Opinion
PER CURIAM.
Original action in quo warranto by the relator to have determined his title to the office of state auditor. The relator and [377]*377the respondent, both eligible to hold the office, were respectively the duly nominated candidates of the Republican and Democratic parties to be voted for at the election held on November 7, 1916. There was also a candidate of the Socialist party, but the vote cast for him was so relatively small that reference to it may be omitted. The basis of the relator’s claim as set out in his complaint may be stated, in substance, as follows: According to the returns as finally canvassed, the relator received throughout the state 73,184 votes, and the respondent received 73,845 votes— an apparent majority for .the respondent of 661. Among the votes so cast and counted are those cast by means of voting machines in twenty-eight of the sixty-eight precincts of Silver Bow county, whereof the relator received 3,690 and the respondent 5,125, all of which should be rejected as illegal because not cast by ballot as required by section 1, Article IX, of the Constitution, and because the machines, if their use can be constitutionally proper, do not comply with the statute which assumes to authorize them. These votes eliminated, a majority for the relator of 774 is disclosed, thus vesting title to the office in him.
[378]*378[1] [377]*3771. The first contention is that, since the section of the Constitution supra requires “all elections by the people shall be by ballot,” every vote cast at an election must be by means of a piece of paper on which are printed or written the names of the persons voted for, with a proper designation of the office each is intended to fill, delivered to the judges of election; in other words, adopting the definition of the term “ballot” by the supreme court of Ohio, it means: “A printed or written expression of the voter’s choice upon some material capable of receiving and reasonably retaining it, prepared or adopted by each individual voter and passing by the act of voting from his exclusive control into that of the election officers, to be by them accepted as the expression of his choice.” (State ex rel. Karlinger v. Board of Deputy State Supervisors of Elections, 80 Ohio St. 471, 24 L. R. A. (n. s.) 188, 89 N. E. 33.) This definition, if accepted as correct, would preclude any further discussion; but an acceptance of it involves the rejection, as invalid, of the [378]*378Act of the legislature authorizing- the use of voting machines, and we must repeat that, in the case of statutes passed by the legislative assembly and assailed as unconstitutional, the question is not whether it is possible to condemn, but whether it is possible to uphold. We stand committed to the rule that a statute will not be declared unconstitutional unless its nullity is placed, in our judgment, beyond reasonable doubt. (State ex rel. May v. Alderson, 49 Mont. 387, Ann. Cas. 1916B, 39, 142 Pac. 210.) Several considerations compel the view that the statute can and should be upheld.
[2] In the first place, the term “ballot” has a most interesting history, into which we need not enter further than to say that, from its origin as descriptive of voting by means of balls put into an urn, its primary significance has always been a method whereby the voter might cast his vote in secret, as distinguished from a showing of hands or viva voce wherein secrecy is impossible. (See Ency. Britannica, under article “Ballot, Voting, Voting Machines”; also, cases cited below.) The view that permanent recordation of the elector’s choice on paper or anything else is an essential part of the process of voting by ballot finds no justification in etymology and scarcely any in the course of legislation having to do with the subject in this and other countries where such voting has obtained. But it is insisted that in Montana the matter was set at rest by the provisions of section 1018, page 926, Compiled Statutes of 1887, as follows: ‘ ‘ Every elector shall deliver, in full view of one of the judges of election, a single ballot or piece of paper, on which shall be written or printed the names of the persons voted for, with a pertinent designation of the office which he or they may be intended to fill; said ballots may be open or folded, as the voter may choose.” The argument is that these provisions fix the meaning of “elections by ballot” as used in the Constitution and established beyond peradventure that paper is, and secrecy is not, a vital part of that meaning. The fact is that, when the convention met, the section quoted was not in force, having been superseded by the Australian Ballot Law (Session [379]*379Laws 1889, p. 145), under which secrecy became compulsory; but the point about secrecy as an element of voting by ballot is not so much that it be compulsory as that it be possible, and therein lies a distinction between voting by ballot and voting by the Australian method. Conceding, however, that by the section quoted and by the Australian Ballot Law as in force when the convention met, and by the course of legislation up to the enactment of the voting machine law, the idea of voting by ballot had its exposition in this community only in the form with which we are most familiar, and that it implied pieces of paper on which the voter should record his choice from among the names of the candidates written or printed thereon, it does not follow that this is a contemporaneous construction, absolutely defining the scope of the constitutional language. These enactments amount to nothing more than a legislative selection of one of the modes in which voting by ballot may be conducted, which mode for the time being should be followed. (Lynch v. Motley, 215 Ill. 574, 2 Ann. Cas. 837, 74 N. E. 723.) It cannot for a moment be supposed that the framers of our Constitution, or the people who adopted it and to whom was available the knowledge of the many changes in form through which voting by ballot had gone, intended then and there to put a stop to all progress in that direction, or to say that the method most familiar to them was the only one that could answer to the constitutional language. Indeed, the contrary must be assumed if we impute to them a fair average of human intelligence and curiosity; for it is certain that before that time devices for the secret automatic casting and counting of votes, free from the delay and frauds incident to the methods then in vogue, were being sought and at that time the voting machine, essentially as we know it, was an actuality. (Wigmore on Australian Ballot, p. 201.)
[3] Again, we may assume, for argument’s sake, that such a thing as the voting machine, or any other form of balloting save with pieces of paper, did not enter the minds of those who framed or those who adopted the Constitution; still the proper [380]*380interpretation of any constitutional provision requires us to remember that it is a part of the organic law — organic not only-in the sense that it is fundamental, but also in the sense that it is a living thing designed to meet the needs of a progressive society, amid all the detail changes to which a progressive society is subject.
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Opinion
PER CURIAM.
Original action in quo warranto by the relator to have determined his title to the office of state auditor. The relator and [377]*377the respondent, both eligible to hold the office, were respectively the duly nominated candidates of the Republican and Democratic parties to be voted for at the election held on November 7, 1916. There was also a candidate of the Socialist party, but the vote cast for him was so relatively small that reference to it may be omitted. The basis of the relator’s claim as set out in his complaint may be stated, in substance, as follows: According to the returns as finally canvassed, the relator received throughout the state 73,184 votes, and the respondent received 73,845 votes— an apparent majority for .the respondent of 661. Among the votes so cast and counted are those cast by means of voting machines in twenty-eight of the sixty-eight precincts of Silver Bow county, whereof the relator received 3,690 and the respondent 5,125, all of which should be rejected as illegal because not cast by ballot as required by section 1, Article IX, of the Constitution, and because the machines, if their use can be constitutionally proper, do not comply with the statute which assumes to authorize them. These votes eliminated, a majority for the relator of 774 is disclosed, thus vesting title to the office in him.
[378]*378[1] [377]*3771. The first contention is that, since the section of the Constitution supra requires “all elections by the people shall be by ballot,” every vote cast at an election must be by means of a piece of paper on which are printed or written the names of the persons voted for, with a proper designation of the office each is intended to fill, delivered to the judges of election; in other words, adopting the definition of the term “ballot” by the supreme court of Ohio, it means: “A printed or written expression of the voter’s choice upon some material capable of receiving and reasonably retaining it, prepared or adopted by each individual voter and passing by the act of voting from his exclusive control into that of the election officers, to be by them accepted as the expression of his choice.” (State ex rel. Karlinger v. Board of Deputy State Supervisors of Elections, 80 Ohio St. 471, 24 L. R. A. (n. s.) 188, 89 N. E. 33.) This definition, if accepted as correct, would preclude any further discussion; but an acceptance of it involves the rejection, as invalid, of the [378]*378Act of the legislature authorizing- the use of voting machines, and we must repeat that, in the case of statutes passed by the legislative assembly and assailed as unconstitutional, the question is not whether it is possible to condemn, but whether it is possible to uphold. We stand committed to the rule that a statute will not be declared unconstitutional unless its nullity is placed, in our judgment, beyond reasonable doubt. (State ex rel. May v. Alderson, 49 Mont. 387, Ann. Cas. 1916B, 39, 142 Pac. 210.) Several considerations compel the view that the statute can and should be upheld.
[2] In the first place, the term “ballot” has a most interesting history, into which we need not enter further than to say that, from its origin as descriptive of voting by means of balls put into an urn, its primary significance has always been a method whereby the voter might cast his vote in secret, as distinguished from a showing of hands or viva voce wherein secrecy is impossible. (See Ency. Britannica, under article “Ballot, Voting, Voting Machines”; also, cases cited below.) The view that permanent recordation of the elector’s choice on paper or anything else is an essential part of the process of voting by ballot finds no justification in etymology and scarcely any in the course of legislation having to do with the subject in this and other countries where such voting has obtained. But it is insisted that in Montana the matter was set at rest by the provisions of section 1018, page 926, Compiled Statutes of 1887, as follows: ‘ ‘ Every elector shall deliver, in full view of one of the judges of election, a single ballot or piece of paper, on which shall be written or printed the names of the persons voted for, with a pertinent designation of the office which he or they may be intended to fill; said ballots may be open or folded, as the voter may choose.” The argument is that these provisions fix the meaning of “elections by ballot” as used in the Constitution and established beyond peradventure that paper is, and secrecy is not, a vital part of that meaning. The fact is that, when the convention met, the section quoted was not in force, having been superseded by the Australian Ballot Law (Session [379]*379Laws 1889, p. 145), under which secrecy became compulsory; but the point about secrecy as an element of voting by ballot is not so much that it be compulsory as that it be possible, and therein lies a distinction between voting by ballot and voting by the Australian method. Conceding, however, that by the section quoted and by the Australian Ballot Law as in force when the convention met, and by the course of legislation up to the enactment of the voting machine law, the idea of voting by ballot had its exposition in this community only in the form with which we are most familiar, and that it implied pieces of paper on which the voter should record his choice from among the names of the candidates written or printed thereon, it does not follow that this is a contemporaneous construction, absolutely defining the scope of the constitutional language. These enactments amount to nothing more than a legislative selection of one of the modes in which voting by ballot may be conducted, which mode for the time being should be followed. (Lynch v. Motley, 215 Ill. 574, 2 Ann. Cas. 837, 74 N. E. 723.) It cannot for a moment be supposed that the framers of our Constitution, or the people who adopted it and to whom was available the knowledge of the many changes in form through which voting by ballot had gone, intended then and there to put a stop to all progress in that direction, or to say that the method most familiar to them was the only one that could answer to the constitutional language. Indeed, the contrary must be assumed if we impute to them a fair average of human intelligence and curiosity; for it is certain that before that time devices for the secret automatic casting and counting of votes, free from the delay and frauds incident to the methods then in vogue, were being sought and at that time the voting machine, essentially as we know it, was an actuality. (Wigmore on Australian Ballot, p. 201.)
[3] Again, we may assume, for argument’s sake, that such a thing as the voting machine, or any other form of balloting save with pieces of paper, did not enter the minds of those who framed or those who adopted the Constitution; still the proper [380]*380interpretation of any constitutional provision requires us to remember that it is a part of the organic law — organic not only-in the sense that it is fundamental, but also in the sense that it is a living thing designed to meet the needs of a progressive society, amid all the detail changes to which a progressive society is subject. “We are to suppose,” as said by Chief Justice Parker, “that those who were delegated to the great business of distributing the powers which emanated from the sovereignty of the people, and to the establishment of rules for the perpetual security of the rights of person and property, had the wisdom to adapt their language to future as well as existing emergencies ; so that words competent to the then existing state of the community, and at the same time capable of being expanded to embrace more extensive relations, should not be restrained to their more obvious and immediate sense, if, consistently with the general object of the authors and the true principles of the compact, they can be extended to other relations and circumstances which an improved state of society may produce.” (Henshaw v. Foster, 9 Pick. (26 Mass.) 312.) A familiar application of this canon is seen in the history of the post roads provision of our national Constitution. This provision was promulgated when post roads were confined to waterways and to land routes traversed only by people - afoot or on horseback or in vehicles drawn by domestic animals; specially constructed ways for steam and electric traction could not have been in contemplation; yet it is settled to the satisfaction of everyone that such specially constructed ways can and do fall within the purview of this provision. So here, the provision that elections should be by ballot was employed not to designate pieces of paper, but a method which would insure, so far as possible, the secrecy and the integrity of the popular vote. The voting machine, if capable of accomplishing what is claimed for it, is a distinct step in advance of the prevailing method toward securing what the provision in question demands; and it will overcome in a striking degree many of the evils now said to surround the conduct of elections. If by its use the main purpose of the Constitution [381]*381is furthered and the elector may cast his vote in secret with the assurance that it will be counted as cast, there can be no sound reason why the method should be dismissed as an innovation upon the letter of the law.
Finally, the definition and conclusion of the Ohio court are contrary to the weight of judicial authority. In not less than six states on not less than eight different occasions this precise question has been submitted for adjudication, and the use of voting machines has been upheld as in conformity with constitutional provisions similar to our own. (United States Voting Machine Co. v. Hobson, 132 Iowa, 38, 119 Am. St. Rep. 539, 10 Ann. Cas. 972, 7 L. R. A. (n. s.) 512, 109 N. W. 458; Elwell v. Comstock, 99 Minn. 261, 9 Ann. Cas. 270, 7 L. R. A. (n. s.) 621, 109 N. W. 113, 698; Henderson v. Board of Election Commrs., 160 Mich. 36, 124 N. W. 1105; Lynch v. Malley, supra; In re McTammany Voting Machine Co., 19 R. I. 729, 36 L. R. A. 547, 36 Atl. 716; Detroit v. Board of Inspectors etc., 139 Mich. 548, 111 Am. St. Rep. 430, 5 Ann. Cas. 861, 69 L. R. A. 184, 102 N. W. 1029; State ex rel. Empire Voting Machine Co. v. Carroll, 78 Wash. 83, 138 Pac. 306; Helme v. Board of Election Commrs., 149 Mich. 390, 119 Am. St. Rep. 681, 12 Ann. Cas. 473, 113 N. W. 6.)
[4] 2. The claim that the voting machines used in Silver Bow county do not comply with the law which authorizes their use is based upon a provision in section 2 of the Act (Session Laws 1907, Chap. 168) that “the machine must be constructed so that it cannot be tampered with or manipulated for any fraudulent purpose,” coupled with certain allegations of the complaint to the effect that said machines can be so tampered with. The provision quoted is to be read in connection with the balance, and particularly sections 14 and 15 of the Act; so read, it becomes obvious that the Act does not require a machine which is proof against all tampering or manipulation — no human contrivance can possess this immunity — but does require a machine which shall possess certain features which, when it is honestly operated, will enable the elector to secretly cast his vote [382]*382as he wishes to east it and have it counted as cast, and which cannot be tampered with or manipulated in such a way that, though properly operated by the elector, it would seem to receive and record his vote without doing so. There are no allegations in the complaint to justify the inference that the voting machines in question are thus defective, or that they have ever failed to accurately receive and record the votes attempted to be cast by their means, or that the relator has through their use lost any votes intended to be cast for him. We are therefore of the opinion that no issue is presented in this behalf.
The demurrer to the complaint is sustained, and as the cause was argued and submitted on the theory that no questions other than those presented by the complaint as filed, and the demurrer thereto, could be raised, it is now adjudged that the proceeding be dismissed and the respondent confirmed in his office.
Dismissed.