BLAIR, C.
Letters testamentary on the estate of J. J. Ryan having been granted to Tygard, Clark and Morrison and afterward revoked, this action on their bond was begun on the relation of the administratrices d. b. n. c. t. a. Fifteen of the sixteen counts of the petition which survived demurrers to the evidence and the verdict of the jury are founded on the failure of the executors to pay over and account for various sums represented by certain notes executed by Tygard and Clark, or one of them, to J. J. Ryan before his death. The other of the sixteen counts had its origin in an agreement of Tygard with Ryan to buy in certain land .under a trust deed and thereby protect indebtedness due Ryan and a bank of which Tygard was president, Clark cashier and Morrison bookkeeper. The purchase was made but the agreement was violated. There was evidence pro and con [201] as to the solvency of the executors at the time they took charge of the estate and thereafter and that question was submitted to the jury. Appellant Edwards and appellant Bennett’s intestate, Mains, were sureties on the bond. Several defenses were interposed which will be considered in the course of the opinion.
I. The right of the administratrices de bonis ■non to sue on the bond to recover for the breaches alleged is challenged but must be sustained. The jury found the executors solvent when they took charge of the estate and thereafter and that finding is now conclusive. Being solvent then the indebtedness due from the executors to the estate constituted assets in their hands (Sec. 108, R. S. 1909; McCarty v. Frazer, 62 Mo. 263) for which they were jointly liable, having given a joint bond. Their solvency and the indebtedness of Tygard and Clark being, for present purposes, established by the verdict, and such indebtedness, in consequence, being assets in their hands, there is no good reason for distinguishing between such assets and any others which came into their possession. The liability of the surety is the same as that of the principal. [Bassett v. Deposit Co., 184 Mass. l. c. 213, et seq.] It is settled law in this State that an administrator de bonis non may sue on the bond of his predecessor for assets in his hands for which he has failed to account. [State to use v. Hunter, 15 Mo. 490; State to use v. Porter, 9 Mo. 352; State to use v. Price and Lusk, 17 Mo. 431; State ex rel. v. Dulle, 45 Mo. 269; Scott v. Crews, 72 Mo. 261; State to use v. Fulton, 35 Mo. 323; State to use v. Flynn, 48 Mo. l. c. 416, 417.] These cases (See Seymour v. Seymour, 67 Mo., l. c. 305, 306) also settle the rule that, under our statutes, such action can be maintained whether or not the displaced executor or administrator has made settlement showing a balance in his hands and, also, that the action may be instituted in the circuit court or sum[202] mary proceedings pursued in the prohate court. The cases cited to the contrary announce common law rules but the common law system has been superseded by our statutes. [Titterington v. Hooker. 58 Mo. l. c. 597, 598.]
2. The attempt of the testator, by provision in his will, to “overturn the statutes of the State upon the subject of administration of estates” proved fruitless as like provisions in wills have heretofore done (Sevier v. Woodson, 205 Mo. l. c. 217) but it by no means follows that the bond, taken despite that void provision, is invalid. Many cases are cited which point out the invalidity of contracts, clauses in wills, etc., which come into collision with public policy, but these do not authorize the conclusion that a bond taken to secure the carrying out of the valid portions of a will is void because some separable provision in the instrument is void.
The provision mentioned was ignored by the probate court, by the executors in executing the bond and by the circuit court on the trial. All were right. [Southworth v. Southworth, 173 Mo. l. c. 71, 72.] Nor is there any conflict between the will and the bond. The provision mentioned being void cannot be said to conflict with anything.
3. That part of the answer which averred, as a complete defense, that the bond was not signed in the presence of the probate judge, etc. (Sec. 29, R. S. 1909), was stricken out and that ruling is assigned for error.
It is contended that the requirement of the section upon which this paragraph of the answer was based is mandatory and that a failure to comply with it exonerates the sureties.
This 'court has held that failure to approve a bond does not relieve the sureties thereon from liability (Jones v. State, 7 Mo. l. c. 85) and has applied this rule to bonds of executors and administrators. [Hen[203] ry v. State, 9 Mo. 769; James v. Dixon, 21 Mo. l. c. 539, 540; State to use v. Farmer, 54 Mo. l. c. 444, 445.] It was also held that the statute prohibiting the acceptance of an attorney-at-law as surety on an administrator’s bond, though mandatory in form, is directory in fact and that an attorney having signed such a bond as surety could not rely upon the statute to relieve him of his undertaking; the court saying the provision “was not designed to avoid the obligation where the law has been disregarded.” [Hicks v. Chouteau, 12 Mo. l. c. 343.]
Edwards’ plea of non est factum is to be disregarded in considering the question presented by the ruling mentioned, the insistence on this phase of the case being that despite his signing the bond, assuming he did so, if it appears he did not sign in the presence of one of the' persons designated by section 29 he is not liable.
The language of the section is mandatory in form: “and said bond shall be signed in the presence of the court, judge, clerk or acknowledged before some officer,” etc.
i The purpose of requiring bond at all is to protect creditors and distributees and all the provisions of the statute as to the formalities to- be observed are designed to add to their security. Undoubtedly they would have the right to insist upon compliance with these provisions, but is the surety who has signed an executor’s bond (which has been presented to the probate court, approved, filed and recorded by it) after the executor has mismanaged the estate exonerated by reason of the probate judge having omitted one of his duties with respect to the manner of taking the bond? The statute does not declare that a failure of the surety to sign in the presence of one of the'persons designated shall render the bond invalid or relieve the surety of liability. Such failure neither enlarges nor diminishes the liability expressed on the face of [204] the bond. No advantage would seem to accrue to the surety from compliance with the- statute which he would not otherwise enjoy. The bond is the essential thing. This appears from both the language and the purpose of the statute. One of the real designs is to ■protect those who, by reason of immaturity and inexperience, are in many instances incapable of protecting themselves. To attach to the error, the misprision (State ex rel. v. Co. Ct., 41 Mo. l. c. 251, 252), , of the probate judge such serious consequences as urged would tend rather to defeat than effectuate the legislative purpose. From the cases cited it appears that failure to approve, though approval be required, does not invalidate a bond unless the statute provides that such shall be the result. This principle goes far toward warranting a like conclusion with respect to the requirement under consideration. The thing directed to be done is not “the essence of the thing required” for the essence of the thing required is the bond and the protection it affords.
An administrator or executor is a quasi-public officer (Mechem’s Public Officers, sec. 840) and with respect to public officers the same author points out (Sec. 269) that the fact the “bond is not taken by the proper persons or in the prescribed manner, or that it was not approved, or was not approved by the designated officer; or that it was not signed or acknowledged in the presence of a pcirticular officer, or that it was given before the time specified, or not until the time fixed had expired, or was not stamped as required, 'or that the officer who gave it had not been sworn, is immaterial, and the bond, if otherwise perfect, will be enforced.”
So far as concerns the approval of an administrator’s or executor’s bond this court has applied the identical rule applicable in the case of an officer (James v. Dixon, supra) as the case there cited discloses. There is no single, settled rule, applicable in all cases. [205] by which the character of a statute with respect to its being mandatory or directory is to be determined. “In reáson, we may say, that the interpretation will be adopted which will best subserve justice and the true legislative intent.” [Bishop on Written Laws, Sec. 255.] Undoubtedly the Legislature did not intend any of the provisions of section 29, Revised Statutes 1909, to be disobeyed, but it did not prescribe the consequences, so far as the sureties and beneficiaries are concerned, which should follow disobedience. In such circumstances the courts must, of necessity, determine what such consequences are. The probate judge may be liable for his neglect of duty (Sec. 4064, R. S. 1909) though that duty be imposed by a statute directory in nature when examined from another viewpoint and the fact that such liability may ensue does not necessitate a conclusion that the statute is mandatory in the sense contended for by appellant in this case. [Bishop on Written Laws, sec. 256.]
“When a party gives a bond that he may have some privilege or right, as an office, appeal, supersedeas, or the like, and he has the benefit as upon having given the bond required by law, he cannot afterwards avoid responsibility upon it because he has departed in some particular from the statutory form, or omitted some formality in execution, approval or filing. An appeal bond filed without a required justification of sureties is nevertheless good, and will support the appeal, if the sureties are in fact sufficient. The provision of the statute requiring a justification is so far directory where no different intention is manifest.” [Lewis’s Sutherland on Stat. Const., sec. 626; State v. Winfree, 12 La. Ann. l. c. 645; Bloomfield, Governor, v. Ash, 4 N. J. L. 315.]
On the whole the statute seems designed rather, by the required observance, to add to the security of creditors and distributees than to destroy that security in case of its non-observance (Mowbray v. State [206] ex rel., 88 Ind. l. c. 326) and the Legislature having-failed to declare or indicate the effect, on the bond, of non-observance, we must declare it, and we think the provision should be to that extent held directory. The action of the trial court in striking out that part of the answer which proceeded on a different theory was not erroneous.
Decisions of this court in suits on recognizances in criminal cases are cited (State v. Pratt, 148 Mo. 402; State v. Woodward, 159 Mo. 680; State v. Crosswhite, 195 Mo. 1) in support of the contention that a failure of the executors and sureties to sign in open court or in the presence of the probate judge or other person designated in section 29, Revised Statutes 1909, renders executors’ bonds wholly void. The sections of the statutes upon which those cases were decided differ markedly, with respect to the requirement now being considered, from the section involved in this case. Besides, the term recognizance itself implies the personal appearance of the principal and • his sureties before the officer taking bail. A recognizance need not, be signed at all unless the statute requires it and the fact that the statute may require signatures in given cases does not amend the nature of the thing itself and avoid the necessity of appearance before the officer. The theory of such a transaction is that the giving of a recognizance in a criminal case transfers the accused from the custody of the law to the more friendly custody of his sureties — thus in a sense keeping- him in uninterrupted restraint. Conferring power on a sheriff to take a recognizance in specified circumstances, leaves him under the necessity of taking a recognizance and taking- it in the customary way except in so far as the statute affirmatively or by necessary implication changes the method. The fact that the officer is authorized to take a recognizance in the form of a writing obligatory signed by the principal and his sureties does not warrant his omitting another [207] essential element qf a recognizance, to-wit, the appearance of the sureties before the officer, his authority .being wholly statutory. The very definition of the words originally implied appearance — an oral acknowledgment of an obligation. [State v. McGuire, 42 Minn. l. c. 28, 29; Colvig v. County, 16 Or. l. c. 248, 249; 1 Chitty, Cr., Law, p. 92, 93; 3 Blackstone’s Com., chap. 22; 2 Id., p. 341, 342.] For these reasons the cases cited are not in point on the question before us.
4. The trial court was right in striking out that part of the answer of Bennett, administrator of Mains, setting up the two year limitation (Sec. 191, R. S. 1909) upon the presentation of demands against estates. This suit was upon the bond of the prior executors, brought by administratrices de bonis non, and the limitation fixed by special statute (Sec. 63, R. S. 1909) is seven years. The right of action, as appears from that section, accrued upon the revocation of the executors’ letters, which occurred but a short time prior to the institution of this suit and subsequent to the death of Mains. In the circumstances, the liability under the bond being contingent, the statute did'not begin to run at the time of the publication of notice of letters issued on the Mains’ estate. [Binz v. Hyatt, 200 Mo. l. c. 308, 309, and cases ciited.] The cause of action under the pleaded and conceded facts was not barred. [McWilliams v. Norfleet, 60 Miss. l. c. 987, 996.]
5. The action of the trial court in striking from the answer of Bennett, administrator of Mains, the averment that after Mains signed Edwardses name, as surety, was added to the bond without Mains’s knowledge, and another separate averment that Edwards’s name was forged, was not. erroneous. The two were inconsistent, in the first place (Nelson v. Brodhack, 44 Mo. l. c. 598, 599) and had each constituted a defense an election could have been required. Neither paragraph, however, pleaded facts sufficient to consti[208] tute a defense. There was no allegation that Edwards signed after delivery and consequently the averment did not negative the presumption that the principals had implied authority to secure other sureties before delivery. [Brey v. Hagan, 110 Ky. 566; Ward v. Hackett, 30 Minn. 152; Graham v. Rush, 73 Iowa, 451; Anderson v. Bellenger, 87 Ala. 334; Berryman v. Manker, 56 Iowa, 150; Hall’s Admx. v. McHenry, 19 Iowa, 521; State v. Paxton, 65 Neb. 130, 131; Lewiston v. Gagne, 89 Me. 395, 399.]
With respect to the alleged forgery of Edwards’s name as surety, after Mains signed the bond, there is no averment that Mains signed on an agreement or even on the anticipation that Edwards was to sign,, nor that the approving officer was aware of the forgery. [State ex rel. v. Hewitt, 72 Mo. 603 and cases cited.]
6. There was no error in excluding evidence tending to show Tygard’s and Clark’s insolvency two and one-half years and more after they and Morrison took charge of the estate. The general rule is that presumptions “do not run backward” and there is nothing exceptional in this respect, in this case. Proof of insolvency in 1901 would not, of itself, raise any presumption of insolvency in 1898 under the facts of this case, if it could in any. It is true that it has been said evidence of the existence of a given condition at a subsequent time might be admissible, though insufficient to afford a basis for a presumption. In admitting such evidence, however, trial courts are necessarily vested with a wide discretion which the court did not exercise in this case to defendants’ prejudice,, having permitted the evidence to range through nearly two and one-half years (State v. Ellis, 138 Wis. l. c. 524, 525; Railroad v. Vaughan, 111 Va. l. c. 791; Corbin v. U. S., 181 Fed. l. c. 304; Windhaus v. Bootz, 92 Cal. l. c. 621; 1 Elliott on Evidence, sec. 110), and there being no showing that conditions in later years [209] were substantially like those at the time the executors took charge of the estate. [Campbell v. Park, 128 Ia. l. c. 187; State v. Cadwell, 79 Ia. l. c. 438.]
7. So far as concerns the contention that the verdicts on counts fourteen to twenty-seven, inclusive, are excessive it is only necessary to say that on each of these counts the verdict is for a sum- appreciably less than the amount due on the note, which forms the basis of the count, a4 the time the executors took charge of the estate, plus six per cent simple interest thereon to the time of the revocation of letters. These counts are all founded on notes due from one or more of the executors to Ryan in his lifetime and their amounts became assets in the executors’ hands when they took charge of the estate, the jury having found the executors then solvent. Their subsequent insolvency during the time the estate was in their hands is of no consequence, since by reason of their indebtedness and their solvency at the time they took charge of the estate the law operated to make the indebtedness assets in their hands (Wachsmuth v. Ins. Co., 241 Ill. l. c. 414), and will treat it as paid “as between the administrator and those beneficially interested in the estate, ’ ’ though not so treating- it under some circumstances; for instance, when the lien of a mortgage would thereby be affected. [Stewart v. Hurd, 78 Atl. l. c. 841.] The executors being solvent, according to the verdict, and never having charged themselves with the amount of the notes or accounted for their proceeds in any way, they and their sureties on the bond are liable for at least the amount of interest included-in the verdicts on the counts mentioned. Whether they be held to have converted the money, or be treated as borrowers (in view of the direction in the will to invest) or the notes be treated as unextinguished, as a basis for the computation of interest, until actual payment, the amounts allowed are not excessive. [In [210] re estate of Camp, 6 Mo. App. 563; Williams, Adm’r v. Petticrew, 62 Mo. l. c. 472; In re Davis, 62 Mo. 450; Julian v. Wrightsman, 73 Mo. l. c. 572; Garesche, Adm’r v. Priest, 9 Mo. App. l. c. 274; Id., 78 Mo. 126; Henry v. State, 9 Mo. 769.] In fact the statute (Sec. 231, R. S. 1909) requires the payment by the executor of interest on any funds of the estate he uses for his own purposes and this statute is mandatory. [Wolfort v. Reilly, 133 Mo. 467.]
It is not intended, by what has been said, to decide that the allowance of interest must be limited to the time of revocation of letters or can always be allowed continuously to such time, but merely that the allowance in this ease apparently having been so limited was not excessive. Nor was the rate excessive under any rule. The .authorities authorize the allowance of interest in cases analogous to this. [Rodenbach’s Appeal, 102 Pa. St. 572; Koon v. Munro, 11 S. C. l. c. 157; Webb’s Heirs v. Webb’s Admr., 22 Ky. 168; Clark’s Appeal, 2 Watts (Pa.), 405; Terhune v. Oldis, 44 N. J. Eq. l. c. 152, 153; In re Davis, 75 N. Y. Supp. 493; Heirs of Sharp v. Kleinpeter, 7 La. Arm. l. c. 267; In re Boyer, 105 N. Y. Supp. 857; In re Clark, 11 N. Y. Supp. 911, 912; Phillips v. Duckett, 112 Ill. App. l. c. 591; Gfood’s Appeal, 150 Pa. St. l. c. 306, 307; Com. ex rel. v. Bracken et al., 32 S. W. 609; 2 Woerner’s Am. Law of Administration, sec. 512; Dyer v. Jacoway, 50 Ark. 217; St. Paul Trust Co. v. Kittson, 62 Minn. l. c. 414, et seq.; Ackerman’s Case, 40 N. J. Eq. 533.]
8. The verdict on count eight is clearly excessive, being for a sum even in excess of the amount prayed. The error is one in the computation of interest and can, consequently, be corrected by this court or by the trial court under directions.
9. That portion of the answer to count thirty-four in which it was attempted to set up the pendency of a prior action was insufficient and the trial [211] court was right in striking it out. It was not averred when the action had been commenced or whether the administratrices were plaintiffs or defendants and it did appear that it was not a suit on the bond sued on in this ease. Further it was not averred that any of the parties to that action, except the administratrices, were parties to this. [Rodney v. Gibbs, 184 Mo. l. c. 10, 11.]
The thirty-fourth count proceeded on the theory that Tygard had been guilty of a breach of an agreement in disposing of the proceeds of certain lands which it is alleged he bought in to protect Ryan and the Bates County Bank, both being holders of deeds of trust on the property. An agreement between the bank and Ryan that Tygard should buy in the land at trustee’s sale is pleaded and it is alleged Tygard did so but failed to pay off Ryan’s claims out of the proceeds. The count is vague and not so broad as the evidence offered under it. The court permitted a recovery on the theory of a constructive trust. The instruction given assumed the existence of Tygard’s agreement to bid in the property and proceeded, after predicating other facts, to authorize a verdict. This was error since an instruction purporting to cover the case and authorize a verdict on recited facts must not ignore or assume a vital and disputed fact. The instruction assumed the existence of the principal fact pleaded in count thirty-four and authorized the jury to return a verdict without finding that fact. On the evidence in this record this assumption was wrong. [Chappell v. Allen, 38 Mo. l c. 221, 222; Crews v. Lackland, 67 Mo. l. c. 621, 622.] Besides the theory of the instruction was, as already indicated, wholly different from that of the count itself. Neither the land nor its proceeds is sought to be recovered but the action is on the bond and based on Tygard’s liability to Ryan or his estate. An instruction “must be within the purview of both the pleadings and the evidence.” [212] [Degonia v. Railroad, 224 Mo. l. c. 589, 590, and cases cited.]
10. Defendants complain of instruction two. It reads as follows:
“The court instructs the jury that before F. J. Tygard, J. C. Clark and J. R. Morrison, named in the will of J. J. Ryan as executors thereof, could enter upon the discharge of their duties as such executors, they were required by the statutes of this State to execute and deliver to the probate court, or tbe judg'e thereof, a bond with not less than two solvent securities for the faithful discharge of their duties as such executors, which bond the law requires should be executed by both principals and sureties in the probate court while in session or before the judge or clerk thereof, or before some other officer authorized to take acknowledgments of deeds, in which event the fact of such execution in the presence of such officers was required to be certified to the probate court. Now under the law the presumption is that not only said executors and sureties upon said bond discharged their duties as above stated, but that the probate court or the judge thereof, William M. Dalton, also discharged his duty in requiring said bond to be executed or subscribed by all of said executors and the sureties thereon, Isaac N. Mains and J. P. Edwards, either in open court or before the judge of said court personally. ’ ’
Both the maxim that public officers are presumed to do their duty, and the other, that private persons are presumed to act according to their duties and obligations, are woven into the instruction set forth. In no event could there be a presumption arising out of the mere presence of Edwards’s name on the bond unless the signature was genuine. Whatever the effect of the approval of the bond by the probate judg’e, defendant Edwards had no duty to perform in connection with the matter unless he signed the bond, and the [213] so-called presumption as to his acting in accordance with his duty must necessarily grow out of a genuine signature or not arise at all. His plea of non est factum put the genuineness of that signature in issue and this was the real issue in the case. In bringing into the case a presumption as to the sureties, Edwards and Mains, having “performed their duties” and as to their having, therefore, signed the bond in the presence of the probate judge, the trial court begged the question so far as Edwards was concerned. Having told the jury the law required sureties on executors’ bonds to sign in the presence of the judge, the court then told them the law presumed “said . . . sureties upon said bond discharged their duties as above stated,” etc. The effect of all this was to convey to the jury the idea that it was the duty of Edwards and Mains to sign the bond, in the first place, and to sign it in the judge’s presence. The instruction assumed the signing and on this assumption based a presumption of the same thing. Undoubtedly, unless Edwards signed the bond he had no duty in the premises and, consequently, none out of which any presumption could arise. To thus throw into the scale, on the issue, on the plea of nón est factum a practical assumption of the fact in issue, i. e., the genuineness of Edwards’s signature, was error of a serious sort. It was little less than a peremptory instruction to find for plaintiff on this issue.
In so far as the instruction states the familiar maxim concerning the performance of official duties by those upon whom they are enjoined, it is far from clear that it can, in the circumstances of this case, be upheld. It is a maxim, a rule of legal reasoning, and it is certain that the bald and unqualified statement that the law presumes the probate judge did his duty and required the sureties to sign the bond in his presence goes too far. In this case the record of the approval was required to be made and out of the act of [214] approval (of which the record was evidence) it may be said a presumption arises that the probate judge performed his precedent duties, one of which was to require the principals and sureties to sign the bond in his presence. There was certainly no conclusive presumption of law to that effect, however, and the instruction should not have been so phrased as to convey that idea to the jury. It was competent for defendant Edwards to have disproved (which he attempted) the fact that he signed the bond at all, even though such proof ran contrary to the presumption, and the instruction should, at all events have made this clear to the jury. Whether the principle mentioned be called a presumption, a maxim or a rule- of legal reasoning, it is not in every case proper to give it to a jury in the form of a presumption. In this case, however, we see no harm in view of the facts in advising the jury of the rule provided it be properly qualified and guarded as above indicated. It ought to be made plain that all the evidence is to be considered on the issue. [Peyton v. Village, 177 N. Y. l. c. 106, 107.]
The cases cited by respondents’ counsel do not deal with instructions to juries on this subject and certainly none of them authorize the instruction in the form in which it was given. [4 Wigmore on Evidence, sec. 2534; 1 Phillips on Evidence, pp. 642, 643; 2 Wharton on Evidence, sec. 1319; Albany Co. Savings Bank v. McCarty, 149 N. Y. l. c. 83; Rogers v. Pell, 154 N. Y. l. c. 530; 1 Elliott on Evidence, sec. 104.]
11. Other questions are mentioned in the very helpful briefs filed but we do not deem it necessary to discuss them in detail. Suffice it to say that out of the complicated disclosures of this record it results that as to defendant Edwards the judgment must be reversed On each of the counts on which recovery was had against him and the cause remanded. As to defendant Bennett, Adm’r of Mains, the judgment on [215] each of counts fourteen to twenty-seven, inclusive, is affirmed. The judgment on count eight, as to Bennett, is affirmed on condition that a remittitur of four hundred and sixty-two dollars he entered, within ten days, as of the date of the judgment'in the case, otherwise the judgment on said count will stand reversed and cause thereon remanded. The judgment as to Bennett on count thirty-four is reversed and the cause remanded.
Roy, C., concurs.
PER CURIAM.
The foregoing opinion of Blair, C., is adopted as the opinion of the court.
All the judges concur.