By the Court,
Ceoziek, C. J.
This is a motion for a mandamus to be directed to the Board of State Canvassers, which shall require that body to do certain things in respect to the canvassing of the vote cast at the election of Nov. 8th, 1864.
The relator shows that he was voted for at the election referred to, for the office of senator in the state legislature, for the county of Doniphan; that of the votes cast within said county, he received a majority; that in pursuance of an act of the legislature of this state, approved March 1st, 1864, elections were held beyond the limits' of the state, at which persons in the military service -of the United States were permitted to vote, without the townships and wards of which they were residents; that poll books and tally sheets of the votes so given were forwarded to and filed in the office of the Secretary of State; that abstracts of such poll-books and tally-sheets have been made as contemplated by the act aforesaid; that such abstracts show a number of votes sufficient to overcome the majority for the relator, as shown by the votes cast within the county of Doniphan, were cast at the latter elections for a person other than the relator. That the members of the Board of State Canvassers, threaten to count the votes so cast out of the wards and townships in which the voters resided, and give a certificate of election to the persons shown to be so elected. That the relator has demanded of the members of said Board of Canvassers to be informed whether they intend to count the said alleged illegal votes, and has been advised that they do so intend to count [90]*90them. That he is without adequate remedy by the ordinary course of the law, and prays for a mandamus, &c.
The motion having been made on the 16th, and the law requiring the Board of Canvassers to meet on the 19th of December, the first question that arises in the case is : was the motion made at the proper time ? The Board of Canvassers had not met, nor were they required by law to meet until after the time of making the motion.
The law of this state concerning proceedings upon mandamus, (Code of Civil Procedure, sec. 580,) provides that “ the writ of mandamus may be issued to any inferior tribunal, corporation, board or person, to compel the performance of an act which the law specially enjoins as a duty resulting from an office, trust or station.”
“ Sec. 581. This writ may not be issued in any case where there is a plain and adequate remedy in the ordinary course of the law. It may issue on the information of the party beneficially interested.”
“ Sec. 582. The writ is either alternative or peremptory. The alternative writ must state concisely the facts, showing the obligations of the defendant to perform the act, and his omission to perform it, and command that immediately upon the receipt of the writ, or at some other specified time, he do the act required to be performed, or show cause before the court whence the writ issued, at a specified time and place, why he has not done so; and that he then and there return the writ with his certificate of having done as he is commanded. The peremptory writ must be in a similar form, except that the words requiring the defendant to show cause why he has not done as commanded, must be omitted.”
It is apparent from these provisions that although the relator might, after the canvassers had met and canvassed the votes, be without “ an adequate remedy in the ordinary course of the law,” the court ought not for that reason alone, to award the writ now. A want of a “ plain and [91]*91adequate ” remedy in tbe ordinary course of tbe law is an essential pre-requisite to the issuance of tbe writ in every case, but an equally essential pre-requisite is an omission on tbe part of tbe defendant to perform tbe act required of him. Tbe writ, whether alternative or peremptory, must not only show tbe obligation of tbe defendant to perform tbe act, but must also show bis omission to perform it. Is it possible that there can be an omission to perform tbe act before tbe arrival of tbe earliest day upon which tbe law authorizes it to be done ? Certainly not; and no previous threat or determination not to do it can amount to an omission. Tbe statute will bear no construction other than that tbe relator must, at tbe time of making tbe motion, show tbe defendant to be in default in tbe performance of bis legal duty, and no threat or predetermination can amount to a default before tbe day upon which tbe act is to be done. In tbe case at bar tbe relator has shown that be demanded of tbe defendants tbe performance of tbe act be undertakes to enforce by tbe order of tbe court, and an express determination on their part not to perform it; but this does not and cannot amount to an omission to perform tbe act. It may be, as tbe relator claims, that after tbe votes shall be canvassed, be will be witbont remedy in tbe ordinary course of tbe law.
That is a question we cannot consider until it is shown that there is a default; an omission of duty on tbe part of tbe defendants. Tbe showing made by tbe relator might convince tbe court that tbe defendants will omit to perform tbe duty; but until they have omitted to perform it, tbe statute does not authorize tbe court to interfere, no matter bow disastrous may be tbe consequences to tbe relator.
Some authorities have been cited by counsel for tbe relator upon two points, viz:
Eirst, that tbe writ may be issued before tbe day tbe canvass is to be made; second, that tbe relator is, or [92]*92will be, without other plain or adequate remedy. Upon the first point we have been referred to Tapping’s Mandamus, (pp. 282-3). It is there said, in substance, that a demand and refusal are necessary pre-requisites, but it is not said, as counsel was understood to claim, that a demand and refusal were sufficient, as to time, to authorize the writ. That author, on page 10, says that the writ “ issues upon the assumption that that which ought to have been done at a time past has not been done.” “ That a mandamus will not be granted in anticipation of a defect of duty or error of conduct.” "What he says about demand and refusal relates to a time subsequent to that at which the act should, according to law, be performed. The demand.and refusal were pre-requisite to the instituting of the proceedings, and not for the purpose of giving the party aggrieved a right to have the thing done. The right to have the act performed must precede the demand. There must have been a defect of duty preceding the demand in every case.
The court has taken some pains to find a case in which the writ was allowed before the time at which the law required the act to be performed had elapsed; and although the examination has extended to all the books likely to throw light upon the subject within our reach, no such case has been found, nor has one such been cited by counsel. On the contrary we have found an unbroken current the other way.
The case of The People v. Supervisors of Green County, 12 Barb. 217, is cited for the purpose of showing that this is a case where the relator will be without remedy after the canvassers shall have adjourned, and that therefore he ought to have the writ now. In that case the time for canvassing the vote had elapsed and the board had met and adjourned; and the court say its powers were expended, and that it could not be reorganized. "Whether in this conclusion that court was right or wrong, is a question [93]
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By the Court,
Ceoziek, C. J.
This is a motion for a mandamus to be directed to the Board of State Canvassers, which shall require that body to do certain things in respect to the canvassing of the vote cast at the election of Nov. 8th, 1864.
The relator shows that he was voted for at the election referred to, for the office of senator in the state legislature, for the county of Doniphan; that of the votes cast within said county, he received a majority; that in pursuance of an act of the legislature of this state, approved March 1st, 1864, elections were held beyond the limits' of the state, at which persons in the military service -of the United States were permitted to vote, without the townships and wards of which they were residents; that poll books and tally sheets of the votes so given were forwarded to and filed in the office of the Secretary of State; that abstracts of such poll-books and tally-sheets have been made as contemplated by the act aforesaid; that such abstracts show a number of votes sufficient to overcome the majority for the relator, as shown by the votes cast within the county of Doniphan, were cast at the latter elections for a person other than the relator. That the members of the Board of State Canvassers, threaten to count the votes so cast out of the wards and townships in which the voters resided, and give a certificate of election to the persons shown to be so elected. That the relator has demanded of the members of said Board of Canvassers to be informed whether they intend to count the said alleged illegal votes, and has been advised that they do so intend to count [90]*90them. That he is without adequate remedy by the ordinary course of the law, and prays for a mandamus, &c.
The motion having been made on the 16th, and the law requiring the Board of Canvassers to meet on the 19th of December, the first question that arises in the case is : was the motion made at the proper time ? The Board of Canvassers had not met, nor were they required by law to meet until after the time of making the motion.
The law of this state concerning proceedings upon mandamus, (Code of Civil Procedure, sec. 580,) provides that “ the writ of mandamus may be issued to any inferior tribunal, corporation, board or person, to compel the performance of an act which the law specially enjoins as a duty resulting from an office, trust or station.”
“ Sec. 581. This writ may not be issued in any case where there is a plain and adequate remedy in the ordinary course of the law. It may issue on the information of the party beneficially interested.”
“ Sec. 582. The writ is either alternative or peremptory. The alternative writ must state concisely the facts, showing the obligations of the defendant to perform the act, and his omission to perform it, and command that immediately upon the receipt of the writ, or at some other specified time, he do the act required to be performed, or show cause before the court whence the writ issued, at a specified time and place, why he has not done so; and that he then and there return the writ with his certificate of having done as he is commanded. The peremptory writ must be in a similar form, except that the words requiring the defendant to show cause why he has not done as commanded, must be omitted.”
It is apparent from these provisions that although the relator might, after the canvassers had met and canvassed the votes, be without “ an adequate remedy in the ordinary course of the law,” the court ought not for that reason alone, to award the writ now. A want of a “ plain and [91]*91adequate ” remedy in tbe ordinary course of tbe law is an essential pre-requisite to the issuance of tbe writ in every case, but an equally essential pre-requisite is an omission on tbe part of tbe defendant to perform tbe act required of him. Tbe writ, whether alternative or peremptory, must not only show tbe obligation of tbe defendant to perform tbe act, but must also show bis omission to perform it. Is it possible that there can be an omission to perform tbe act before tbe arrival of tbe earliest day upon which tbe law authorizes it to be done ? Certainly not; and no previous threat or determination not to do it can amount to an omission. Tbe statute will bear no construction other than that tbe relator must, at tbe time of making tbe motion, show tbe defendant to be in default in tbe performance of bis legal duty, and no threat or predetermination can amount to a default before tbe day upon which tbe act is to be done. In tbe case at bar tbe relator has shown that be demanded of tbe defendants tbe performance of tbe act be undertakes to enforce by tbe order of tbe court, and an express determination on their part not to perform it; but this does not and cannot amount to an omission to perform tbe act. It may be, as tbe relator claims, that after tbe votes shall be canvassed, be will be witbont remedy in tbe ordinary course of tbe law.
That is a question we cannot consider until it is shown that there is a default; an omission of duty on tbe part of tbe defendants. Tbe showing made by tbe relator might convince tbe court that tbe defendants will omit to perform tbe duty; but until they have omitted to perform it, tbe statute does not authorize tbe court to interfere, no matter bow disastrous may be tbe consequences to tbe relator.
Some authorities have been cited by counsel for tbe relator upon two points, viz:
Eirst, that tbe writ may be issued before tbe day tbe canvass is to be made; second, that tbe relator is, or [92]*92will be, without other plain or adequate remedy. Upon the first point we have been referred to Tapping’s Mandamus, (pp. 282-3). It is there said, in substance, that a demand and refusal are necessary pre-requisites, but it is not said, as counsel was understood to claim, that a demand and refusal were sufficient, as to time, to authorize the writ. That author, on page 10, says that the writ “ issues upon the assumption that that which ought to have been done at a time past has not been done.” “ That a mandamus will not be granted in anticipation of a defect of duty or error of conduct.” "What he says about demand and refusal relates to a time subsequent to that at which the act should, according to law, be performed. The demand.and refusal were pre-requisite to the instituting of the proceedings, and not for the purpose of giving the party aggrieved a right to have the thing done. The right to have the act performed must precede the demand. There must have been a defect of duty preceding the demand in every case.
The court has taken some pains to find a case in which the writ was allowed before the time at which the law required the act to be performed had elapsed; and although the examination has extended to all the books likely to throw light upon the subject within our reach, no such case has been found, nor has one such been cited by counsel. On the contrary we have found an unbroken current the other way.
The case of The People v. Supervisors of Green County, 12 Barb. 217, is cited for the purpose of showing that this is a case where the relator will be without remedy after the canvassers shall have adjourned, and that therefore he ought to have the writ now. In that case the time for canvassing the vote had elapsed and the board had met and adjourned; and the court say its powers were expended, and that it could not be reorganized. "Whether in this conclusion that court was right or wrong, is a question [93]*93upon which, this court does not feel called upon to express an opinion, but it is very clear that no intimation is given that because the board could not be re-organized after it had met, made a canvass and adjourned, the application would have been entertained if it had been made before the day on which the board was to have met. The only clause, in the 'opinion of the court, looking in the direction indicated, is the following, to which the attention of the court has been specially called by counsel. Judge Harris says: “ I will not say that a state of facts might not occur which would call upon the court to interfere by mandamus to control the action of a board of canvassers, but this can only be done while such board is in exist-* enee.”
Now, although this may be just such a case as the learned judge was then contemplating as possible to arise, yet even then he thinks the writ ought not to go before the day upon which the board is required to be organized. At most, the expression is merely the opinion of the judge who wrote out the decision upon a question not before the court. But, be it diction or decision, it is clearly against the position of counsel for the relator.
The examination we have given the subject has shown to our satisfaction that the statute of this state is nothing more than a legislative recognition of the law of mandamus as it has been administered in England for many years. No new requirement is made, nor former one dispensed with. The statute is full, clear, and explicit; ele-' mentary works are in strict accordance with it, and judicial determination is so abundant, that there seems to be but little room for doubt as to what the law of mandamus is. The statutes, the elementary writers, the courts, without a single exception, so far as we have been able to discover, not only sustain the view we have taken of the question we have been considering, but absolutely compel us so to decide
[94]*94The conclusion we have arrived at upon this question, renders it, if not improper, at least unnecessary, to decide the other questions presented by counsel in the argument, and we do not desire to be understood as expressing any opinion whatever upon them.
The proceeding will be dismissed at the costs of the relator.
Bailey, J., concurring.
Kingman, J., did not sit in the case.