Mr. Chief Justice Neil
delivered the opinion of the Court.
The bill in this case was filed to recover on the bond of T. B. Caldwell, and his sureties, as special commissioner of the chancery court of Shelby county. There were two bonds, one in the penalty of $10,000, executed by the Fidelity & Deposit Company, and another of $5,000, executed by T. B. Crenshaw and C. D. M. Greer as sureties. The chancellor decreed in favor of com[309]*309plainants, and the defendants have appealed to this conrt and assigned errors.
The gravamen of the hill was that Mr. Caldwell, as special commissioner, had, in violation of Ms duty, loaned certain moneys arising out of a sale of real estate in the case of Overton v. Overton, pending in the said chancery court.
It is first charged that he had no authority whatever to lend these moneys; secondly, if he had authority, he was directed in the order to secure the loan with the name of two sureties, and to submit the soundness of these sureties to the judgment of the court before paying out the money. It is also charged that the money was lent by him to persons who were his partners in a large business deal, and so practically for Ms own use; that these parties were on the brink of failure when the money was loaned to them, and soon thereafter failed.
There were two orders made concerning the lending of money by the commissioner. Before these orders were made the land above referred to had been ordered sold for reinvestment, and brought about $30,-000, the first payment $5,000 in cash, and the remaining payments through a series of years divided into notes of about the same amount.
The first order to lend money was made on June 18, 1906. It recited that the purchaser had made further payments to the commissioner, that the commissioner had been unable, up to that time, to find any piece of [310]*310real estate suitable for investment of tbe proceeds, and continued:
“It is therefore accordingly ordered, adjudged, and decreed that the said T. B. Caldwell, commissioner, shall, for the present, lend out the funds now in his hands at six per cent, interest per annum, to some responsible individual or individuals, corporation, or corporations, taking’ therefor the promissory note of the individual or-individuals, corporation or corporations, to whom said fund is loaned, with good and solvent sureties thereon, or good collateral; said sureties or collaterals to be approved by said commissioner, payable thirty days after demand, with interest from date until paid. Said commissioner will report the loan or loans made by him under this order. ’ ’
The next order was made on June 25, 1907. This order recited that further payments had been made to the commissioner on account of the unpaid purchase money, and that he had been unable to find any real estate suitable for reinvestment of the proceeds, and then went on:
“It is therefore further ordered, adjudged, and decreed that the said T. B. Caldwell, commissioner, shall for the present lend out all of the funds now in his hands in this cause at six per cent, interest per annum, to some responsible individual or individuals, corporation or corporations, taking therefor the promissory note of the individual or individuals, corporation or corporations, to whom said fund is loaned, with two good and solvent sureties thereon, or good collaterals. [311]*311said sureties or collaterals to be approved by the court, payable thirty days after demand, with interest from date until paid. The said commissioner will report the loan or loans made by him under this order.”
The first loan in controversy, one for $3,500, was made in 1909, about two years after the orders were made, and the second, for $7,500, .was made in 1911, about four years thereafter.
The first question to be determined is whether either of the orders authorized a loan of moneys collected subsequent to the making of the orders. It is insisted in behalf of the defendant Caldwell that the orders continued to speak every day after they were made as to any moneys that might at any time thereafter be in his hands, although they had come into his hands from subsequent collections on the purchase money. In support of this proposition we are referred to a case wherein it was held that an order made by the trial judge directing the attorney-general to prefer an indictment against certain parties charged with crime was effective even at the next term of the court. We do not think this precedent is applicable. It might very well be that the court would direct moneys already in the hands of the commissioner to be lent out temporarily, but would refrain from making directions on this subject respecting installments to .be collected years afterwards. In short, it would be very much more provident on the part of the court to refrain until the money should be in hand or was soon to be realized. We think the language “for the present” and [312]*312“now in hand” indicates a clear restriction to the moneys then in the hands of the commissioner.
It necessarily follows that when he made the two loans complained of he acted in violation of his duty.
It is said, however, that in 1912 he made a full report of the transactions of his commission ership to the court, and therein catalogued the notes which he had taken, and turned in the notes, and that his report was confirmed, a successor was appointed, and he was discharged from further duties in respect of such com-missionership. It is further said that no objection was raised on the subject at the time, and not until the present bill was filed. There is nothing in the record showing that any objection was made until the time stated, and the other facts are found in the record in substance as stated; but the order expressly reserved all matters not therein “specifically ordered.”
It is insisted that these facts show an adjudication in favor of the commissioner that he had acted correctly ; at all events, a waiver of the irregularity. There could be no adjudication without an issue, and a waiver cannot be charged against the court from mere inaction. Nor do the facts stated amount to a condonation of the commissioner’s wrong. It was thoroughly in harmony with every right of the commissioner, and with the rights of the persons entitled to the fund, that the court should receive the notes notwithstanding the fault of the commissioner, since thereby the rights involved would be secured as far as the notes might serve such end. The risk, however, in the meantime, [313]*313would not be on the owners of the fund, or the duty of active diligence on the court, but these would rest'upon the commissioner. He is presumed to have known that he had loaned the money without authority, and that the obligation lay on him to make the injury good.
It is insisted that Mr. Groodbar, the guardian of the minors; the owners of the fund, knew that the loans were being made and offered no objection. He denies this. But let it be assumed that he did consent; the result would be the same, because the fund was not under his control, but under the control of the court.
But, if we assume that the orders did authorize the lending of the money, the result must be the same. The last order would control.
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Mr. Chief Justice Neil
delivered the opinion of the Court.
The bill in this case was filed to recover on the bond of T. B. Caldwell, and his sureties, as special commissioner of the chancery court of Shelby county. There were two bonds, one in the penalty of $10,000, executed by the Fidelity & Deposit Company, and another of $5,000, executed by T. B. Crenshaw and C. D. M. Greer as sureties. The chancellor decreed in favor of com[309]*309plainants, and the defendants have appealed to this conrt and assigned errors.
The gravamen of the hill was that Mr. Caldwell, as special commissioner, had, in violation of Ms duty, loaned certain moneys arising out of a sale of real estate in the case of Overton v. Overton, pending in the said chancery court.
It is first charged that he had no authority whatever to lend these moneys; secondly, if he had authority, he was directed in the order to secure the loan with the name of two sureties, and to submit the soundness of these sureties to the judgment of the court before paying out the money. It is also charged that the money was lent by him to persons who were his partners in a large business deal, and so practically for Ms own use; that these parties were on the brink of failure when the money was loaned to them, and soon thereafter failed.
There were two orders made concerning the lending of money by the commissioner. Before these orders were made the land above referred to had been ordered sold for reinvestment, and brought about $30,-000, the first payment $5,000 in cash, and the remaining payments through a series of years divided into notes of about the same amount.
The first order to lend money was made on June 18, 1906. It recited that the purchaser had made further payments to the commissioner, that the commissioner had been unable, up to that time, to find any piece of [310]*310real estate suitable for investment of tbe proceeds, and continued:
“It is therefore accordingly ordered, adjudged, and decreed that the said T. B. Caldwell, commissioner, shall, for the present, lend out the funds now in his hands at six per cent, interest per annum, to some responsible individual or individuals, corporation, or corporations, taking’ therefor the promissory note of the individual or-individuals, corporation or corporations, to whom said fund is loaned, with good and solvent sureties thereon, or good collateral; said sureties or collaterals to be approved by said commissioner, payable thirty days after demand, with interest from date until paid. Said commissioner will report the loan or loans made by him under this order. ’ ’
The next order was made on June 25, 1907. This order recited that further payments had been made to the commissioner on account of the unpaid purchase money, and that he had been unable to find any real estate suitable for reinvestment of the proceeds, and then went on:
“It is therefore further ordered, adjudged, and decreed that the said T. B. Caldwell, commissioner, shall for the present lend out all of the funds now in his hands in this cause at six per cent, interest per annum, to some responsible individual or individuals, corporation or corporations, taking therefor the promissory note of the individual or individuals, corporation or corporations, to whom said fund is loaned, with two good and solvent sureties thereon, or good collaterals. [311]*311said sureties or collaterals to be approved by the court, payable thirty days after demand, with interest from date until paid. The said commissioner will report the loan or loans made by him under this order.”
The first loan in controversy, one for $3,500, was made in 1909, about two years after the orders were made, and the second, for $7,500, .was made in 1911, about four years thereafter.
The first question to be determined is whether either of the orders authorized a loan of moneys collected subsequent to the making of the orders. It is insisted in behalf of the defendant Caldwell that the orders continued to speak every day after they were made as to any moneys that might at any time thereafter be in his hands, although they had come into his hands from subsequent collections on the purchase money. In support of this proposition we are referred to a case wherein it was held that an order made by the trial judge directing the attorney-general to prefer an indictment against certain parties charged with crime was effective even at the next term of the court. We do not think this precedent is applicable. It might very well be that the court would direct moneys already in the hands of the commissioner to be lent out temporarily, but would refrain from making directions on this subject respecting installments to .be collected years afterwards. In short, it would be very much more provident on the part of the court to refrain until the money should be in hand or was soon to be realized. We think the language “for the present” and [312]*312“now in hand” indicates a clear restriction to the moneys then in the hands of the commissioner.
It necessarily follows that when he made the two loans complained of he acted in violation of his duty.
It is said, however, that in 1912 he made a full report of the transactions of his commission ership to the court, and therein catalogued the notes which he had taken, and turned in the notes, and that his report was confirmed, a successor was appointed, and he was discharged from further duties in respect of such com-missionership. It is further said that no objection was raised on the subject at the time, and not until the present bill was filed. There is nothing in the record showing that any objection was made until the time stated, and the other facts are found in the record in substance as stated; but the order expressly reserved all matters not therein “specifically ordered.”
It is insisted that these facts show an adjudication in favor of the commissioner that he had acted correctly ; at all events, a waiver of the irregularity. There could be no adjudication without an issue, and a waiver cannot be charged against the court from mere inaction. Nor do the facts stated amount to a condonation of the commissioner’s wrong. It was thoroughly in harmony with every right of the commissioner, and with the rights of the persons entitled to the fund, that the court should receive the notes notwithstanding the fault of the commissioner, since thereby the rights involved would be secured as far as the notes might serve such end. The risk, however, in the meantime, [313]*313would not be on the owners of the fund, or the duty of active diligence on the court, but these would rest'upon the commissioner. He is presumed to have known that he had loaned the money without authority, and that the obligation lay on him to make the injury good.
It is insisted that Mr. Groodbar, the guardian of the minors; the owners of the fund, knew that the loans were being made and offered no objection. He denies this. But let it be assumed that he did consent; the result would be the same, because the fund was not under his control, but under the control of the court.
But, if we assume that the orders did authorize the lending of the money, the result must be the same. The last order would control. It required that two good and solvent sureties should be taken on the notes or good collaterals, “said sureties or collaterals to be approved by the court.” Adopting the most favorable view of the record, only one surety was taken, if any was taken at all, and the name of this surety was not submitted to the court, nor was he approved by the court. There were no collaterals, so here was a clear breach of duty on the part of the commissioner. The same reasons stated in respect of the report and settlement of the commissioner must apply in this aspect of the case.
It is insisted that he was not bound to follow this order. He was appointed clerk and master and special commissioner of the court in the year 1900, and continued in the office of clerk and master until the fall of 1906. At that time he was succeeded as clerk and mas[314]*314ter by Mr. Lamor Heiskell, bnt retained bis office of special commissioner in tbe Overton Case. While he was clerk and master Ms custom was to read tbe orders of tbe court, but, wben be ceased to be sueb and was not with tbe records, be got out of that babit. So it was be did not read tbe order of tbe court directing tbe lending of tbe money. He supposed that tbe order was in tbe usual form, wbicb permitted tbe commissioner bimself to approve tbe securities placed on loans. It is insisted for bim, in tbe brief of bis counsel, that tbe solicitor for tbe complainants in tbe case notified bim of tbe order to lend tbe funds, but failed to mention to bim tbe special direction contained in tbe order concerning tbe submission of tbe names of tbe sureties to tbe court. There is no evidence to this effect, but if there were it would not make any difference. It was tbe duty of tbe commissioner to read tbe order for himself.
It is next insisted that no harm was done by tbe disobedience of tbe order, since tbe persons who signed tbe two notes, were solvent, and continued so from tbe making of tbe notes until several months after he made bis settlement already referred to. Tbe notes were signed by 0. D. M. Greer and one Manigan. Tbe weight of tbe evidence is that they were both solvent, and that Greer continued solvent for several months after tbe commissioner made bis settlement. Do these facts excuse tbe commissioner for bis failure to take two good and solvent sureties as ordered by the court. We cannot see our [315]*315way clear to so hold. If the order of the court had been obeyed, then the notes- might still be collectible, ..because of the solvency of the second surety. Moreover, such a decision would result in endless controversies as to whether the action of the commissioner was as good or better than the orders of the court, to say nothing of the absurdity of subordinating the court to the dominance of the commissioner. It is essential to the proper administration of justice that these orders shall be strictly obeyed by the officers of the court.
It is insisted for Mr. Caldwell that he acted with honesty and sincerity. Let this be granted. Such a conclusion, however, must be based on the assumption either that he had knowledge of the order and misconstrued it, or that he did not have knowledge of it. In either event he cannot be excused. If he had doubt as to the meaning of the order, he should have applied to the court for further instructions. If he had no knowledge of the terms of the order, he must bear the consequences of his negligence in failing to examine it. In neither aspect of the case would his honest purposes save him from liability.
The next question arises on the liability of T. B. Crenshaw as surety. His bond was in the following terms:
“T. B. Caldwell, as principal, and C. D. M. Creer and T. B. Crenshaw, as sureties, acknowledge ourselves indebted to the State of Tennessee in the sum of $5,000.
[316]*316■ “The condition of the above obligation is such that, whereas the said T. B. Caldwell has been appointed commissioner by the chancery court of Shelby county, Tenn., in the ease wherein M. Gr. Overton et al. are complainants and Elizabeth Overton et al. are defendants :
“Now, if the said T. B. Caldwell shall well and faithfully discharge the duties of said commissioner during the time he continues therein, or in the discharge of any part thereof, and shall account for and pay over what he receives under the orders and decrees of the court, then this obligation to be void; otherwise to remain in full force and effect. ’ ’
It is insisted that when Mr. Caldwell made his settlement and turned in the notes he performed every duty for which Mr. Crenshaw had obligated himself as surety. We are unable to assent to this view. If Mr. Caldwell loaned the money without authority, he failed to discharge the duty incumbent upon him to retain the money until ordered by the court to make disposition of it; or, if he loaned the money on terms other than those ordered by the court, he likewise failed to discharge his duty.
We shall now consider the additional points made by the solicitor for the guaranty company.
The chief contention is based on the fact that in the fall of 1906 Mr. Caldwell ceased to be clerk and master, made his settlement which was accepted by the court, and that he and his sureties were by order of the court discharged from liability on his “bonds” as clerk and [317]*317master. The contention is that the office of special commissioner is an integral part of the office of clerk and master, and that, when Mr. Caldwell ceased to be clerk and master, he likewise ceased to be commissioner; therefore the surety company was not thereafter bound for any of his acts; hence was unaffected by any liability for the loans he made after he ceased to be clerk and master.
There is apparently some confusion in onr authorities upon the subject whether the commissionership is an integral part of the office of clerk and master. It results from the terms of certain statutes and the constructions placed on them by the court. We believe the simplest way to dispose of the matter is to refer to the sections of Shannon’s Code bearing on the subject, and then to mention a provision of Acts 1852, ch. 164, which was omitted from the Code. The failure to note the omission of this provision seems to have produced the confusion.
Section 402 provides that every clerk of a court before entering upon the duties of his office shall enter into bond with sufficient surety to the satisfaction of his court, in the sum of $10,000, payable to the State, and conditioned for the safe-keeping of the records, and for the faithful discharge of the duties of his office. The nest section directs that a bond shall be executed in the sum of $5,000, conditioned to account for and pay over all sums arising from taxes on suits, fines, and forfeitures “which have come, or ought to have
[318]*318come to Ms hands.” The next three sections read as follows:
“404. The several courts may also require their clerks to give bond, with g-ood security, in such sum as the court may deem sufficient to cover property or funds which may at any time come to the hands of such clerks as special commissioners or receivers, by appointment of the court or any judge thereof.
“405. The failure of the clerk to execute the special bond provided for in the last section, shall not subject him to any penalty, but the court may confide the particular business to such other person as will give the required security, and, in the absence of such special bond, the clerk and his sureties will be liable, on the regular official bond, for all property or money with which such clerk may be properly chargeable as special commissioner or receiver.
“406. The court may also require special bonds to meet particular exigencies, and in a-suitable penalty, whenever, in its judgment, the interest of suitors renders it necessary, subject to the provisions of the last preceding section.”
In the case of State ex rel. v. W. H. Blakemore, 7 Heisk. (54 Tenn.), 638, 653, 654, the court seems, in-substance, to have held that Acts 1852, ch. 164, made the office of commissioner a part of the office of the clerk. This was based upon a comparison of Acts 1849, ch. 150, with the act just referred to. The fact is mentioned in the opinion that the second section of the act of 1849 requires a special bond as special com[319]*319missioner, and it was said that the very terms of the act showed that this bond was intended as special, not general, bat that Acts 1852, ch. 164, seemed to have snperadded the duties of commissioner to those of clerk, and declared the office vacant if the clerk should fail to give this bond. The learned justice continues:
“ So it is plain that the office of commissioner, under the latter act, is a part of the office of clerk. It is in the discretion of the clerk under the first act to accept or decline the appointment of commissioner; but under the last he has no discretion, but must lose his office as clerk if he declines that of commissioner.”
The court adds, in a later sentence:
“There can be no escape from this conclusion, in view of the terms of the third section of Acts 1852, ch. 164, ‘ that if any clerk in this State shall fail or refuse to execute his bonds as required by the foregoing sections of this act, then and in that case, the court whose clerk thus fails to give bond as above stated, shall forthwith declare said clerk’s office vacant, and shall forthwith proceed to fill said vacancy, as required by law in eases of vacancy.’ ”
But it is to be noted that the Act of 1852 was not carried into the Code, and section 405 practically repeals so much of it as appears in the language last quoted. It is observed from the contents of that section previously given that the failure of the clerk to execute the special bond as commissioner “shall not subject him to any penalty,” which means that he will not forfeit his office by failure to give the bond. The [320]*320section further provides that the court may confide the business of commissioner to any one else who will give a proper bond, and, in case no snch person can be found, then the duties shall be a part of the clerk’s duties, for which he will be responsible on his bond. To particularize a little further, the clerk may execute a special commissioner’s bond under section 404, and in that ease he will be entitled to perform the duties of that office, and to receive the emoluments, and in the event he fail to execute such bond, the court may devolve the duties upon some other person who may give suitable bond, and in case such other person cannot be found, then it will be a part of the clerk and master’s duty under his regular official bond. In State v. Cole, 81 Tenn. (13 Lea), 367, 375, 381, the soundness of State ex rel. v. Blakemore is doubted. In State v. Cole, it was not necessary to settle the precise question we have before us, but a perusal of the opinion in that case will show that it is in substantial harmony with the view we have herein expressed. This case approves the earlier case of Williams v. Bowman, 3 Head, 679, wherein it was held that, while the law did in some sense annex the office of special commissioner and receiver to that of clerk, it did not result in a merger of the former into the latter, and that, the duration of the appointment of special commissioner not being limited by law, it might continue beyond the term of the office of clerk, if a successor to the commissionership should not be appointed by the court. We have other [321]*321cases upon the subject, but what we have said contains the substance of all of them.
It is insisted by the guaranty company that the taking of the additional bond for $5,000 executed by Cren-shaw and Greer was intended as in lieu of its bond, and for that reason it is exonerated. This contention is based on the argument that, with the bond of the guaranty company outstanding, there was no need of another bond, and the further argument that the order for the new bond indicated, as a reason for its taking, the expiration of Mr. Caldwell’s term as clerk and master. Even if it be conceded that there was no need for the additional bond, and that its taking was based on the erroneous assumption, as matter of law, that the expiration of the clerk and master’s term rendered such new bond essential, on the theory that the office of commissioner was inextricably bound up with the office of clerk and master, still this would .not result in the displacement of the guaranty bond. To effect that purpose a direct order to that end was necessary.- Such matters cannot be left to mere inference. Moreover, it was within the power of the court, under section 405 of Shannon’s Code, to take additional bonds at any time; besides, the additional bond wrought no harm to the guaranty company, since, as the chancellor correctly held, the result of taking the second bond was to make the liability of the sureties thereunder a primary one to the full extent of its penalty and the liability of the guaranty company to that extent secondary.
[322]*322It is urged by the guaranty company that when Mr. Caldwell made his settlement as clerk and master in the fall of 1906, and an order was entered releasing him from his “bonds,” he was thereby released from his bond as special commissioner. This position is untenable. The bonds referred to were his official bonds as clerk and master required by Shan. Code, section 402, and his revenue bond required by the nest section. No reference was had to his bond as special commissioner. That matter was not up for consideration.
The foregoing matters cover all of the assignments of error. None of the assignments being well taken, they must all be overruled.
Defendants will pay the costs of the appeal.