Cassoday, J.
The circumstances under which this court will take original jurisdiction of a suit brought by the attorney general in the name of the state upon the relation of a citizen and taxpayer, as here, have been so fully considered and defined by my brothers ORTON and PiNkey in the recent Gerrymander Case, so called, as to require nothing additional at the present time. State ex rel. Att'y Gen. v. Cunningham, 81 Wis. 440. It was -there in effect held that this court had such jurisdiction in a suit so brought to control the official action of this defendant by mandamus or injunction as to matters purely ministerial, and in doing so to determine the validity of an act of the legislature imposing upon him such ministerial duties. For the reasons given in those opinions we must here hold that this court has the jurisdiction to determine, and by this action it has become its duty to determine, whether the warrants drawn and threatened to be drawn by the defendant, as such officer, in favor of Wells, as state superintendent, for clerk hire and traveling expenses as indicated in the foregoing statement, are in violation of law or in accordance with law. This conclusion necessarily overrules the first and third grounds of demurrer. It only remains to [46]*46be determined whether the complaint states a good cause of action.
The office of state superintendent of public instruction is one of the most important of any in the gift of the people of the state. It was created by the constitution forty-four years ago. The section of that instrument creating the office “provided that his compensation shall not exceed the sum of twelve hundred dollars annually.” Sec. 1, art. X. By the same instrument the governor’s salary was fixed at $1,250 per year, and the lieutenant governor and the members of the legislature at a small per diem, while the compensation of other officials was, with certain limitations, left to legislative discretion, and fixed at amounts correspondingly small. It was the period of small wages, cheap living, and limited opportunities and still more limited means. Sincé that period all salaries and compensations have been greatly increased, except that of state superintendent. Then there were only abou.t 80,000 children of school age within the state. Now there are over 600,000. Then public instruction was confined mostly to the common schools. Now there are 190 high schools in the state, and all or nearly all are engaged in fitting students to enter the regular courses in colleges and the university. Besides, there are five normal schools engaged in fitting students especially for the work of teaching. Then the school buildings were frequently rude and uninviting. Now they are mostly comfortable and commodious. Then the value of public school property in the state was probably less than $50,000. Now it is over $10,000,000, besides the state university. In 1851 there was raised by taxes for public school purposes only $43,568.31, and there was disbursed for such purposes less than $92^000, and three years before such disbursement was probably not much more than half that amount. Now there is annually disbursed for such purposes more than $4,000,000, besides what is paid to the [47]*47state university. During the time named this grand system of public schools has grown up under the supervision of a long line of able and wise state superintendents.
While the section of the constitution cited prohibited the legislature from increasing the compensation of that officer beyond the amount named, yet it expressly authorized them to increase his duties and enlarge his powers and responsibilities ad libitum. This authority of the legislature has been from time to time freely exercised by especially enjoining new duties and imposing new and more onerous responsibilities. Sec. 166, R. S., as amended. To perform such duties and discharge such responsibilities in a satisfactory manner in a state with such a heterogeneous populartion, and to keep our public schools abreast of the advanced thought and moral standards of the times, not only requires the requisite learning, but large administrative experience and an especial adaptation to the work. Such a man will readily command a salary very much larger than the limit thus fixed by the constitution. True, the high honor of being at the head of such a department naturally has its attractions, but that can hardly be relied upon to secure the requisite talents. Besides, there are other fields of equal attractions for such a man.
It is contended, in effect, that the legislature, impressed with the inadequacy of the compensation of the state superintendent as fixed by the constitution, appropriated to him the $1,000 as and for clerk hire, and the $1,500 as and for traveling expenses, mentioned in the foregoing statement, with a design that he should convert the same to his own use as paid to him in monthly instalments, regardless of whether he paid out any money or incurred any liability by reason of such, expenses or clerk hire. Manifestly, whatever he may retain from either of those amounts over and above what he may actually expend or become personally liable for, must be regarded as so ' retained by vir[48]*48tue of bis office, and hence as compensation. In other words if such, contention be correct, then it 'was in substance and effect an attempt to increase the compensation of the state superintendent beyond the amount expressly limited in the constitution. It is to be remembered that even praiseworthy objects cannot be rightfully attained by a violation of law. Every effort to fritter away the plain language of the constitution, by way of construction or otherwise, even to secure a desirable end, is nothing less than an insidious attempt to undermine the fundamental law of the state, and hence to that extent destructive of good government, besides being vicious in its tendencies. If the salary prescribed by the constitution is inadequate, as' it obviously is, then the true remedy, and the only remedy, is to meet the question squarely by amending the constitution in the manner therein prescribed. Until so changed, it is binding upon the legislature as well as every officer and citizen of the state. The defeat of such an amendment, a few years ago, suggested on the argument, is believed to have been secured through the influence of friends of the measure, and solely by reason of defects in the bill submitted which were not discovered until too late. But, however this may be, the construction is the same.
But the section of the constitution cited does not contemplate that the state superintendent shall perform all the services and be chargeable with all the responsibilities of his office or his department. On the contrary, it expressly declares that “ the supervision of public instruction shall be vested in a state superintendent, and such other officers as the legislature shall direct.” Sec. 1, art. X. This left the legislature free to prescribe such assistants and clerks as may be deemed essential. The office of assistant superintendent was created many years ago.
It remains to be considered whether the statutes men[49]*49tioned must necessarily be construed as contended. Sec. 170, E. S., among other things, provides that “the salaries of the following named officers and persons employed by the state are fixed at the annual sums for each, respectively, herein following, to wit: Of the state superintendent, twelve hundred dollars. Of the assistant state superintendent, eighteen hundred dollars.
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Cassoday, J.
The circumstances under which this court will take original jurisdiction of a suit brought by the attorney general in the name of the state upon the relation of a citizen and taxpayer, as here, have been so fully considered and defined by my brothers ORTON and PiNkey in the recent Gerrymander Case, so called, as to require nothing additional at the present time. State ex rel. Att'y Gen. v. Cunningham, 81 Wis. 440. It was -there in effect held that this court had such jurisdiction in a suit so brought to control the official action of this defendant by mandamus or injunction as to matters purely ministerial, and in doing so to determine the validity of an act of the legislature imposing upon him such ministerial duties. For the reasons given in those opinions we must here hold that this court has the jurisdiction to determine, and by this action it has become its duty to determine, whether the warrants drawn and threatened to be drawn by the defendant, as such officer, in favor of Wells, as state superintendent, for clerk hire and traveling expenses as indicated in the foregoing statement, are in violation of law or in accordance with law. This conclusion necessarily overrules the first and third grounds of demurrer. It only remains to [46]*46be determined whether the complaint states a good cause of action.
The office of state superintendent of public instruction is one of the most important of any in the gift of the people of the state. It was created by the constitution forty-four years ago. The section of that instrument creating the office “provided that his compensation shall not exceed the sum of twelve hundred dollars annually.” Sec. 1, art. X. By the same instrument the governor’s salary was fixed at $1,250 per year, and the lieutenant governor and the members of the legislature at a small per diem, while the compensation of other officials was, with certain limitations, left to legislative discretion, and fixed at amounts correspondingly small. It was the period of small wages, cheap living, and limited opportunities and still more limited means. Sincé that period all salaries and compensations have been greatly increased, except that of state superintendent. Then there were only abou.t 80,000 children of school age within the state. Now there are over 600,000. Then public instruction was confined mostly to the common schools. Now there are 190 high schools in the state, and all or nearly all are engaged in fitting students to enter the regular courses in colleges and the university. Besides, there are five normal schools engaged in fitting students especially for the work of teaching. Then the school buildings were frequently rude and uninviting. Now they are mostly comfortable and commodious. Then the value of public school property in the state was probably less than $50,000. Now it is over $10,000,000, besides the state university. In 1851 there was raised by taxes for public school purposes only $43,568.31, and there was disbursed for such purposes less than $92^000, and three years before such disbursement was probably not much more than half that amount. Now there is annually disbursed for such purposes more than $4,000,000, besides what is paid to the [47]*47state university. During the time named this grand system of public schools has grown up under the supervision of a long line of able and wise state superintendents.
While the section of the constitution cited prohibited the legislature from increasing the compensation of that officer beyond the amount named, yet it expressly authorized them to increase his duties and enlarge his powers and responsibilities ad libitum. This authority of the legislature has been from time to time freely exercised by especially enjoining new duties and imposing new and more onerous responsibilities. Sec. 166, R. S., as amended. To perform such duties and discharge such responsibilities in a satisfactory manner in a state with such a heterogeneous populartion, and to keep our public schools abreast of the advanced thought and moral standards of the times, not only requires the requisite learning, but large administrative experience and an especial adaptation to the work. Such a man will readily command a salary very much larger than the limit thus fixed by the constitution. True, the high honor of being at the head of such a department naturally has its attractions, but that can hardly be relied upon to secure the requisite talents. Besides, there are other fields of equal attractions for such a man.
It is contended, in effect, that the legislature, impressed with the inadequacy of the compensation of the state superintendent as fixed by the constitution, appropriated to him the $1,000 as and for clerk hire, and the $1,500 as and for traveling expenses, mentioned in the foregoing statement, with a design that he should convert the same to his own use as paid to him in monthly instalments, regardless of whether he paid out any money or incurred any liability by reason of such, expenses or clerk hire. Manifestly, whatever he may retain from either of those amounts over and above what he may actually expend or become personally liable for, must be regarded as so ' retained by vir[48]*48tue of bis office, and hence as compensation. In other words if such, contention be correct, then it 'was in substance and effect an attempt to increase the compensation of the state superintendent beyond the amount expressly limited in the constitution. It is to be remembered that even praiseworthy objects cannot be rightfully attained by a violation of law. Every effort to fritter away the plain language of the constitution, by way of construction or otherwise, even to secure a desirable end, is nothing less than an insidious attempt to undermine the fundamental law of the state, and hence to that extent destructive of good government, besides being vicious in its tendencies. If the salary prescribed by the constitution is inadequate, as' it obviously is, then the true remedy, and the only remedy, is to meet the question squarely by amending the constitution in the manner therein prescribed. Until so changed, it is binding upon the legislature as well as every officer and citizen of the state. The defeat of such an amendment, a few years ago, suggested on the argument, is believed to have been secured through the influence of friends of the measure, and solely by reason of defects in the bill submitted which were not discovered until too late. But, however this may be, the construction is the same.
But the section of the constitution cited does not contemplate that the state superintendent shall perform all the services and be chargeable with all the responsibilities of his office or his department. On the contrary, it expressly declares that “ the supervision of public instruction shall be vested in a state superintendent, and such other officers as the legislature shall direct.” Sec. 1, art. X. This left the legislature free to prescribe such assistants and clerks as may be deemed essential. The office of assistant superintendent was created many years ago.
It remains to be considered whether the statutes men[49]*49tioned must necessarily be construed as contended. Sec. 170, E. S., among other things, provides that “the salaries of the following named officers and persons employed by the state are fixed at the annual sums for each, respectively, herein following, to wit: Of the state superintendent, twelve hundred dollars. Of the assistant state superintendent, eighteen hundred dollars. There shall be paid to the state superintendent the sum of fifteen hundred dollars annually for his traveling expenses in making the official visits required by law, and one thousand dollars for clerk hire, which sums shall be .in full for all his traveling expenses and clerk hire in his department.” Subsequently, and in addition to such provisions of law for clerk hire, the office of chief clerk was created, at a salary of $1,500, to be filled by an appointment made by the state superintendent. Sec. 165a, S. &B. Ann. Stats.; Laws of 1882, ch. 57. Subsequently the state superintendent was authorized to appoint an additional or extra clerk to “aid in promoting the establishment, maintenance, and control of libraries,” at an annual salary of $1,200 and expenses actually incurred in the performance of such duties, not exceeding $225 in any one year, to be certified monthly by the state superintendent, and the salary to be paid and he reimbursed for such expenses from the state treasury. Sec. 1655, S. & B. Ann. Stats.; ch. 858, Laws of 1887; and ch. 465, Laws of 1891. Subsequently the state superintendent was authorized to appoint an inspector of free high schools at an annual salary of. $1,800, and reimbursement for all actual and necessary expenses incurred, payable monthly upon the certificate of the state superintendent. Sec. 165$, S. & B. Ann. Stats.; ch. 426, Laws of 1889. At the same session of the legislature it was enacted that “ the state superintendent may employ such additional olerJes in his office as shall be necessary to the correct, prompt, and efficient discharge of the duties imposed upon him bylaw, and fix their compensation, which [50]*50shall be paid'out of the state treasury: provided, that the salary of no clerk hereby authorized shall exceed the sum of one thousand dollars per annum, and that the aggregate' amount annually expended for such additional clerical force shall not exceed the sum of sixteen hundred dollars per annum.” And an additional appropriation was therein made to carry its provisions into effect. Sec. 165c, S. & B. Ann. Stats.; ch. 157, Laws of 1889. None of these acts embody a repealing clause, and they may well stand together.
The power of the legislature to thus provide assistants and clerks in the office and department of the state superintendent, if not expressly given in the constitutional provision quoted, is certainly nowhere prohibited; and it is a' maxim, in construing a state constitution, that the legislature is authorized to exercise any and all legislative powers not delegated to the general government nor expressly nor by necessary implication prohibited by the national or state constitution. While such legislative power is sufficiently broad to authorize the payment of such employees, clerks, and assistants, and such expenses, from the public treasury, in the manner prescribed, yet it gives no authority for the increase of the compensation of the state superintendent under the guise of clerk hire performed by himself or not at all, nor for traveling expenses never made or incurred.
An argument is sought to be based upon the precedent in the respective offices. While such an argument may have weight in construing a doubtful or ambiguous provision, yet it has no force as against the plain language of the clause in question. A customary violation of the plain language of the law gives no authority for continuing such violation.
It is claimed that the legislature had the exclusive authority to determine in advance the amounts of money the superintendent should expend during each year for such [51]*51traveling expenses and such special clerk hire; and having so determined the amount of $1,500 for such expenses, and $1,000 for such clerk hire, he has the absolute right to both of the sums named, regardless of whether he expends any portion of either sum. If the argument is sound, it would be equally applicable if each of the amounts should be ten times larger than they are; and this is frankly conceded by the learned counsel for the defendant.
There are several answers to this argument. It would give to the legislature the same power over a subject upon which it is forbidden to act at all that it would have over a subject upon which it is expressly authorized to act or left without any restriction. From the very nature of things, legislative discretion can never extend beyond the limits of legislative power, and hence never exists as to any subject, or any phase of any subject, upon which the legislature is prohibited from acting. Again, the legislature nowhere undertakes to appropriate any sum to the state superintendent personally, aside from his salary, hut merely to reimburse him for moneys expended in travel, or to pay him for liabilities incurred for such clerk hire. The compensation for such clerk hire would not be drawn from the treasury in advance, but, at most, would only “ be payable monthly, at the end of each month, for the service rendered during such month.” Sec. 171, R. S.
Again, the defendant, as the secretary of state, is made by the constitution “ ex officio auditor ” of the state. Sec. 2, art. YI, Const. As such, he is expressly required to examine, determine, and audit the claims of all persons against the state; keep a record of all accounts audited by him, showing the name of the claimant, the amount claimed, the amount allowed thereon, the number, date, and amount of the warrant therefor drawn. Sec. 144, R. S. All accounts and claims against the state, when payment thereof is provided by law to be paid out of the state treasury, and the [52]*52Tate of compensation is fixed by law or authorized to be fixed by some officer or person or by the secretary, shall be audited. Sec. 145, R. S. Of course, where the statute or the constitution thus definitely fixes the amount of such compensation, then the secretary has nothing to do but to draw his warrant for the amount. Rut whenever the expenditures or services are indefinite and uncertain they must necessarily be audited, and this can only be done on proper vouchers or proofs. This function of the secretary of state as state auditor cannot be transferred wholly or partially to another person or officer by the legislature. State ex rel. Crawford v. Hastings, 10 Wis. 525. The constitutional provision making the secretary of state ex offieio state auditor, as stated by Dixon, C. J., in that case, “ falls directly within the rule that the express mention of one thing implies the exclusion of another. . . . And, although the exercise of this power by the legislature is nowhere expressly prohibited, nevertheless they cannot do so. The people having in their sovereign capacity exerted the power and determined who shall be their auditor, there is nothing left for the legislature to act upon. . . . That so much of the act under consideration as attempts to transfer to the so-called comptroller the functions of the auditor, and to clothe him with' authority to control or reverse the acts of that officer, is unconstitutional and void.” pp. 531-533. So here it was incompetent for the legislature to make the state superintendent the auditor to exclusively determine the amount of money expended for such traveling expenses, or the amount incurred for such clerk hire; an<|, especially, it could not make him such exclusive judge of the amount which he had himself thus expended, or the liability which he had himself thus incurred.
For the reasons given, the demurrer to the -complaint is overruled, with leave to answer within twenty days.
By the Court.— Ordered accordingly.