The court, after argument, directed the rule to be discharged, and at the present Term of November the following opinion of the court was pronounced by
Depue, J.
By the act revising and amending the charter of the city of New Brunswick, approved March 18th, 1863, (Acts 1863, p. 347,) the common council of said city is composed of twelve aldermen, elected in the several wards of the city, and to hold office for the term of two years; six of whom are to be elected at the annual city election, in each year. By this act, the time for holding the election for city officers was fixed on the second Tuesday of April in each [197]*197year. By a subsequent amendment to the charter, passed on the 26th of February, 1868, the time of holding the election for city officers was changed from the second Tuesday in April to the Tuesday after the first Monday in March, in each year. Ads 1868, p. 124. The first Tuesday after the first Monday in March last, came on the third day of March, and the last city election was held on the tenth day of March, which was the second Tuesday after the first Monday in March.
The holding of the election on the tenth of March was due to a misapprehension as to the time named in the act of 1868 for the election. "What purported to be a copy of the act, was procured and inserted in the newspapers of the city by the city clerk. In that copy, the day for the election is stated to be the second Tuesday after the first Monday in March. The notice for an election on that day was duly published by the city clerk, under the provisions of the city charter, and the election was held without objection by the officers of election, which was participated in by a large majority of the qualified voters in the city. The fact that the day named in the amendment of 1868 was not the second Tuesday after the first Monday in March, was not discovered by any person interested in the election, either as an officer of election, a candidate, or a voter, until after the election was held. There is no reason to doubt the good faith of the clerk, in publishing what was understood to be a copy of the law, and in giving the notices of the election.
At the election so held on the tenth of March, six of the aldermen named above were elected, and the other Mr. Greenwood, was elected at a special election, ordered by the new common council, to fill a vacancy caused by the refusal to serve of Henry Blumer, who was elected an alderman at the election held on the tenth of March.
The granting or withholding of leave to file an information in the nature of a quo warranto, at the instance of a private relator, rests in the sound discretion of the court, [198]*198even where a good objection to the title of the person whose right is called in question is shown.
In Rex v. Dawes and Rex v. Martin, 4 Burr. 2122, which are known as the Winchelsea Cases, Mr. Justice Yates says; “ In all questions of this kind, one great distinction is always to be attended to, that these are applications by common relators who have no inherent rights of prosecution, but, by the statute of Queen Ann, are left to the discretion of the court, whether they shall be permitted to prosecute or not. In the exercise of this discretion the court is not merely to-consider the validity or defect of the defendant’s title, but the expediency of allowing or stopping the prosecution under all its circumstances.” In that case, Lord Mansfield, in the exercise of that discretionary power, viewed the facts of the case — first, in the light in which' the relators, informing the court of the defect of title, appear, from their behavior and conduct, in relation to the subject matter of their information, previous to their making the application. Secondly, in the light in which the application itself manifestly shows their motives, and the purpose which it is calculated to suit; and, thirdly, the consequences of granting the information; and the application for leave was denied, although it appeared clear that the title of both the defendants was invalid. King v. Parry, 6 A. & E. 810; Cole on Criminal Informations 165; Grant on Corporations 253; Willcock on Corporations 476; State v. Utter, 2 Green 84.
The rules which ordinarily govern the court in the exercise of this discretionary power, appear to be these: first, that the relator is not a mere stranger coining in to disturb a corporation with which he has no concern. Secondly, that he has not concurred in the act which he afterwards complains of as illegal; and, third, in the absence of fraud, or a willful violation of law, that public or private interests will not be seriously impaired by the ouster of the officer whose title to office it is proposed to inquire into.
The relator is not a contestant for the office of either of the persons named as a defendant. He is a tax-payer and [199]*199legal voter in the city of New Brunswick. As an inhabitant of the city, and subject to its municipal government, he is interested in the due election of the members of the city council. He has, therefore, a sufficient interest to support his right to interpose. King v. Parry, 6 A. & E. 810; The Queen v. Quail, 11 A. & E. 508; Grant on Corporations 254. Whether the fact that ho voted at the election, the legality of which he seeks now to call in question, without making any objection as to the manner or time of holding it, will deprive him of the right which he otherwise has of appearing in court as a relator, the disposition of the case on another point makes it unnecessary to consider.
The next question will be as to the expediency of permitting the inquiry into the title of these defendants to proceed. That question is entirely independent of the question whether the title of the defendants is valid or not. It involves nothing more or less than, conceding that the defendant’s title is bad? will the public interest be injuriously affected by a successful prosecution of proceedings to oust the defendants from their office?
By the twenty-eighth section of the charter of the city, a majority of the whole number of aldermen is required to-constitute a quorum for the transaction of business; a smaller number has power to adjourn from time to time and compel the attendance of absent members, but the attendance of seven of the aldermen is necessary to constitute a legal body to transact the business of the corporation. If these proceedings are conducted to a result which shall oust these defendants from office, the corporation will be left without a sufficient number of aldermen to constitute a quorum in the council, and practically without any municipal government, or power to obtain a government by filling the vacancies so made, until the next annual city election. That the application against a member of a corporation is based on grounds affecting his individual title, which applies to the title of every other member of the corporation, and that the effect will be to dissolve the corporation, is not of itself and stand[200]*200ing alone, as a proposition of law, or a settled point of practice, a ground for refusing’ leave to file an information. But such a circumstance will influence the court in the exercise of its discretion. In The King v. Trevenen, 2 B.
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The court, after argument, directed the rule to be discharged, and at the present Term of November the following opinion of the court was pronounced by
Depue, J.
By the act revising and amending the charter of the city of New Brunswick, approved March 18th, 1863, (Acts 1863, p. 347,) the common council of said city is composed of twelve aldermen, elected in the several wards of the city, and to hold office for the term of two years; six of whom are to be elected at the annual city election, in each year. By this act, the time for holding the election for city officers was fixed on the second Tuesday of April in each [197]*197year. By a subsequent amendment to the charter, passed on the 26th of February, 1868, the time of holding the election for city officers was changed from the second Tuesday in April to the Tuesday after the first Monday in March, in each year. Ads 1868, p. 124. The first Tuesday after the first Monday in March last, came on the third day of March, and the last city election was held on the tenth day of March, which was the second Tuesday after the first Monday in March.
The holding of the election on the tenth of March was due to a misapprehension as to the time named in the act of 1868 for the election. "What purported to be a copy of the act, was procured and inserted in the newspapers of the city by the city clerk. In that copy, the day for the election is stated to be the second Tuesday after the first Monday in March. The notice for an election on that day was duly published by the city clerk, under the provisions of the city charter, and the election was held without objection by the officers of election, which was participated in by a large majority of the qualified voters in the city. The fact that the day named in the amendment of 1868 was not the second Tuesday after the first Monday in March, was not discovered by any person interested in the election, either as an officer of election, a candidate, or a voter, until after the election was held. There is no reason to doubt the good faith of the clerk, in publishing what was understood to be a copy of the law, and in giving the notices of the election.
At the election so held on the tenth of March, six of the aldermen named above were elected, and the other Mr. Greenwood, was elected at a special election, ordered by the new common council, to fill a vacancy caused by the refusal to serve of Henry Blumer, who was elected an alderman at the election held on the tenth of March.
The granting or withholding of leave to file an information in the nature of a quo warranto, at the instance of a private relator, rests in the sound discretion of the court, [198]*198even where a good objection to the title of the person whose right is called in question is shown.
In Rex v. Dawes and Rex v. Martin, 4 Burr. 2122, which are known as the Winchelsea Cases, Mr. Justice Yates says; “ In all questions of this kind, one great distinction is always to be attended to, that these are applications by common relators who have no inherent rights of prosecution, but, by the statute of Queen Ann, are left to the discretion of the court, whether they shall be permitted to prosecute or not. In the exercise of this discretion the court is not merely to-consider the validity or defect of the defendant’s title, but the expediency of allowing or stopping the prosecution under all its circumstances.” In that case, Lord Mansfield, in the exercise of that discretionary power, viewed the facts of the case — first, in the light in which' the relators, informing the court of the defect of title, appear, from their behavior and conduct, in relation to the subject matter of their information, previous to their making the application. Secondly, in the light in which the application itself manifestly shows their motives, and the purpose which it is calculated to suit; and, thirdly, the consequences of granting the information; and the application for leave was denied, although it appeared clear that the title of both the defendants was invalid. King v. Parry, 6 A. & E. 810; Cole on Criminal Informations 165; Grant on Corporations 253; Willcock on Corporations 476; State v. Utter, 2 Green 84.
The rules which ordinarily govern the court in the exercise of this discretionary power, appear to be these: first, that the relator is not a mere stranger coining in to disturb a corporation with which he has no concern. Secondly, that he has not concurred in the act which he afterwards complains of as illegal; and, third, in the absence of fraud, or a willful violation of law, that public or private interests will not be seriously impaired by the ouster of the officer whose title to office it is proposed to inquire into.
The relator is not a contestant for the office of either of the persons named as a defendant. He is a tax-payer and [199]*199legal voter in the city of New Brunswick. As an inhabitant of the city, and subject to its municipal government, he is interested in the due election of the members of the city council. He has, therefore, a sufficient interest to support his right to interpose. King v. Parry, 6 A. & E. 810; The Queen v. Quail, 11 A. & E. 508; Grant on Corporations 254. Whether the fact that ho voted at the election, the legality of which he seeks now to call in question, without making any objection as to the manner or time of holding it, will deprive him of the right which he otherwise has of appearing in court as a relator, the disposition of the case on another point makes it unnecessary to consider.
The next question will be as to the expediency of permitting the inquiry into the title of these defendants to proceed. That question is entirely independent of the question whether the title of the defendants is valid or not. It involves nothing more or less than, conceding that the defendant’s title is bad? will the public interest be injuriously affected by a successful prosecution of proceedings to oust the defendants from their office?
By the twenty-eighth section of the charter of the city, a majority of the whole number of aldermen is required to-constitute a quorum for the transaction of business; a smaller number has power to adjourn from time to time and compel the attendance of absent members, but the attendance of seven of the aldermen is necessary to constitute a legal body to transact the business of the corporation. If these proceedings are conducted to a result which shall oust these defendants from office, the corporation will be left without a sufficient number of aldermen to constitute a quorum in the council, and practically without any municipal government, or power to obtain a government by filling the vacancies so made, until the next annual city election. That the application against a member of a corporation is based on grounds affecting his individual title, which applies to the title of every other member of the corporation, and that the effect will be to dissolve the corporation, is not of itself and stand[200]*200ing alone, as a proposition of law, or a settled point of practice, a ground for refusing’ leave to file an information. But such a circumstance will influence the court in the exercise of its discretion. In The King v. Trevenen, 2 B. & Ald. 480, Abbott, C. J., says: “ In the case of individual members of a corporation, it is wholly within the discretion of the court to say whether such an information ought to be granted or refused. The court have undoubtedly in some eases permitted these informations to be filed where the effect has been to dissolve the corporation, but that has been when strong casas have been made out. See Cole on Cr. Inf. 125-163; Rex v. Parry, 6 A. & E. 810; Rex v. White, 5 A. & E. 613; The King v. Bond, 2 T. R. 767; Willcock on Corp. 469.
The circumstance that a successful prosecution of these proceedings must result in the suspension of all municipal government in the city, for the period of nearly a year, ought to control the discretion of the court, unless the ends of justice demand the application of that severe remedy.
It is not alleged that the holding of the election on a day different from the day fixed by law, was induced by any corrupt, fraudulent, or indirect motive. It is shown that it was the result purely of a mistake. The number of votes cast at the election, shows that the election was largely attended by the qualified voters. There is no complaint that it was unfairly conducted, nor that a single voter was prevented from exercising his franchise of voting, because of the time of holding the election. In all other respects, except as to the day, the election was held in complete accordance with the law. In that respect the non-compliance was due to an honest mistake. Circumstances such as those here stated, induced the Court of King’s Bench, in The King v. Parry, to refuse leave to file an information, where the title of the defendants was clearly defective.
If it appeared that the non-compliance with the law was induced by any fraudulent motive, or was prompted by an intent to disregard the law, the court would, without any hesitation, set aside the election, leaving the responsibility of [201]*201the consequences to be borne by those who corruptly or wilfully refused to conform to the provisions of the law; and possibly a desire to leave open no avenue by which a disregard of the provisions prescribed by the legislature for conducting popular elections might enter, would induce the court to interfere in this case, if any means were provided for supplying the vacancies created by ousting these defendants, or for continuing the city government, without their presence in the city council. It is useless to speculate on such a state of facts. For present purposes, it is sufficient that the consequences that would follow an ouster of these defendants, are sufficient to-induce the court, in exercising its discretion, to refuse permission to file the information.
It was urged on the argument, that a majority of the common council having been elected in an unlawful maimer, its acts will be void, and that, permitting the council thus constituted to maintain the semblance of a city government and attempt to exercise its functions, will tend to introduce confusion into the affairs of the city. We have no apprehension of any such consequences. Premising that an officer de facto is one who exercises the duties of an office under a color of right, by virtue of an appointment or election to that office, as distinguished on the one hand from a mere usurper of au office, and on the other from an officer de jure, the acts of an officer defacto are valid so far as the rights of the public or third persons arc concerned; and neither the title of such officer, nor the validity of his acts, as such, can he indirectly called in question in a proceeding to which he is not a party. Town of Plymouth v. Painter, 17 Conn. 585; The Mayor & C. v. Tucker, 1 Daly’s Rep. 107; Hoagland v. Culvert, Spencer 387; The People v. Collins, 7 J. R. 550; The People v. Stevens, 5 Hill 617-630; The People v. White, 24 Wend. 525.
This principle applies with increased force where the officer is a member of the legislative department of a municipal corporation, having only public duties to perform. The validity of the official acts of such a body cannot be called in question in any collateral proceeding, by showing that its [202]*202members, who are defacto members, are not members dejure, because of an irregularity or illegality in their election ; nor will the court, on a certiorari brought to review the official proceedings of the common council, permit the inquiry to be instituted, whether the individuals who, defacto, compose the common council have been legally elected. State v. Van Winkle, 1 Dutcher 73; State v. Donahay, 1 Vroom 404; The People v. Bartlett, 6 Wend. 422; The Trustees of Vernon Society v. Hills, 6 Cow. 23; In matter of Election of Directors of M. & H. R. R. Co., 19 Wend. 125.
The rule to show cause must be discharged. The allowance of costs in discharging the rule is in the discretion of the court. Under the circumstances of this case, it is not proper to impose costs on the relator.
The rule is discharged, without costs.
Cited in State, Gregory, pros., v. Jersey City, 5 Vr. 399; State, Hoey, pros., v. Collector, 10 Vr. 79; Van Riper v. Parsons, 11 Vr. 128.