court erred by granting Gafford’s motion to suppress
statements made in the June 2021 interview.
REVERSED and REMANDED.
STARGEL and SMITH, JJ., concur.
James Uthmeier, Attorney General, Tallahassee, and Kaylee D. Tatman, Assistant Attorney General, Daytona Beach, for Appellant.
Jeffrey D. Deen, Regional Counsel, and Sarah Moore, Assistant Regional Counsel, of Office of Criminal Conflict and Civil Regional Counsel, Casselberry, for Appellee.
NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE MOTION FOR REHEARING AND DISPOSITION THEREOF IF TIMELY FILED