Mr. Justice Eakin
delivered the opinion of the court.
At the trial the defendant, by motion and demurrer, questioned the power of the court to permit by an amended complaint a substitution of the State as plaintiff in place of Sears, and also the power of a district attorney of his own motion to institute a proceeding on behalf of [48]*48the State to recover a debt due to it. . The trial court denied the motion and overruled the demurrer, and the defendant presses these contentions here; but we find it unnecessary to consider them, as the case is disposed of in his favor on the merits.
1. The foundation of plaintiff’s right of recovery, as disclosed by the complaint, is that these sums of money were collected by the Secretary of State for the use and benefit of the State; the contention of plaintiff being that the constitution prescribes a salary for the Secretary of State and fixes that as his whole compensation, and that therefore the statute which allows to him certain fees and perquisites for work done is unconstitutional and void. Article XIII of the Constitution of Oregon provides, among other things, that:
“ * * The Secretary of State shall receive an annual salary of fifteen hundred dollars * * (and) shall receive no fees or perquisites whatever for the performance of any duties. * * ”
It is conceded that the fees received for filing articles of incorporation, issuing commissions to notaries, appointments of commissioners of deeds, miscellaneous commissions, and requisitions and warrants of arrest, were authorized by, and all collected under, Section 2923, B. & C. Comp., which is section 11 of an act of the legislative assembly, entitled “An act to prescribe the fees of certain officers and persons,” passed October 24, 1864 (see Deady’s Gen. Laws 1845-64, p. 732, c. 18), section 1 of which provides:
“The following fees shall be allowed to the officers and persons hereinafter named for the services herein specified.”
Section 11 (Section 2923, B. & C. Comp,) provides:
“The fees of the Secretary of State shall be as follows: For certifying and affixing the seal of the State to any document or paper, two dollars; for making copies .of any record or file, each folio, twenty-five cents; for filing articles of incorporation, two dollars and a half; for [49]*49recording any paper or document by law required to be recorded by him, for each folio, twenty-five cents.”
Also, the fees received by him as insurance commissioner were exacted under a legislative act entitled, “An act to license and regulate insurance business in the State of Oregon,” adopted February 25, 1887' (Laws 1887, p. 118), which, with amendments and additions thereto, constitute Sections 3706-8756, inclusive, B. & C. Comp. Section 1 of the act provides that:
“The Secretary of State shall be ex officio insurance commissioner of this State, and shall receive for his services as such commissioner the compensation hereinafter provided therefor.”
The fees received for filing trade-marks were exacted under Section 4615, B. & C. Comp., which provides:
“A fee of two dollars and a half shall be paid to the Secretary of State by the owner of said trade-mark as pay for recording.”
Assuming, without deciding, that the compensation provided for in these statutes is fees and perquisites and within the inhibition of the constitution, then the legislative acts authorizing them are clearly void, to that extent, and cannot be construed as authorizing the collection of them for the use and benefit of the State. No such intention on the part of the legislature is apparent. The right to exact such fees for the benefit of the State, or its title to the money so collected, must be established by legislative authority. If the fees cannot be exacted for the purpose prescribed in the statute, then they cannot be exacted at all, and, if collected without authority, may be recovered by the person from whom exacted, if he is not otherwise barred. Mechem’s Pub. Officers, § 884, and cases cited.
2. In cases in which the manner of compensating officers has been changed from fees to a salary, it has been held that the collection for the use and benefit of the State under legislative authority of the fees thereto[50]*50fore provided as compensation to the officer is not objectionable as being a special tax, but that it is competent for the legislature, if it sees proper, to exact from persons especially benefited by the performance of an official service a reasonable compensation therefor, to be paid into the public treasury, to reimburse the public for the expense incurred in providing for and maintaining such office. Conner v. Mayor, 2 Sandf. (N. Y.), 355; State ex rel. Attorney-General v. The Judges, 21 Ohio St. 1. Both of these cases recognize that fees allowed by law to an officer as compensation for services rendered are the property of the officer, but that the legislature may compensate the officer by a salary and require him to collect the fees for the use and benefit of the public. To the same effect is 23 Am. & Eng. Ene. Law (2 ed.), 387, and cases cited. But the State’s right to such fees depends upon some legislative provision exacting the same as compensation to the State. This is the provision of the act of our legislature placing county officers upon salaries (Laws 1893, p. 163), and the act fixing the salary of State officers (Laws 1905, p. 133) ; but the unauthorized exaction of fees by an officer cannot operate to give the State or the county title to the money so received. This was expressly, decided by this court in Howard v. Clatsop County, 41 Or. 149 (68 Pac. 425), construing Section 2927, B. & C. Comp., which was enacted by the legislative assembly in 1899, and provides that the district attorneys of the several judicial districts shall receive salaries as full compensation for their services. Section 2928, B. & C. Comp., provides that they shall receive no other fees or compensation of any kind.
3. By Section 1098, B. & C. Comp., enacted in 1878, it is made the duty of the county clerk to collect from the plaintiff in every divorce suit the sum of $10, which sum shall be paid to the district attorney as his fee in such suit. In Howard v. Clatsop County, 41 Or. 149 (68 Pac. 425), which is an action to recover from the county a $10 district attorney fee exacted in á divorce suit and [51]*51paid over to the comity, the court, in construing sections 2927 and 2928, held that they operate to repeal section 1098 so far as it authorizes the collection of $10 as a district attorney fee in divorce cases. Mr. Justice Wolverton says: “The $10 fee required to be collected from a private party, under Section 1074, Hill’s Ann. Laws (Section 1098, B. & C. Comp.), being one to which the district attorney was entitled, as a perquisite, for a duty performed by him, the act of 1899, putting him upon a salary, and expressly denying to him any further salary, etc., must be held 'to supersede, and thereby to repeal, Section 1074, Hill’s Ann. Laws (Section 1098, B. & C.
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Mr. Justice Eakin
delivered the opinion of the court.
At the trial the defendant, by motion and demurrer, questioned the power of the court to permit by an amended complaint a substitution of the State as plaintiff in place of Sears, and also the power of a district attorney of his own motion to institute a proceeding on behalf of [48]*48the State to recover a debt due to it. . The trial court denied the motion and overruled the demurrer, and the defendant presses these contentions here; but we find it unnecessary to consider them, as the case is disposed of in his favor on the merits.
1. The foundation of plaintiff’s right of recovery, as disclosed by the complaint, is that these sums of money were collected by the Secretary of State for the use and benefit of the State; the contention of plaintiff being that the constitution prescribes a salary for the Secretary of State and fixes that as his whole compensation, and that therefore the statute which allows to him certain fees and perquisites for work done is unconstitutional and void. Article XIII of the Constitution of Oregon provides, among other things, that:
“ * * The Secretary of State shall receive an annual salary of fifteen hundred dollars * * (and) shall receive no fees or perquisites whatever for the performance of any duties. * * ”
It is conceded that the fees received for filing articles of incorporation, issuing commissions to notaries, appointments of commissioners of deeds, miscellaneous commissions, and requisitions and warrants of arrest, were authorized by, and all collected under, Section 2923, B. & C. Comp., which is section 11 of an act of the legislative assembly, entitled “An act to prescribe the fees of certain officers and persons,” passed October 24, 1864 (see Deady’s Gen. Laws 1845-64, p. 732, c. 18), section 1 of which provides:
“The following fees shall be allowed to the officers and persons hereinafter named for the services herein specified.”
Section 11 (Section 2923, B. & C. Comp,) provides:
“The fees of the Secretary of State shall be as follows: For certifying and affixing the seal of the State to any document or paper, two dollars; for making copies .of any record or file, each folio, twenty-five cents; for filing articles of incorporation, two dollars and a half; for [49]*49recording any paper or document by law required to be recorded by him, for each folio, twenty-five cents.”
Also, the fees received by him as insurance commissioner were exacted under a legislative act entitled, “An act to license and regulate insurance business in the State of Oregon,” adopted February 25, 1887' (Laws 1887, p. 118), which, with amendments and additions thereto, constitute Sections 3706-8756, inclusive, B. & C. Comp. Section 1 of the act provides that:
“The Secretary of State shall be ex officio insurance commissioner of this State, and shall receive for his services as such commissioner the compensation hereinafter provided therefor.”
The fees received for filing trade-marks were exacted under Section 4615, B. & C. Comp., which provides:
“A fee of two dollars and a half shall be paid to the Secretary of State by the owner of said trade-mark as pay for recording.”
Assuming, without deciding, that the compensation provided for in these statutes is fees and perquisites and within the inhibition of the constitution, then the legislative acts authorizing them are clearly void, to that extent, and cannot be construed as authorizing the collection of them for the use and benefit of the State. No such intention on the part of the legislature is apparent. The right to exact such fees for the benefit of the State, or its title to the money so collected, must be established by legislative authority. If the fees cannot be exacted for the purpose prescribed in the statute, then they cannot be exacted at all, and, if collected without authority, may be recovered by the person from whom exacted, if he is not otherwise barred. Mechem’s Pub. Officers, § 884, and cases cited.
2. In cases in which the manner of compensating officers has been changed from fees to a salary, it has been held that the collection for the use and benefit of the State under legislative authority of the fees thereto[50]*50fore provided as compensation to the officer is not objectionable as being a special tax, but that it is competent for the legislature, if it sees proper, to exact from persons especially benefited by the performance of an official service a reasonable compensation therefor, to be paid into the public treasury, to reimburse the public for the expense incurred in providing for and maintaining such office. Conner v. Mayor, 2 Sandf. (N. Y.), 355; State ex rel. Attorney-General v. The Judges, 21 Ohio St. 1. Both of these cases recognize that fees allowed by law to an officer as compensation for services rendered are the property of the officer, but that the legislature may compensate the officer by a salary and require him to collect the fees for the use and benefit of the public. To the same effect is 23 Am. & Eng. Ene. Law (2 ed.), 387, and cases cited. But the State’s right to such fees depends upon some legislative provision exacting the same as compensation to the State. This is the provision of the act of our legislature placing county officers upon salaries (Laws 1893, p. 163), and the act fixing the salary of State officers (Laws 1905, p. 133) ; but the unauthorized exaction of fees by an officer cannot operate to give the State or the county title to the money so received. This was expressly, decided by this court in Howard v. Clatsop County, 41 Or. 149 (68 Pac. 425), construing Section 2927, B. & C. Comp., which was enacted by the legislative assembly in 1899, and provides that the district attorneys of the several judicial districts shall receive salaries as full compensation for their services. Section 2928, B. & C. Comp., provides that they shall receive no other fees or compensation of any kind.
3. By Section 1098, B. & C. Comp., enacted in 1878, it is made the duty of the county clerk to collect from the plaintiff in every divorce suit the sum of $10, which sum shall be paid to the district attorney as his fee in such suit. In Howard v. Clatsop County, 41 Or. 149 (68 Pac. 425), which is an action to recover from the county a $10 district attorney fee exacted in á divorce suit and [51]*51paid over to the comity, the court, in construing sections 2927 and 2928, held that they operate to repeal section 1098 so far as it authorizes the collection of $10 as a district attorney fee in divorce cases. Mr. Justice Wolverton says: “The $10 fee required to be collected from a private party, under Section 1074, Hill’s Ann. Laws (Section 1098, B. & C. Comp.), being one to which the district attorney was entitled, as a perquisite, for a duty performed by him, the act of 1899, putting him upon a salary, and expressly denying to him any further salary, etc., must be held 'to supersede, and thereby to repeal, Section 1074, Hill’s Ann. Laws (Section 1098, B. & C. Comp.) as to such fee in judicial districts other than the Fourth, as the two provisions are utterly inconsistent, one with the other, and both cannot starid.” And it was held that upon the face of the complaint plaintiff was entitled to recover such fee. The act of 1898 (Laws 1898, p. 8, § 3), which fixes a salary for the district attorney of the Fourth Judicial District, and which applied only to Multnomah County, provides, by section 8 thereof, which is Section 3030, B. & C. Comp., that the fees now established by law shall continue to be the established fees and shall be collected for the use of Multnomah County. In State ex rel. v. Moore, 37 Or. 536 (62 Pac. 26), it is held, in effect, that the right to the $10 district attorney fee in divorce cases in Multnomah County by virtue of the above provisions inured to the benefit of the county. The effect of these two decisions is that the clerk had no authority to exact the fee for the benefit of the county unless it had been expressly authorized, and, when wrongfully collected, the county acquired no right or title to it; but that it was the property of the person from whom it had been exacted. And this principle applies equally to the statute authorizing the exaction of fees by the Secretary of State. If the fees are illegally exacted, they are the property of the person from whom collected, and the State has no right thereto.
[52]*524. The only other item of fees sued for, relates to the compensation allowed to the Secretary of State for copying laws and resolutions for the use of the State Printer. The legislature at each session, by resolution, directed the Secretary of State to furnish to the State Printer within 30 days after its adjournment true and correct copies of the laws and resolutions adopted at that session, and that the compensation for making such transcripts should be as prescribed by law for like services in other cases. There is nothing in this record indicating that the amounts allowed by the resolutions were not expended in the preparation of the laws and resolutions as required. Section 2390, B. & C. Comp., provides:
“The Secretary of State shall be empowered to employ and appoint clerks to aid in the performance of the duties of his office: Provided, that the expenditure of moneys for the pay of such clerks shall not exceed the annropriation of the legislative assembly therefor, and that such clerks shall be paid out of the state treasury as other officers are paid.’’
The allowance provided by the resolution above referred to is not as personal compensation to the Secretary of State for personal services, to be rendered by him, but is to pay the expense of having such records transcribed. A “salary” is personal compensation provided to be paid to the officer for his own services, and does not prevent an allowance for clerk hire. People v. Adams, 65 Ill. App. 283; Briscoe v. Clark County, 95 Ill. 309. A similar provision was made by the last legislature to meet the expense of like work by the present Secretary of State, who is serving under a salary law which took effect January 1, 1907.
We conclude that the State has no right or title to the fees and perquisites exacted by the defendant under the statutes herein referred to, nor is the defendant accountable to the State therefor in this suit.-
Therefore the decree is reversed, and the suit dismissed.
Reversed: Suit Dismissed.