Mr. Justice Chambliss
delivered the opinion of the Court.
This bill alleged that Caldwell was indebted to the State by reason of having executed as surety bonds to secure payment of deposits made by the State in certain banks which had become insolvent and had failed to pay the deposits after demand; that Caldwell was insolvent, and was indebted to numerous‘other creditors who were threatening to sue him and attach or otherwise impound his property, which was described; that the State as the sovereign was entitled to priority in his assets and that unless restrained he would dispose thereof. The bill prayed for an injunction restraining other suits, and for a receiver and that the bill be sustained as a general creditors bill, and all other creditors be required to file their claims in this cause. It appeared from the allegations of the bill that other suits had been brought by the State against Caldwell on account of this indebtedness and were then pending.
The Chancellor sustained a demurrer because, “the complainant does not show itself to be a creditor of any class permitted either by the general rules of equity practice or by our statutes to file a general creditors bill and impound all the property of the defendant, an individual, for the benefit of itself and. such other creditors
as might become parties thereto;” and, also, “that the hill cannot he maintained as a bill to collect the complainants alleged obligations because the bill shows on its face there are prior suits pending for such recoveries in this Court and Part One of the Chancery Court.”
In this Court counsel for the State present only the question of the right to maintain the suit against Caldwell as a general creditors bill, apparently conceding that otherwise the hill cannot he maintained in view of the pendency of other suits on the same indebtedness.
We are constrained to concur with the Chancellor in holding that the bill may not be maintained as a general creditors proceeding. A fundamental applicable distinction is this, that general creditors bills are in their nature suits
in rem
rather than
in personam.
Whether or not such a bill’will lie is determined not so much by the character of the defendant debtor, whether a corporation, partnership or individual, as by the nature of the relief sought. General creditor’s suits are directed at particular property, rather than the person of the debtor, to subject such property, and distribute the proceeds according to the rights and priorities of all creditors who have an interest therein.
“Creditor’s bills, in their most comprehensive sense, are bills in equity by creditors to enforce the payment of debts out of the property of debtors, under circumstances which impede or render impossible the collection of the debt by the ordinary process of execution.” 5 Ency. Pl. & Pr., 391.
‘
‘
They áre in the nature of proceedings
in rem,
rather than
in personam,
and are used to make effective a judgment held by a creditor against the property of the debtor which is covered up or in some way involved.”
Houghton
v.
Axelsson,
64 Kan., 274. And see 15 C. J. at p. 1382.
They are ancillary rather than original proceedings, bronght to reach and subject assets and distribute the proceeds among those who by judgments previously obtained, or liens or priorities existing, have rights in common therein.
Jurisdiction of the
res,
in that case the assets of an insolvent corporation, was recognized by Mr. Justice Lurton, in
Peck
v.
Elliott,
24 C. C. A., 425, 79 Fed., 10 (approved by Mr. Justice Taft in
Cunningham
v.
Cleveland,
39 C. C. A., 211, 98 Fed. 657), as the basis of the power of the Court of equity to bring before the court all debto'rs and creditors and make all proper orders in connection therewith.
Counsel for the State frankly concede a dearth of authority directly dealing with “the right to maintain a general creditor’s bill against an individual,” etc. As already pointed out, the right is determined not so much by the character of the party defendant, whether corporation, partnership, or individual, as by the nature of the relief sought, whether to reach and subject and distribute the proceeds of a thing, certain property, .or to obtain a personal judgment. The statement relied on from Mr. Gibson’s Suits in Chancery (Chambliss Ed.), Sec. 1031, Note 2, “This owner or common debtor may be a corporation, partnership, or individual,” and also similar statements, referred to by Mr. Gibson, from
Bank
v.
Haselton,
15 Lea, 230, and 1 Pomeroy’s Equity, Sec. 410, are to be considered with this distinction in mind. Mr. Gibson’s treatment, of the subject as a whole indicates that he had it in mind. The caption of his chapter discussing the subject reads, “Suits by General Creditors
for their
pro rata
of an Insolvent Debtor’s Property,” and under the sub-bead, “When a General Creditor’s Bill will lie” be says, “Whenever there is a common fund which a Court of Equity will distribute ratably among all the creditors of the owner of that fund, then any one of the creditors may file a bill on behalf of himself and all other creditors of said owner against said owner, in order to have the fund prorated among such creditors. ’ ’ So, every illustration he gives is so restricted, that is, to a common fund. Individuals may have made fraudulent conveyances, subjected their property to liens, have become insolvent decedents, etc., etc. But no illustration is given, or precedent cited, of a general creditor’s suit in equity where this common fund element is lacking.
Looking to the section cited in Pomeroy, it will be seen that the sub-head reads, “Settlement of Insolvent Estates — Marshaling of Assets,” he says: “Another remarkable and most just application of the principle, often leading to results very different from those produced by the operation of legal rules, may be seen in all those instances where a court of equity acquires jurisdiction, from any cause, to wind up, distribute, or settle an estate, property, or fund against which there are a number of separate claimants. One example is that of settling the affairs of an insolvent partnership, corporation, or individual debtor in a creditor’s suit brought by one on behalf of all other creditors, where the assets are not sufficient to satisfy all demands in full; the court always proceeds upon the principle that equality is equity, and of apportioning the property
pro rata
among all the creditors.”-
He gives two illustrations, one of a partnership fund upon the death of a partner, and the other of the administration of the estates of deceased persons. And in harmony with this view in Section 429 he lays down this general principle:
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Mr. Justice Chambliss
delivered the opinion of the Court.
This bill alleged that Caldwell was indebted to the State by reason of having executed as surety bonds to secure payment of deposits made by the State in certain banks which had become insolvent and had failed to pay the deposits after demand; that Caldwell was insolvent, and was indebted to numerous‘other creditors who were threatening to sue him and attach or otherwise impound his property, which was described; that the State as the sovereign was entitled to priority in his assets and that unless restrained he would dispose thereof. The bill prayed for an injunction restraining other suits, and for a receiver and that the bill be sustained as a general creditors bill, and all other creditors be required to file their claims in this cause. It appeared from the allegations of the bill that other suits had been brought by the State against Caldwell on account of this indebtedness and were then pending.
The Chancellor sustained a demurrer because, “the complainant does not show itself to be a creditor of any class permitted either by the general rules of equity practice or by our statutes to file a general creditors bill and impound all the property of the defendant, an individual, for the benefit of itself and. such other creditors
as might become parties thereto;” and, also, “that the hill cannot he maintained as a bill to collect the complainants alleged obligations because the bill shows on its face there are prior suits pending for such recoveries in this Court and Part One of the Chancery Court.”
In this Court counsel for the State present only the question of the right to maintain the suit against Caldwell as a general creditors bill, apparently conceding that otherwise the hill cannot he maintained in view of the pendency of other suits on the same indebtedness.
We are constrained to concur with the Chancellor in holding that the bill may not be maintained as a general creditors proceeding. A fundamental applicable distinction is this, that general creditors bills are in their nature suits
in rem
rather than
in personam.
Whether or not such a bill’will lie is determined not so much by the character of the defendant debtor, whether a corporation, partnership or individual, as by the nature of the relief sought. General creditor’s suits are directed at particular property, rather than the person of the debtor, to subject such property, and distribute the proceeds according to the rights and priorities of all creditors who have an interest therein.
“Creditor’s bills, in their most comprehensive sense, are bills in equity by creditors to enforce the payment of debts out of the property of debtors, under circumstances which impede or render impossible the collection of the debt by the ordinary process of execution.” 5 Ency. Pl. & Pr., 391.
‘
‘
They áre in the nature of proceedings
in rem,
rather than
in personam,
and are used to make effective a judgment held by a creditor against the property of the debtor which is covered up or in some way involved.”
Houghton
v.
Axelsson,
64 Kan., 274. And see 15 C. J. at p. 1382.
They are ancillary rather than original proceedings, bronght to reach and subject assets and distribute the proceeds among those who by judgments previously obtained, or liens or priorities existing, have rights in common therein.
Jurisdiction of the
res,
in that case the assets of an insolvent corporation, was recognized by Mr. Justice Lurton, in
Peck
v.
Elliott,
24 C. C. A., 425, 79 Fed., 10 (approved by Mr. Justice Taft in
Cunningham
v.
Cleveland,
39 C. C. A., 211, 98 Fed. 657), as the basis of the power of the Court of equity to bring before the court all debto'rs and creditors and make all proper orders in connection therewith.
Counsel for the State frankly concede a dearth of authority directly dealing with “the right to maintain a general creditor’s bill against an individual,” etc. As already pointed out, the right is determined not so much by the character of the party defendant, whether corporation, partnership, or individual, as by the nature of the relief sought, whether to reach and subject and distribute the proceeds of a thing, certain property, .or to obtain a personal judgment. The statement relied on from Mr. Gibson’s Suits in Chancery (Chambliss Ed.), Sec. 1031, Note 2, “This owner or common debtor may be a corporation, partnership, or individual,” and also similar statements, referred to by Mr. Gibson, from
Bank
v.
Haselton,
15 Lea, 230, and 1 Pomeroy’s Equity, Sec. 410, are to be considered with this distinction in mind. Mr. Gibson’s treatment, of the subject as a whole indicates that he had it in mind. The caption of his chapter discussing the subject reads, “Suits by General Creditors
for their
pro rata
of an Insolvent Debtor’s Property,” and under the sub-bead, “When a General Creditor’s Bill will lie” be says, “Whenever there is a common fund which a Court of Equity will distribute ratably among all the creditors of the owner of that fund, then any one of the creditors may file a bill on behalf of himself and all other creditors of said owner against said owner, in order to have the fund prorated among such creditors. ’ ’ So, every illustration he gives is so restricted, that is, to a common fund. Individuals may have made fraudulent conveyances, subjected their property to liens, have become insolvent decedents, etc., etc. But no illustration is given, or precedent cited, of a general creditor’s suit in equity where this common fund element is lacking.
Looking to the section cited in Pomeroy, it will be seen that the sub-head reads, “Settlement of Insolvent Estates — Marshaling of Assets,” he says: “Another remarkable and most just application of the principle, often leading to results very different from those produced by the operation of legal rules, may be seen in all those instances where a court of equity acquires jurisdiction, from any cause, to wind up, distribute, or settle an estate, property, or fund against which there are a number of separate claimants. One example is that of settling the affairs of an insolvent partnership, corporation, or individual debtor in a creditor’s suit brought by one on behalf of all other creditors, where the assets are not sufficient to satisfy all demands in full; the court always proceeds upon the principle that equality is equity, and of apportioning the property
pro rata
among all the creditors.”-
He gives two illustrations, one of a partnership fund upon the death of a partner, and the other of the administration of the estates of deceased persons. And in harmony with this view in Section 429 he lays down this general principle:
“The fundamental theory of the remedial action of equity is, that it deals with specific and identified land or chattels, or specific funds, whether consisting of securities and other things in action or of money, and it seeks to determine, declare, and maintain the estates, interests, and-rights of the litigant parties in and to such identified lands, chattels, or funds.”
We find no authority which recognizes the right to bring a general creditor ’s suit under circumstances here presented, by a creditor, without judgment or other lien, and not to subject and distribute the proceeds of any specific assets or fund.
It is submitted on the brief for the State that (1) the State has a preferential claim against all of the debtor’s property in application of the Sovereignty prerogative rights recognized by this Court in
Fidelity & Guaranty Co.
v.
Rainey,
120 Tenn., 357, and
Maryland Casualty
v.
McConnell,
148 Tenn., 660, and that
(2)
this right operates as a lien so as to justify a general creditor ’s bill.
If it should be conceded, which we are far from deciding, that such a far reaching extension of this doctrine of Sovereign prerogative would be justified, we are not persuaded that there is precedent or authority for recognizing such a contingent and unascertained surety claim as is here asserted as the basis for maintaining in equity a general creditor’s proceeding. Not only is there no judgment’, but the extent or amount of the claim is un
determined, and at present impossible of determination, and not only is there no fixed lien, bnt the claim of priority or preference is at least in grave doubt. Moreover, on the facts and theory of the bill, in view of the size of the claim asserted and the relatively small volume of the debtor’s assets, general creditors conld have no possible interest in common with the complainant. A theory of a general creditor’s suit is that there are others than the party bringing the suit who have like claims, or who have at least some claim against the common fund sought to be subjected and distributed. Here the opposite is alleged, (1) that the State alone has a lien or prior claim against the assets described, and (2) that its claim is largely more than the value of the assets.
This suit is not one brought to invoke equitable aid in order to bring about a ratable distribution among claimants, but to assert a preferential claim which the allegations clearly show would cut off all others from participation in the debtor’s assets. In no sense does the complainant sue on “behalf of himself and of all the other creditors of said owner. ’ ’ He does not seek an equitable distribution, but an exclusive .appropriation of the debtor’s assets. We think an essential of the basis for a general creditor’s bill in equity is therefore lacking.
The decree of the Chancellor is affirmed.