OlakksoN, J.
Tbe city court of Ealeigh was created a court of record by chapter 706 of tbe Public-Local Laws of 1913, amended by chapter 353, Public-Local Laws of 1915, and designated “Tbe City Court of Ealeigh,” having civil and criminal jurisdiction. It is not a recorder’s court. It is not referred to in tbe charter of tbe city of Ealeigh, tbe two legislative enactments being entirely separate and distinct.
Tbe statutes creating tbe court provide tbat tbe commissioners of tbe city of Ealeigh shall elect tbe clerk of said court, and tbat be shall give a bond to be approved by tbe commissioners in tbe sum of '$5,000, and tbat bis salary shall be fixed by tbe commissioners and shall be paid in tbe same manner as tbe salary of tbe judge of tbe city court is paid, and defines bis duties.
Tbe commissioners are not given any authority, power, or control over tbe clerk of tbe city court, and there is no provision giving tbe commissioners any power to suspend, remove, or discharge him.
On 6 May, 1933, tbe commissioners of tbe city of Ealeigh duly elected Ealpb O. Stephens as clerk of tbe city court of Ealeigh, and be thereupon duly qualified by taking tbe oath of office and by executing and delivering, as prescribed by statute, bis bond in tbe sum of five thou[558]*558sand ($5,000) dollars, conditioned according to law for the faithful performance of the duties of his said office. The bond was made for the term of two years from his election in May, 1933, reciting that he was elected for said term, and the said bond was duly accepted and approved by the hoard of commissioners of the city of Raleigh, and is filed and held as one of the records of said city.
Said Stephens duly entered upon the discharge of his duties. On 9 June, 1934, the following was passed by the commissioners — two voting for and one against: “That Mr. Ralph C. Stephens be removed from his office as clerk of the city court on account of inattention to duty,, and that his office be filled by the appointment of Mr. Paul S. Dowell,, the present assistant clerk of the court, the change to take effect immediately
It is alleged in the complaint that “The charge of inattention to duty was untrue and without foundation. No charge was at any time made against Stephens, except that set forth in his removal. Stephens was not given any notice of such contemplated action, nor was he given any opportunity to defend himself before said commissioners, either then or thereafter.”
In McIntosh N. C. Practice and Procedure in Civil Cases, ch. 10,, sec. 445, in part, is as follows: “A demurrer raises no issue of fact, since it admits the truth of all material facts which are properly pleaded. Tor the purpose of presenting the legal question involved, a demurrer is construed as admitting relevant facts well pleaded, and ordinarily relevant inferences of fact necessarily deducible therefrom;, but the principle is not extended to admitting conclusions or inferences-of law, nor to admissions of fact when contrary to those of which the-court is required to take judicial notice, and more especially when such opposing facts and conditions are declared and established by a valid statute applicable to and controlling the subject.’ ”
The demurrer admits that Ralph C. Stephens, with no notice and without an opportunity to- be heard, was removed on account of inattention to duty) and Paul S. Dowell was appointed to fill his place, the change to take effect immediately. Did the city commissioners of' Raleigh (a majority [two] voting for the removal) have the power and authority to do this, without giving the clerk notice of the charge against him and an opportunity to be heard? We think not, under the facts- and circumstances of this case.
The record in this action recalls a decision of this Court in a stormy period of the State. James W. Wilson was a railroad commissioner. He was elected in 1893 by the General Assembly for a term of six years. He had done much to build the Western North Carolina Railroad. He did not belong to the same political party as Governor Daniel L. Russell.. [559]*559He bad an interest in Eound Knob Hotel, an eating bouse on tbe railroad. Tbe insinuation was tbat, as railroad commissioner, be was obtaining special favors from tbe railroad. Governor Eussell wrote bim giving bim notice of tbe charges, wbicb be contended were sufficient for removal under tbe act under wbicb be beld bis office. Governor Eussell said in bis letter: “Under tbe law, tbe Governor bas not only a right but is required to suspend a railroad commissioner who commits a breach of tbe statute, which bas been cited, and this be may do, as in other cases of executive removals, without' notice to tbe party interested; but I shall not pass judgment or decide this matter until you have bad a full opportunity to be beard by way of denial or explanation or justification or other defense.” Caldwell v. Wilson, 121 N. C., 428 (429). Mr. Wilson answered denying in toto, and as it appears from tbe record completely, all tbe charges in a long, carefully written letter, and in it called attention to (p. 436) “tbe 14th Amendment of tbe Constitution of tbe United States, wbicb forbids any state to deprive a citizen of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.” Governor Eussell wrote Mr. Wilson tbat be was disqualified under the act and suspended bim until tbe next General Assembly, appointing L. 0. Caldwell, of Iredell County, to fill tbe vacancy. Mr. Wilson replied (p. 437) : “In reply I will say tbat I shall disregard your order to suspend, but will continue to do business at tbe old stand until removed by a tribunal other than a self-constituted ‘Star Chamber.’ ” Caldwell brought an action quo warranto, State ex Rel. L. C. Caldwell v. James W. Wilson, 121 N. C., 425. Tbe” opinion — a long one — was written by Jusiice Douglass. In it be says: “What is ‘due process of law’ is generally difficult to define.” At p. 469 it is said: “Tbe defendant, tailing under tbe act, bolds subject to tbe act; and relying upon bis contract is bound by all its provisions. One of its express provisions was tbe reserved right of tbe Legislature to remove, and tbe power and duty of tbe Governor to suspend under a given state of facts. This power of suspension, together with tbe necessary method of its enforcement, was assented to by tbe defendant in bis acceptance of tbe office.” . . . Faircloth, C. J., dissented, and said (p. 475) : “Thus we see tbat tbe Governor suspends whenever be deems proper and tbe Legislature removes at its will and pleasure, as an ex parte proceeding, tbe officer (commissioner) having no opportunity to be beard. This proceeding is at least a novelty, and so far as I remember is without precedent, certainly so in North Carolina. Such proceedings no doubt are found under some forms of government, but they are at variance with all fundamental rules of government in tbe United States of America. Those rules protect life, liberty, and property in tbe due administration of law. . . . (p. 480) : I think tbe plaintiff’s contention is injurious, subversive, and contrary to tbe organic law of our [560]*560system of government, and that it is unreasonable and unjust, and that the decisions of any court in any state, disregarding these principles, must soon fall under the condemnation of the legal mind in this country.” The General Assembly of 1899, of opposite political persuasion to Governor Russell, refused to remove Wilson. Public Laws of 1899, p. 966.
Mial v. Ellington, 134 N. C., 131, overruling
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OlakksoN, J.
Tbe city court of Ealeigh was created a court of record by chapter 706 of tbe Public-Local Laws of 1913, amended by chapter 353, Public-Local Laws of 1915, and designated “Tbe City Court of Ealeigh,” having civil and criminal jurisdiction. It is not a recorder’s court. It is not referred to in tbe charter of tbe city of Ealeigh, tbe two legislative enactments being entirely separate and distinct.
Tbe statutes creating tbe court provide tbat tbe commissioners of tbe city of Ealeigh shall elect tbe clerk of said court, and tbat be shall give a bond to be approved by tbe commissioners in tbe sum of '$5,000, and tbat bis salary shall be fixed by tbe commissioners and shall be paid in tbe same manner as tbe salary of tbe judge of tbe city court is paid, and defines bis duties.
Tbe commissioners are not given any authority, power, or control over tbe clerk of tbe city court, and there is no provision giving tbe commissioners any power to suspend, remove, or discharge him.
On 6 May, 1933, tbe commissioners of tbe city of Ealeigh duly elected Ealpb O. Stephens as clerk of tbe city court of Ealeigh, and be thereupon duly qualified by taking tbe oath of office and by executing and delivering, as prescribed by statute, bis bond in tbe sum of five thou[558]*558sand ($5,000) dollars, conditioned according to law for the faithful performance of the duties of his said office. The bond was made for the term of two years from his election in May, 1933, reciting that he was elected for said term, and the said bond was duly accepted and approved by the hoard of commissioners of the city of Raleigh, and is filed and held as one of the records of said city.
Said Stephens duly entered upon the discharge of his duties. On 9 June, 1934, the following was passed by the commissioners — two voting for and one against: “That Mr. Ralph C. Stephens be removed from his office as clerk of the city court on account of inattention to duty,, and that his office be filled by the appointment of Mr. Paul S. Dowell,, the present assistant clerk of the court, the change to take effect immediately
It is alleged in the complaint that “The charge of inattention to duty was untrue and without foundation. No charge was at any time made against Stephens, except that set forth in his removal. Stephens was not given any notice of such contemplated action, nor was he given any opportunity to defend himself before said commissioners, either then or thereafter.”
In McIntosh N. C. Practice and Procedure in Civil Cases, ch. 10,, sec. 445, in part, is as follows: “A demurrer raises no issue of fact, since it admits the truth of all material facts which are properly pleaded. Tor the purpose of presenting the legal question involved, a demurrer is construed as admitting relevant facts well pleaded, and ordinarily relevant inferences of fact necessarily deducible therefrom;, but the principle is not extended to admitting conclusions or inferences-of law, nor to admissions of fact when contrary to those of which the-court is required to take judicial notice, and more especially when such opposing facts and conditions are declared and established by a valid statute applicable to and controlling the subject.’ ”
The demurrer admits that Ralph C. Stephens, with no notice and without an opportunity to- be heard, was removed on account of inattention to duty) and Paul S. Dowell was appointed to fill his place, the change to take effect immediately. Did the city commissioners of' Raleigh (a majority [two] voting for the removal) have the power and authority to do this, without giving the clerk notice of the charge against him and an opportunity to be heard? We think not, under the facts- and circumstances of this case.
The record in this action recalls a decision of this Court in a stormy period of the State. James W. Wilson was a railroad commissioner. He was elected in 1893 by the General Assembly for a term of six years. He had done much to build the Western North Carolina Railroad. He did not belong to the same political party as Governor Daniel L. Russell.. [559]*559He bad an interest in Eound Knob Hotel, an eating bouse on tbe railroad. Tbe insinuation was tbat, as railroad commissioner, be was obtaining special favors from tbe railroad. Governor Eussell wrote bim giving bim notice of tbe charges, wbicb be contended were sufficient for removal under tbe act under wbicb be beld bis office. Governor Eussell said in bis letter: “Under tbe law, tbe Governor bas not only a right but is required to suspend a railroad commissioner who commits a breach of tbe statute, which bas been cited, and this be may do, as in other cases of executive removals, without' notice to tbe party interested; but I shall not pass judgment or decide this matter until you have bad a full opportunity to be beard by way of denial or explanation or justification or other defense.” Caldwell v. Wilson, 121 N. C., 428 (429). Mr. Wilson answered denying in toto, and as it appears from tbe record completely, all tbe charges in a long, carefully written letter, and in it called attention to (p. 436) “tbe 14th Amendment of tbe Constitution of tbe United States, wbicb forbids any state to deprive a citizen of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.” Governor Eussell wrote Mr. Wilson tbat be was disqualified under the act and suspended bim until tbe next General Assembly, appointing L. 0. Caldwell, of Iredell County, to fill tbe vacancy. Mr. Wilson replied (p. 437) : “In reply I will say tbat I shall disregard your order to suspend, but will continue to do business at tbe old stand until removed by a tribunal other than a self-constituted ‘Star Chamber.’ ” Caldwell brought an action quo warranto, State ex Rel. L. C. Caldwell v. James W. Wilson, 121 N. C., 425. Tbe” opinion — a long one — was written by Jusiice Douglass. In it be says: “What is ‘due process of law’ is generally difficult to define.” At p. 469 it is said: “Tbe defendant, tailing under tbe act, bolds subject to tbe act; and relying upon bis contract is bound by all its provisions. One of its express provisions was tbe reserved right of tbe Legislature to remove, and tbe power and duty of tbe Governor to suspend under a given state of facts. This power of suspension, together with tbe necessary method of its enforcement, was assented to by tbe defendant in bis acceptance of tbe office.” . . . Faircloth, C. J., dissented, and said (p. 475) : “Thus we see tbat tbe Governor suspends whenever be deems proper and tbe Legislature removes at its will and pleasure, as an ex parte proceeding, tbe officer (commissioner) having no opportunity to be beard. This proceeding is at least a novelty, and so far as I remember is without precedent, certainly so in North Carolina. Such proceedings no doubt are found under some forms of government, but they are at variance with all fundamental rules of government in tbe United States of America. Those rules protect life, liberty, and property in tbe due administration of law. . . . (p. 480) : I think tbe plaintiff’s contention is injurious, subversive, and contrary to tbe organic law of our [560]*560system of government, and that it is unreasonable and unjust, and that the decisions of any court in any state, disregarding these principles, must soon fall under the condemnation of the legal mind in this country.” The General Assembly of 1899, of opposite political persuasion to Governor Russell, refused to remove Wilson. Public Laws of 1899, p. 966.
Mial v. Ellington, 134 N. C., 131, overruling Hoke v. Henderson, 15 N. C., 1, is to the effect that: “An officer appointed for a definite time to a legislative office has no vested property therein or contract right thereto of which the Legislature cannot deprive him.” That holding is sound, and does not in any way control the factual situation in this .action. See Winslow v. Morton, 118 N. C., 486.
In Rathburn v. United States, Supreme Court Reporter, Yol. 55, No. 15, p. 869 (875), is the following: “The result of what we now have said is this: Whether the power of the President to remove an officer shall prevail over the authority of Congress to condition the power by fixing a definite term and precluding a removal except for cause will depend upon the character of the office; the Myers decision, affirming the power of the President alone to make the removal, is confined to purely executive officers; and as to officers of the kind here under consideration, we hold that no removal can be made during the prescribed term for which the officer is appointed, except for one or more of the causes named in the applicable statute. To the extent that, between the decision in the Myers case, which sustains the unrestrictable power of the President to remove purely executive officers, and our present decision that such power does not extend to an office such as that here involved,, there shall remain a field of doubt, we leave such cases as may fall within it for future consideration and determination as they may arise.”
The above action was brought by Samuel E. Rathburn, as executor of the estate of William E. Humphrey, deceased, against the United States, in which the court of claims certified questions to the United States Supreme Court. Plaintiff brought suit in the court of claims against the United States to recover a sum of money alleged to be due the deceased for salary as a Federal Trade Commissioner from 8 Octo■ber, 1933, when the President undertook to remove him from office, to the time of his death on 14 February, 1934. The opinion was rendered 27 May, 1935.
The Constitution of .North Carolina, Art. IY, sec. 32, is as follows: “Any clerk of the Supreme Court, or of the Superior Courts, or of such courts inferior to the Supreme Court as may be established by law, may be removed from office for mental or physical inability; the clerk of the Supreme Court by the Judges of said Court, the clerks of the Superior Courts by the judge riding in the district, and the clerks of such courts. [561]*561inferior to the Supreme Court as may be established by law by the presiding officers of said courts. The clerks against whom proceedings are instituted shall receive notice thereof, accompanied by a copy of the cause alleged for his removal, at least ten days before the day appointed to act thereon, and the clerk shall be entitled to an appeal to the next term of the Superior Court, and thence to the Supreme Court, as provided in other cases of appeals.”
In regard to municipal recorders’ courts, N. C. Code, 1931 (Michie), sec. 1536, et seq. Section 1551, in part, is as follows: “The clerk of the recorder’s court shall be elected by the governing body of the city or town. . . . Before entering upon the duties of his office, the clerk shall enter into a bond, with sufficient surety, in a sum to be fixed by the governing body of the municipality, not to exceed five thousand dollars, payable to the State, conditioned upon the true and faithful performance of his duties as such clerk and for the faithful accounting for and paying over of all money which may come into his hands by virtue of his office. The bond shall be approved by the governing body and shall be filed with the clerk of the Superior Court of the county. . . . The governing body of the municipality shall have the right to remove the clerk of the court, either for incapacity or for neglect of Ihe duties of his office; and in case of a vacancy for any cause the office shall be filled in the manner hereinbefore provided.”
It will be noted that the Constitution, supra, provides: “The clerks against whom proceedings are instituted shall receive notice thereof, accompanied by a copy of the cause alleged for his removal,” etc. This is due process, and should have been at least persuasive on the commissioners in the present case.
In Burke v. Jenkins, 148 N. C., 25 (27), we find: “In 1 Dillon Mun. Corp. (4 Ed.), sec. 240, it is said: ‘The power to remove a corporate officer from his office for reasonable and just cause is one of the common-law incidents of all corporations.’ . . . (p. 28.) Such action could not be taken without notice and an opportunity to be heard, except where the officer is removable without cause at the will of the appointing power. And when the motion is allowable only for cause, the soundness of such cause is reviewable by the courts upon a quo warranto. (Citing-numerous authorities.) But in this case there was the fullest notice given and opportunity to be heard and sufficient cause shown.”
In Beaufort County v. Mayo, 207 N. C., 211 (214), speaking to the subject, it is said: “Notice and an opportunity to be heard is a fundamental principal of our jurisprudence. It is of vital importance and constitutes due process of law.”
The charter of the city of Ealeigh provides that “The commissioners of the city of Ealeigh shall elect ... a clerk of said court.” If the [562]*562■commissioners bad a right to remove tbe clerk they bad elected “on .account of inattention to duty,” notice and an opportunity to be beard should have been given him. This was not done — be was summarily dismissed and Paul S. Dowell appointed to fill tbe office, “tbe change to take effect immediately.” We do not think, under tbe act in wbicb tbe ■clerk was elected, tbe commissioners bad tbe authority and power to .summarily dismiss him without notice and an opportunity to be beard.
For tbe reasons given, tbe judgment of tbe court below is
Reversed.