Maestbtall, J.
Tbe first question for solution is: Was there a de jure office in tbe city of Tomahawk, as claimed by tbe relator ? Obviously, .if otherwise, there could not be an incumbent, either de jure or de facto, of such place, and a bolding of at least Uie latter dignity would be required in [485] order to entitle the relator, under any circumstances, to compensation for bis services.
It does not clearly appear from tbe name, “superintendent of trade and commerce,” that the duties of the place in question were other than of a municipal character. Possibly, as suggested by counsel for' appellants, the purpose in creating the office was to accomplish a laudable though not, really, an authorized public purpose; but any fair indication that the contemplated official duties are substantially within the scope of the granted municipal authority, would preclude holding that the proceedings to establish the office are ultra vires. There seems to be such indication. "The general-welfare feature of the city charter is very broad. It affords the common council of a city a large measure of power to legislate for the benefit of trade and commerce. Sec. 925—52, Stats. The council may also create such minor offices as it may deem necessary (sec. 925 — 23), fill such offices, and fix the salary incidents. All reasonable presumptions must be indulged in that there was no intention to depart from the scope of the broad powers, conferred as aforesaid, and none in fact. From such premises, it is considered’ that the municipality possessed power to create such an office as the one in question.
It is considered that the proposed ordinance creating the office of “superintendent of trade and commerce” was duly adopted by referendum to the electors of the city, under ch. 513, Laws of 1911 (sec: 39i, Stats.). The fact that the voting was for or against establishing the office of “chamber of commerce,” instead of “superintendent of trade and commerce,” is not fatally material. The voters evidently intended to take sides at' the polls in respect to the question raised by the proposed ordinance. In voting, as they did,' they intended to express their will as to whether such ordinance should be adopted or rejected. They knew what it was for. It had been brought to their attention in the manner provided by law. Now should their decision be held for [486] naught merely because the city cleric failed to furnish ballots stating, literally, the question to be passed upon ? It would be contrary to the evident wishes of the people and to the modern trend of judicial thought, to hold that any such accuracy is required. So long as it is reasonably clear that the electors expressed their will respecting the adoption of the ordinance, the fact that they did it somewhat inartificially should not be regarded as rendering their effort inefficient. The statute requires the ballot in such a case to contain “a concise statement of the nature” of the ordinance. Any brief collection of words which will fairly accomplish that, is sufficient.
So we reach the conclusion that there was such an office in the city of Tomahawk as “superintendent of trade and commerce” when the relator, in due form, was appointed thereto, and that during the term in question he was the only person assuming to have the right to fill such office, or attempting to do so.
It is insisted that there was no salary incident to the office because the charter (sec. 925 — 30, Stats.) declares that the salary of a city office shall be provided by ordinance at the first regular meeting in February as to every officer entitled to a salary, who may be elected or appointed during the ensuing year; whereas the salary in this case was provided by resolution in June after the office was created and on the day that it was, in form, filled! Reliance is placed on Herman v. Oconto, 100 Wis. 391, 76 N. W. 364.
Doubtless under the mandatory provision of the city charter as to situations contemplated by it, — that is, existing offices to be filled during the year subsequent to the first regular meeting in February, — the power of the common council, as to fixing salaries, is limited to exercise at such meeting. But does that preclude providing a salary for an office legitimately created during such ensuing year, notwithstanding the broad power conferred upon the council by sec. 925 — 23, [487] to create such, municipal offices as it may deem necessary, and providing that such power, under'some circumstances, may be exercised by a referendum to the electors at the next regular election after due request therefor? If so, then the power — unlimited in the letter of the law — to create such an office as the one in question, is so modified by the provision respecting the time of fixing salaries, that though an office be created .and filled, there is no authority to make power in that respect effective by providing a salary until the éxpiration of nearly a year.
The situation suggested creates obscurity as to the legis-látive intention, which calls for judicial construction, since it is not reasonable to suppose that such purpose was to clothe the municipality with power to create an office and fill it, coupled with disability, for'a long period, to compensate the official. There is no rule respecting, the scope of municipal authority more clearly elementary than the one that, a city, through its governing body, possesses all powers expressly granted and such others as may be necessary or convenient to carry into execution the powers so granted. Manske v. Milwaukee, 123 Wis. 172, 101 N. W. 377. Power to create an office, by necessary inference, includes power to efficiently fill it by attaching thereto a salary incident, where compensation for performance of official duties is contemplated. Such power is a part of the written law as effectually as if expressed in words.
It must follow, in the absence of any prohibition to the contrary, that in case of the creation of an office, as in this ease, to which the provision as to providing salaries at a particular time cannot reasonably apply, such new creation is to be considered as intended to be excepted therefrom and be dealt with under the implied power to do those things Which are necessary or convenient to carry into execution the express power as to such matters. Therefore, the particular ease is not within the limitations of sec. 925 — 23, and the sal[488] ary of the officer in. question was legitimately provided, as regards the time of municipal action.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
Maestbtall, J.
Tbe first question for solution is: Was there a de jure office in tbe city of Tomahawk, as claimed by tbe relator ? Obviously, .if otherwise, there could not be an incumbent, either de jure or de facto, of such place, and a bolding of at least Uie latter dignity would be required in [485] order to entitle the relator, under any circumstances, to compensation for bis services.
It does not clearly appear from tbe name, “superintendent of trade and commerce,” that the duties of the place in question were other than of a municipal character. Possibly, as suggested by counsel for' appellants, the purpose in creating the office was to accomplish a laudable though not, really, an authorized public purpose; but any fair indication that the contemplated official duties are substantially within the scope of the granted municipal authority, would preclude holding that the proceedings to establish the office are ultra vires. There seems to be such indication. "The general-welfare feature of the city charter is very broad. It affords the common council of a city a large measure of power to legislate for the benefit of trade and commerce. Sec. 925—52, Stats. The council may also create such minor offices as it may deem necessary (sec. 925 — 23), fill such offices, and fix the salary incidents. All reasonable presumptions must be indulged in that there was no intention to depart from the scope of the broad powers, conferred as aforesaid, and none in fact. From such premises, it is considered’ that the municipality possessed power to create such an office as the one in question.
It is considered that the proposed ordinance creating the office of “superintendent of trade and commerce” was duly adopted by referendum to the electors of the city, under ch. 513, Laws of 1911 (sec: 39i, Stats.). The fact that the voting was for or against establishing the office of “chamber of commerce,” instead of “superintendent of trade and commerce,” is not fatally material. The voters evidently intended to take sides at' the polls in respect to the question raised by the proposed ordinance. In voting, as they did,' they intended to express their will as to whether such ordinance should be adopted or rejected. They knew what it was for. It had been brought to their attention in the manner provided by law. Now should their decision be held for [486] naught merely because the city cleric failed to furnish ballots stating, literally, the question to be passed upon ? It would be contrary to the evident wishes of the people and to the modern trend of judicial thought, to hold that any such accuracy is required. So long as it is reasonably clear that the electors expressed their will respecting the adoption of the ordinance, the fact that they did it somewhat inartificially should not be regarded as rendering their effort inefficient. The statute requires the ballot in such a case to contain “a concise statement of the nature” of the ordinance. Any brief collection of words which will fairly accomplish that, is sufficient.
So we reach the conclusion that there was such an office in the city of Tomahawk as “superintendent of trade and commerce” when the relator, in due form, was appointed thereto, and that during the term in question he was the only person assuming to have the right to fill such office, or attempting to do so.
It is insisted that there was no salary incident to the office because the charter (sec. 925 — 30, Stats.) declares that the salary of a city office shall be provided by ordinance at the first regular meeting in February as to every officer entitled to a salary, who may be elected or appointed during the ensuing year; whereas the salary in this case was provided by resolution in June after the office was created and on the day that it was, in form, filled! Reliance is placed on Herman v. Oconto, 100 Wis. 391, 76 N. W. 364.
Doubtless under the mandatory provision of the city charter as to situations contemplated by it, — that is, existing offices to be filled during the year subsequent to the first regular meeting in February, — the power of the common council, as to fixing salaries, is limited to exercise at such meeting. But does that preclude providing a salary for an office legitimately created during such ensuing year, notwithstanding the broad power conferred upon the council by sec. 925 — 23, [487] to create such, municipal offices as it may deem necessary, and providing that such power, under'some circumstances, may be exercised by a referendum to the electors at the next regular election after due request therefor? If so, then the power — unlimited in the letter of the law — to create such an office as the one in question, is so modified by the provision respecting the time of fixing salaries, that though an office be created .and filled, there is no authority to make power in that respect effective by providing a salary until the éxpiration of nearly a year.
The situation suggested creates obscurity as to the legis-látive intention, which calls for judicial construction, since it is not reasonable to suppose that such purpose was to clothe the municipality with power to create an office and fill it, coupled with disability, for'a long period, to compensate the official. There is no rule respecting, the scope of municipal authority more clearly elementary than the one that, a city, through its governing body, possesses all powers expressly granted and such others as may be necessary or convenient to carry into execution the powers so granted. Manske v. Milwaukee, 123 Wis. 172, 101 N. W. 377. Power to create an office, by necessary inference, includes power to efficiently fill it by attaching thereto a salary incident, where compensation for performance of official duties is contemplated. Such power is a part of the written law as effectually as if expressed in words.
It must follow, in the absence of any prohibition to the contrary, that in case of the creation of an office, as in this ease, to which the provision as to providing salaries at a particular time cannot reasonably apply, such new creation is to be considered as intended to be excepted therefrom and be dealt with under the implied power to do those things Which are necessary or convenient to carry into execution the express power as to such matters. Therefore, the particular ease is not within the limitations of sec. 925 — 23, and the sal[488] ary of the officer in. question was legitimately provided, as regards the time of municipal action.
What has been said sufficiently answers the contention that the action of the council is ultra vires, because had in the form of a resolution instead of an ordinance. The requirement as to action by ordinance has relation to the situations with which it deals. A common council, in the execution of its implied powers of legislation, is not restricted in all cases to action in any particular form. Any'which will plainly express the legislative will and is reasonably appropriate to the case, is sufficient. By the provision of the general-welfare portion of the charter (sec. 925 — 52, Stats.) the common council may act by “ordinance, resolution, by-law or regulation,” and any such act is given the force of law, provided it “be not repugnant to the constitution of the United States or of this state or the laws thereof,” — all in harmony with the common-law rule that an ordinance — technically, an enactment in the form of a hy-law — is not essential unless required, expressly or by necessary inference. There is no express requirement covering the precise situation the council, in the particular instance, dealt with, and there is no reason why it could not as well have acted as it did as in a more formal way.
There is much confusion in the authorities in respect to whether municipal legislative action must be in the form of an ordinance, but the weight of authority is to the effect that, where that is not expressly required, a more informal method is sufficient, or the latter is to be given the effect of an ordinance where the exigencies of the particular case do not reasonably require the formal action. 1 Beach, Pub. Corp. §§ 484, 485.
This court in Green Bay v. Brauns, 50 Wis. 204, 6 N. W. 503, in treating of a city charter conferring broad powers upon the common council to act by ordinance, by resolution, or by-law, held that any mode of fixing a salary is efficient [489] provided tbe action is made to appear in tbe record in some written or permanent form. There tbe action was merely by adopting a motion and it was held sufficient, since tbe charter conferred tbe power to fix the salary without requiring it to be done in any particular manner. Such is tbe situation here since tbe particular case is not covered by sec. 925 — 23, relating to providing salaries for existing offices.
Several questions are presented bearing on whether tbe relator was a de jure officer which, as we view tbe case, need not be considered. There was no other claimant of the place. The relator was, in form, appointed thereto. He took possession of the office in good faith and had all the appearances of being, in fact, what' he assumed to be. Ekern v. McGovern, 154 Wis. 157, 142 N. W. 595. Under the circumstances, that he was at least, de facto, superintendent of trade and commerce, is plain. That being so, and the municipality having, in due form, provided for payment of his salary and ordered it paid, he was entitled thereto when this action was commenced.
We agree with counsel that such is the rule by the better, if not the weight of, authority.' We decline to follow the lead of courts which deny the right to compensation to officers de facto who have, in good faith,' performed the duties of a de jure office, when there is no other person who, under any circumstances, can properly claim, the salary incident. The salary of an office is an incident thereto and not, necessarily, an incident to service by a de jure incumbent. Therefore, in ease of the incumbency being, in good faith, by an officer de facto, and no adverse claimant, there is no justice in denying to the occupant the compensation incident to the place during such incumbency if the corporation is willing to grant it.
It will not throw any light on the right of this matter to discuss the conflict of authority. That is so great as not to admit of reconcilement. The decision here does not go so [490] far as to hold tbat a de facto officer may bave an enforceable claim to tbe salary of a place held by him as a usurper, even in case of his acting in good faith, but only that in case of there being no adverse claimant of the salary, and no fraud, and the municipality being willing to compensate him, it may legally do so.
The fourth point is made that the charter provides that all claims and demands against the city shall be presented for allowance in a specified way and shall be passed upon in a particular manner before payment, — sec. 925 — 134,—and that no claim was so presented in this case. That does not apply to the salary incident of an office, but to unliquidated claims, — claims requiring the exercise of judgment by the administrative body as to the amount or liability, or both. That is not required in the case of a fixed salary. The fact that the demandant is a de facto officer makes no difference, in case of the municipality having consented to pay, as in this case.
There is no other question presented of sufficient dignity to require treatment. The decision of the trial court is right and must be affirmed.
By the Court. — So ordered.