State ex rel. Donahue v. Allen Cty. Bd. of Elections

2021 Ohio 3292

• Court: Ohio Court of Appeals
• Decided: September 20, 2021
• Docket: 1-21-28
• Status: Published

Opinion

[Cite as State ex rel. Donahue v. Allen Cty. Bd. of Elections, 2021-Ohio-3292.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT ALLEN COUNTY

STATE EX REL., ALICE DONAHUE, ET AL.,

PETITIONERS-APPELLANTS, CASE NO. 1-21-28

v.

THE ALLEN COUNTY OHIO, BOARD OF ELECTIONS, ET AL., OPINION

RESPONDENTS-APPELLEES.

Appeal from Allen County Common Pleas Court Trial Court No. CV 2021 0098

Judgment Affirmed

Date of Decision: September 20, 2021

APPEARANCES:

Richard E. Siferd for Appellants

Lawrence A. Huffman for Appellee, Elizabeth Hardesty

Kayla M. Campbell for Appellee, Bd. of Elections Case No. 1-21-28

PER CURIAM

{¶1} Petitioners-appellants, Alice Donahue (“Donahue”) and Barton H.

Mills (“Mills) (collectively, “petitioners”), appeal the June 30, 2021 judgment of

the Allen County Court of Common Pleas denying their complaint for a writ of

prohibition and granting summary judgment in favor of respondents-appellees, the

Allen County Board of Elections (the “board”); Elizabeth Hardesty (“Hardesty”);

and Gary Freuh (“Freuh”), Mona Willamowski (“Willamowski”), Keith Cheney

(“Cheney”), and Jeffrey Rex (“Rex”) as members of the board (collectively,

“respondents”). For the reasons that follow, we affirm.

{¶2} This case stems from the 2021 mayoral election for the City of Lima in

which Hardesty is a candidate. Following the submission of Hardesty’s petition of

candidacy for mayor to the board on February 3, 2021, Mills challenged Hardesty’s

eligibility for the position on February 18, 2021 under Section 72 of the City of

Lima Charter, which requires elected officers to be residents and electors of Lima

for at least six months before the last date on which nominating petitions can be

filed.1 Mills alleged that Hardesty was not a resident and elector of Lima for at least

1 The election for the mayor of the City of Lima is conducted under R.C. 3513.251, which provides, in its relevant part, that “[n]omination of nonpartisan candidates for election as officers of a municipal corporation having a population of two thousand or more, as ascertained by the next preceding federal census, shall be made only by nominating petition.” See also State ex rel. v. Franklin Cty. Bd. of Elections, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 01AP-1235, 2002-Ohio-2708, ¶ 22; R.C. 3501.01(J); 3505.04.

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six months before the date on which nominating petitions could be filed in

accordance with the charter.

{¶3} On April 1, 2021, Donahue filed a complaint for a writ of prohibition

and declaratory judgment in the trial court against the board, Kathy A. Meyer

(“Meyer”), Director of the board; the City of Lima (“Lima”); Freuh, Willamowski,

Cheney, Rex, as members of the board; and Hardesty.2 (Doc. No. 1). Specifically,

Donahue sought to prevent the board from including Hardesty on only the May 4,

2021 primary-election ballot for Lima mayor. On April 6, 2021, the board, Meyer,

Freuh, Willamowski, Cheney, and Rex filed a motion to dismiss the complaint along

with an answer.3 (Doc. No. 8). That same day, Lima filed a motion to dismiss.

(Doc. No. 9). On April 13, 2021, Donahue voluntarily dismissed its complaint

under Civ.R. 41(A)(1)(a) against Meyer and Lima. (Doc. No. 12).

{¶4} On April 13, 2021, petitioners filed an amended complaint in

which Mills was added as a party to the case. (Doc. No. 13). The next day,

petitioners filed a second amended complaint. (Doc. No. 15). Hardesty filed an

answer on April 20, 2021. (Doc. No. 18). On April 26, 2021, the board, Freuh,

Willamowski, Cheney, and Rex filed a motion to dismiss the second amended

2 Even though we express no opinion on the timing of Donahue’s complaint, we reject any challenge to Donahue’s standing to seek relief in prohibition. See State ex rel. Holwadel v. Hamilton Cty. Bd. of Elections, 144 Ohio St.3d 579, 2015-Ohio-5306, ¶ 40-42. 3 Motions to dismiss under Civ.R. 12(B)(6) in expedited-election cases are considered “inappropriate.” Accord State ex rel. MacPherson v. Trumbull Cty. Bd. of Elections, 11th Dist. Trumbull No. 2011-T-0028, 2011-Ohio-1296, ¶ 6.

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complaint along with an answer. (Doc. No. 23). Petitioners filed a memorandum

in opposition to the board, Freuh, Willamowski, Cheney, and Rex’s motion to

dismiss the second amended complaint together with a motion for judgment on the

pleadings. (Doc. No. 25). The board, Freuh, Willamowski, Cheney, and Rex, and

Hardesty filed memoranda in opposition to petitioners’ motion for judgment on the

pleadings on May 5 and 10, 2021, respectively. (Doc. Nos. 28, 30).

{¶5} Following Hardesty’s primary election to be a candidate for mayor in

the November 2, 2021 general election, the trial court concluded that petitioners’

complaint for a writ of prohibition requesting that the trial court prevent the board

from including Hardesty on the May 4, 2021 primary-election ballot was rendered

moot. (See Doc. No. 47). Consequently, after being granted leave by the trial court,

petitioners filed a third amended complaint on June 15, 2021 in the trial court. (Doc.

Nos. 34, 41, 42). The third amended complaint specifically requested that the trial

court prevent the board from including Hardesty on the November 2, 2021 general-

election ballot. Hardesty filed an answer on June 16, 2021. (Doc. No. 43). On June

17, 2021, the board, Freuh, Willamowski, Cheney, and Rex filed a motion to dismiss

the third amended complaint along with an answer. (Doc. No. 44). On June 21,

2021, Hardesty filed a motion to dismiss the third amended complaint. (Doc. No.

45).

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{¶6} On June 30, 2021, treating the parties’ motions to dismiss as motions

for summary judgment, the trial court denied petitioners’ complaint for a writ of

prohibition and granted summary judgment in favor of respondents.4 (Doc. No. 47).

{¶7} Petitioners filed a notice of appeal on July 8, 2021. (Doc. No. 49). They

raise one assignment of error.

Assignment of Error

The Trial Court erred in finding that Elizabeth Hardesty was a resident of the City of Lima for six months before the filing deadline for the 2021 primary election, and therefore qualified as a candidate for Mayor of the City of Lima, even though she repeatedly referred to Houston, Texas as her home.

{¶8} In their sole assignment of error, petitioners argue that the trial court

erred by denying their complaint for a writ of prohibition and by granting summary

judgment in favor of respondents after concluding that Hardesty was a resident of

Lima for at least six months before the date on which nominating petitions could be

filed in accordance with Section 72 of the City of Lima Charter.

Standard of Review

{¶9} We review a decision to grant summary judgment de novo. Doe v.

Shaffer, 90 Ohio St.3d 388, 390 (2000). “De novo review is independent and

4 Because the trial court set forth the rights and responsibilities of the parties in its discussion of the petitioners’ request for relief in prohibition, the trial court essentially resolved the petitioners’ claim for declaratory judgment. See Am. Modern Home Ins. Co. v. Hagopian, 3d Dist. Crawford No. 3-02-23, 2003- Ohio-342, ¶ 7 (noting that “the filing of a motion for summary judgment in a declaratory judgment action is not a good practice because it does not resolve the issues before the trial court” but when a trial court sets forth “the rights and responsibilities of the parties in its denial of summary judgment[, it] essentially resolve[s] the complaint for declaratory judgment”).

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without deference to the trial court’s determination.” ISHA, Inc. v. Risser, 3d Dist.

Allen No. 1-12-47, 2013-Ohio-2149, ¶ 25, citing Costner Consulting Co. v. U.S.

Bancorp, 195 Ohio App.3d 477, 2011-Ohio-3822, ¶ 10 (10th Dist.). Summary

judgment is proper where there is no genuine issue of material fact, the moving party

is entitled to judgment as a matter of law, and reasonable minds can reach but one

conclusion when viewing the evidence in favor of the non-moving party, and the

conclusion is adverse to the non-moving party. Civ.R. 56(C); State ex rel. Cassels

v. Dayton City School Dist. Bd. of Edn., 69 Ohio St.3d 217, 219 (1994).

{¶10} “The party moving for summary judgment has the initial burden of

producing some evidence which demonstrates the lack of a genuine issue of material

fact.” Carnes v. Siferd, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-10-88, 2011-Ohio-4467, ¶ 13, citing

Dresher v. Burt, 75 Ohio St.3d 280, 292 (1996). “In doing so, the moving party is

not required to produce any affirmative evidence, but must identify those portions

of the record which affirmatively support his argument.” Id., citing Dresher at 292.

“The nonmoving party must then rebut with specific facts showing the existence of

a genuine triable issue; he may not rest on the mere allegations or denials of his

pleadings.” Id., citing Dresher at 292 and Civ.R. 56(E).

Analysis

{¶11} Petitioners argue that the trial court erred by granting summary

judgment in favor of respondents and argue that they are entitled to relief in

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prohibition because the board lacks the authority to include Hardesty on the

November 2, 2021 general-election ballot. In other words, petitioners contend that

genuine issues of material fact remain whether the board disregarded applicable law

by concluding that Hardesty was a resident of Lima for at least six months before

the date on which nominating petitions could be filed in accordance with Section 72

of the City of Lima Charter.

{¶12} To be entitled to a writ of prohibition, petitioners must prove that the

board exercised quasi-judicial power, that it lacked the authority to do so, and that

they lack an adequate remedy in the ordinary course of the law. State ex rel. Keith

v. Lawrence Cty. Bd. of Elections, 159 Ohio St.3d 128, 2019-Ohio-4766, ¶ 5.

{¶13} As an initial matter, respondents rely on R.C. 3513.05 to contend that

the board is without authority to invalidate Hardesty’s petition and remove her name

from the general-election ballot. However, because Lima’s mayoral candidates

appear on a nonpartisan ballot, R.C. 3513.05 is not applicable here. See Webb v.

Lucas Cty. Bd. of Elections, 195 Ohio App.3d 396, 2011-Ohio-4576, ¶ 18 (6th Dist.)

(“However, R.C. 3513.05 provides a protest procedure for declarations of

candidacy. As we have stated, Webb did not file a declaration of candidacy. Thus,

R.C. 3513.05 is inapplicable.”). Instead, when a candidate files a nominating

petition, R.C. 3513.262 and 3513.263 provide the procedure to challenge the

validity of that candidacy in a primary and general election. See Foster v. Cuyahoga

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Cty. Bd. of Elections, 53 Ohio App.2d 213, 221 (8th Dist.1977). See also State ex

rel. Gamble v. Franklin Cty. Bd. of Elections, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 01AP-1235,

2002-Ohio-2708, ¶ 21-23. In other words, unlike R.C. 3513.05, the General

Assembly choose to provide a protest procedure under 3513.262 and 3513.263,

which permits protests prior to a nonpartisan primary and nonpartisan general

election. Compare State ex rel. Klein v. Cuyahoga Cty. Bd. of Elections, 102 Ohio

App.3d 124, 127-128 (8th Dist.1995) (“The absence of a means to protest a

candidate’s qualifications after the primary election [under R.C. 3513.05] evinces

the legislative intent that events simultaneous with or subsequent to the election are

not grounds for protesting and disqualifying a candidate.”). Consequently, (based

on the facts and circumstances presented) petitioners’ protest is not moot. See State

ex rel. Holwadel v. Hamilton Cty. Bd. of Elections, 144 Ohio St.3d 579, 2015-Ohio-

5306, ¶ 41 (agreeing “that it would be futile to require them to file a new challenge

with the board based on exactly the same facts”), citing State ex rel. Cotterman v.

St. Marys Foundry, 46 Ohio St.3d 42, 44 (1989) (concluding that “a person need

not pursue administrative remedies if such an act would be futile”).

{¶14} Turning to petitioners’ request for relief in prohibition, we initially

conclude that there is no genuine issue of material fact that petitioners lack an

adequate remedy due to the proximity of the November 2, 2021 general election.

See State ex rel. Finkbeiner v. Lucas Cty. Bd. of Elections, 122 Ohio St.3d 462,

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2009-Ohio-3657, ¶ 21. Furthermore, there is no genuine issue of material fact that

the board exercised quasi-judicial power (which the parties do not dispute) since the

board denied petitioners’ protest following a hearing, that included sworn

testimony, conducted under R.C. 3501.39. See State ex rel. Tam O’Shanter Co. v.

Stark Cty. Bd. of Elections, 151 Ohio St.3d 134, 2017-Ohio-8167, ¶ 15. See also

State ex rel. Miller v. Hamilton Cty. Bd. of Elections, ___ Ohio St.3d ___, 2021-

Ohio-831, ¶ 21 (“‘Quasi-judicial authority is the power to hear and determine

controversies between the public and individuals that require a hearing resembling

a judicial trial.’”), quoting State ex rel. Wright v. Ohio Bur. of Motor Vehicles, 87

Ohio St.3d 184, 186 (1999).

{¶15} For the remaining requirement for the requested writ of prohibition,

“‘[i]n extraordinary actions challenging the decisions of * * * boards of elections,

the standard is whether [the board] engaged in fraud, corruption, or abuse of

discretion, or acted in clear disregard of applicable legal provisions.’” State ex rel.

Husted v. Brunner, 123 Ohio St.3d 288, 2009-Ohio-5327, ¶ 9, quoting Whitman v.

Hamilton Cty. Bd. of Elections, 97 Ohio St.3d 216, 2002-Ohio-5923, ¶ 11. See also

State ex rel. Phillips, v. Lorain Cty. Bd. of Elections, 62 Ohio St.3d 214, 217 (1991)

(“R.C. 3513.262 declares that the board’s decisions on protests to nominating

petitions are final; however, we shall set aside such decisions for fraud, corruption,

abuse of discretion, or clear disregard of statutes or applicable legal provisions.”).

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“A board abuses its discretion when it acts in an unreasonable, arbitrary, or

unconscionable fashion.” State ex rel. O’Neill v. Athens Cty. Bd. of Elections, 160

Ohio St.3d 128, 2020-Ohio-1476, ¶ 11.

{¶16} Here, the trial court granted summary judgment in favor of

respondents after concluding that there is no genuine issue of material fact reflecting

that that the board abused its discretion or disregarded Section 72 of the City of

Lima Charter by denying petitioners’ protest to Hardesty’s candidacy.

{¶17} Section 72 of the City of Lima Charter sets forth the specific residency

requirements for elected officers of Lima. The charter provides, in its relevant part,

that

“all elected officers of the City of Lima shall be residents and electors of the City for at least six (6) months before the last date on which nominating petitions can be filed in accordance with this Charter * * * .”

Section 72(A), Lima City Charter.

{¶18} Importantly, the charter does not define the term “resident,” and its

meaning is unclear and ambiguous. See Sherwin-Williams Co. v. Dayton Freight

Lines, Inc., 112 Ohio St.3d 52, 2006-Ohio-6498, ¶ 15. Consequently, the issue in

this case amounts to a linguistic dispute over the meaning of the term “resident” as

it is used in the City of Lima Charter. Petitioners advance a narrow view of the

meaning of the term and claim that the board clearly disregarded Section 72 of the

City of Lima Charter, asserting that the charter “requires one to live in Lima, for six

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months, not hope or intend to live in Lima.” (Emphasis added.) (Appellant’s Brief

at 8). Respondents disagree and contend that the board did not abuse its discretion

or clearly disregard applicable law because an elected officer’s residency under

Section 72 of the City of Lima Charter can be interpreted more broadly under R.C.

3503.02.

{¶19} “‘“County boards of elections are of statutory creation, and the

members thereof in the performance of their duties must comply with applicable

statutory requirements.”’” Husted, 123 Ohio St.3d 208, 2009-Ohio-5327, at ¶ 11,

quoting Whitman at ¶ 12, quoting State ex rel. Babcock v. Perkins, 165 Ohio St. 185,

187 (1956). In the furtherance of those duties, the Supreme Court of Ohio has

“implicitly recognized a board of elections’ right to determine” the meaning of

statutory-qualification requirements. See State ex rel. Emhoff v. Medina Cty. Bd. of

Elections, 153 Ohio St.3d 313, 2018-Ohio-1660, ¶ 19, citing State ex rel. Kelly v.

Cuyahoga Cty. Bd. of Elections, 70 Ohio St.3d 413, 415 (1994).

{¶20} “In construing charter provisions, we apply general laws regarding

statutory interpretation, including construing charter language according to its

ordinary and common usage.” (Citation omitted.) State ex rel. Beard v. Hardin,

153 Ohio St.3d 571, 2018-Ohio-1286, ¶ 27. See also Vossman v. AirNet Sys., Inc.,

159 Ohio St.3d 529, 2020-Ohio-872, ¶ 14 (“Generally, we read undefined terms as

having their plain and ordinary meaning.”); R.C. 1.49. “If words have acquired a

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particular meaning, though, we construe them accordingly.” Vossman at ¶ 14, citing

R.C. 1.42. Furthermore, “we do not simply consider words in isolation, but consider

the text as a whole.” Miller, ___ Ohio St.3d ___, 2021-Ohio-831, at ¶ 33.

{¶21} Construing the plain and ordinary meaning of the term, however, does

not provide us with a resolution. Indeed, the legal definition of a “resident” is

“[s]omeone who lives permanently in a particular place”—that is, “a person who

has established a domicile in a given jurisdiction,” or “[s]omeone who has a home

in a particular place.” Black’s Law Dictionary (11th Ed.2019). Under the latter

meaning, “a resident is not necessarily either a citizen or a domiciliary.” Id.

{¶22} In other words, the plain and ordinary legal meaning of the term

captures the core disagreement of this case. Specifically, “[b]ecause ‘domicile’ and

‘residence’ are usually in the same place, [the terms] are frequently used as if they

had the same meaning.” (Citation omitted.) Schill v. Cincinnati Ins. Co., 141 Ohio

St.3d 382, 2014-Ohio-4527, ¶ 25. “‘Domicile,’ however, means living in a locality

with intent to make it a fixed and permanent home, while ‘residence’ simply

requires bodily presence as an inhabitant in a given place.” Id. In sum, “[a] person

can have a residence that is not his or her domicile,” and, “[t]hus, a person can have

multiple residences, but can have only one domicile.” Id. at ¶ 24-25.

{¶23} Thus, to properly construe the intent of the charter, another

“fundamental rule of statutory construction [is] that statutes relating to the same

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subject matter should be construed together.” State ex rel. Thurn v. Cuyahoga Cty.

Bd. of Elections, 72 Ohio St.3d 289, 294 (1995). “The in pari materia rule of

construction may be used in interpreting statutes where some doubt or ambiguity

exists.” State ex rel. Herman v. Klopfleisch, 72 Ohio St.3d 581, 585 (1995). “In

reading statutes in pari materia and construing them together, this court must give a

reasonable construction that provides the proper effect to each statute.” (Citation

omitted.) Hulsmeyer v. Hospice of Southwest Ohio, Inc., 142 Ohio St.3d 236, 2014-

Ohio-5511, ¶ 22.

{¶24} Here, the charter requirement should be read in pari materia with R.C.

3503.02. Accord Finkbeiner, 122 Ohio St.3d 462, 2009-Ohio-3657, at ¶ 38 (noting

that the “charter requirement should be construed in pari materia with other

requirements, including the applicable statutory requirements, like the election-

falsification statement required by R.C. 3501.38(J) and incorporated by Section 11

of the Toledo Charter”). See also O’Neill, 160 Ohio St.3d 128, 2020-Ohio-1476, at

¶ 13 (“We read Article II, Section 3 [of the Ohio Constitution] in pari materia with

R.C. 3503.02, which provides rules for determining the residence of a person

offering to register or vote.”).

{¶25} R.C. 3503.02, which pertains to the same subject matter and sets forth

the rules for determining residence, provides, in its relevant part:

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(A) That place shall be considered the residence of a person in which the person’s habitation is fixed and to which, whenever the person is absent, the person has the intention of returning.

(B) A person shall not be considered to have lost the person’s residence who leaves the person’s home and goes into another state or county of this state, for temporary purposes only, with the intention of returning.

(C) A person shall not be considered to have gained a residence in any county of this state into which the person comes for temporary purposes only, without the intention of making such county the permanent place of abode.

(D) The place where the family of a married person resides shall be considered to be the person’s place of residence; except that when the spouses have separated and live apart, the place where such a spouse resides the length of time required to entitle a person to vote shall be considered to be the spouse’s place of residence.

(E) If a person removes to another state with the intention of making such state the person’s residence, the person shall be considered to have lost the person’s residence in this state.

(F) Except as otherwise provided in division (G) of this section, if a person removes from this state and continuously resides outside this state for a period of four years or more, the person shall be considered to have lost the person’s residence in this state, notwithstanding the fact that the person may entertain an intention to return at some future period.

(G)(1) If a person removes from this state to engage in the services of the United States government, the person shall not be considered to have lost the person’s residence in this state, and likewise should the person enter the employment of the state, the place where such person resided at the time of the person’s removal shall be considered to be the person’s place of residence.

(G)(2) If a person removes from this state to a location outside of the United States and the person does not become a resident of another

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state, the person shall not be considered to have lost the person’s residence in this state. The place where the person resided at the time of the person’s removal shall be considered to be the person’s place of residence.

***

(H) If a person goes into another state and while there exercises the right of a citizen by voting, the person shall be considered to have lost the person’s residence in this state.

See also State ex rel. Morris v. Stark Cty. Bd. of Elections, 143 Ohio St.3d 507,

2015-Ohio-3659, ¶ 23 (“In election cases involving candidate-residence issues, this

court applies R.C. 3503.02.”).

{¶26} Furthermore, “[m]unicipal charters must be construed to give effect to

all separate provisions and to harmonize them with statutory provisions whenever

possible.” (Emphasis added.) State ex rel. Ditmars v. McSweeney, 94 Ohio St.3d

472, 477 (2002). “Therefore, ‘“[i]n the absence of express language in a charter

demonstrating a conflict with a statute, it is the duty of courts to harmonize the

provisions of the charter and statutes relating to the same matter.”’” Finkbeiner at

¶ 31, quoting State ex rel. N. Olmsted v. Cuyahoga Cty. Bd. of Elections, 93 Ohio

St.3d 529, 533 (2001), quoting State ex rel. Ryant Commt. v. Lorain Cty. Bd. of

Elections, 86 Ohio St.3d 107, 112 (1999).

{¶27} Based on the absence of express language in the charter demonstrating

a conflict with the statute, R.C. 3503.02 is applicable to determining an elected

officer’s residence under Section 72 of the City of Lima Charter. See State ex rel.

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Fritz v. Trumbull Cty. Bd. of Elections, ___ Ohio St.3d ___, 2021-Ohio-1828, ¶ 18.

Likewise, statues (similar to R.C. 3503.02) are incorporated by reference into the

charter by Section 15, which states that “the provisions of the general election laws

of the State shall apply to all such elections except as provision is otherwise made

by this Charter or by council ordinance not in conflict with this Charter.” Section

15, Lima City Charter. Accord Finkbeiner at ¶ 33. See also Miller, ___ Ohio St.3d

___, 2021-Ohio-831, at ¶ 32. Therefore, construing R.C. 3503.02 in pari materia

with Section 72 of the City of Lima Charter, we conclude that the board did not

abuse its discretion or clearly disregard the applicable law by turning to Ohio’s

general election laws—R.C. 3503.02 in this case—to harmonize the meaning of the

term “resident” under the charter with the Revised Code since provision for the

meaning of the term “resident” is not “otherwise made” by the charter. See

Finkbeiner at ¶ 34

{¶28} Furthermore, based on our de novo review of the record, we conclude

that there is no genuine issue of material fact that Hardesty was a resident of Lima

for at least six months before the last date on which nominating petitions could be

filed in accordance with Section 72 of the City of Lima Charter. Here, Hardesty

contends that she is a resident of Lima by virtue of R.C. 3503.02(A), (B), or (C),

while petitioners assert that she “lost [her] residence” in this state” under

3503.02(E). (Doc. No. 42).

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{¶29} Important to this case, the board conducted a hearing on March 4, 2021

at which Hardesty presented the only sworn testimony. Hardesty testified that she

has been outside of Lima and away from her home in Lima only due to her

employment as a geologist. (Mar. 4, 2021 Tr. at 45). (See also Doc. No. 26, Ex.

A). Nevertheless, she presented uncontroverted evidence that it is her intention to

return to her home in Lima. (Doc. No. 26, Ex. A). Moreover, Hardesty presented

unequivocal evidence that she has maintained her status as an elector in Allen

County and has voted either in person or absentee “in every single election.” (Mar.

4, 2021 Tr. at 34-35, 40, 49, 55); (Doc. No. 26, Ex. A). Even though she testified

that she has a Pennsylvania driver’s license and that her vehicle is registered in the

State of Texas, she testified that she maintains bank accounts and a safety-deposit

box in Lima, and she presented evidence that she receives mail at her residential

address in Lima. (Id. at 29-31, 37); (Id.).

{¶30} In response to the evidence presented by Hardesty, petitioners relied

on evidence which they asserted bolstered their claim that Hardesty lost her

residence in Lima under R.C. 3503.02(E). Specifically, in addition to the driver’s

license and vehicle-registration evidence, petitioners submitted evidence that

Hardesty formed two companies in Texas and evidence from Hardesty’s social-

media accounts that they claimed demonstrated that she forfeited her residence in

Lima. (Doc. No. 26, Exs. 1, 2). Additionally, petitioners alleged (without

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submitting any evidence to the board) that Hardesty did not file a municipal income

tax return to Lima during the time she claimed to be a resident. Compare State ex

rel. Herdman v. Franklin Cty. Bd. of Elections, 67 Ohio St.3d 593, 594-596, (1993)

(suggesting that evidence of the payment of municipal income can constitute

evidence of residence).

{¶31} Based on the evidence presented, the board concluded that Hardesty

was a resident of Lima for at least six months before the last date on which the

nominating petitions could be filed in accordance with Section 72 of the City of

Lima Charter.

{¶32} Importantly, “[b]oards of elections are obligated to weigh evidence of

a candidate’s qualifications, and courts should not substitute their judgment for that

of the board.” Kelly, 70 Ohio St.3d at 414. See also State ex rel. Stine v. Brown

Cty. Bd. of Elections, 101 Ohio St.3d 252, 2004-Ohio-771, ¶ 21 (“‘“We will not

substitute our judgment for that of a board of elections if there is conflicting

evidence on an issue.”’”), quoting State ex rel. Commt. for the Referendum of Lorain

Ord. No. 77-01, 96 Ohio St.3d 308, 2002-Ohio-4194, ¶ 47, quoting State ex rel.

Wolfe v. Delaware Cty. Bd. of Elections, 88 Ohio St.3d 182, 185 (2000). Indeed,

the Supreme Court of Ohio has held that “[t]here is no abuse of discretion when the

board reaches its decision based on substantial though conflicting evidence.” State

ex rel. Clinard v. Greene Cty. Bd. of Elections, 51 Ohio St.3d 87, 88 (1990).

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{¶33} Moreover, “[t]he mere fact that the ordinary meaning of the provisions

of the applicable statutes may give a particular individual a choice of more than one

place as his voting residence is no reason for determining that those statutes should

be so construed as not to permit that.” State ex rel. Klink v. Eyrich, 157 Ohio St.

338, 344 (1952) (Taft, J., concurring). Construing R.C. 3503.02, the Supreme Court

of Ohio has noted that “‘[t]he rules which the General Assembly specified were

apparently intended to enable an individual in such a situation to select as his

residence some place which fairly conformed with one or more of the several rules

specified, even though it might not conform with some of the other rules so specified

or might not be his domicile.’” Husted, 123 Ohio St.3d 288, 2009-Ohio-5327, at ¶

27, quoting Klink at 344 (Taft, J., concurring). Consequently, the court has held

that, “when the applicability of multiple sections [of R.C. 3503.02] leads to

conflicting results, * * * great weight must be accorded to the person’s claimed

voting residence.” Id.

{¶34} At the outset, even though the parties do not dispute that Hardesty is

an elector in accordance with the charter, that concord is not dispositive of

Hardesty’s residence. Compare O’Neill, 160 Ohio St.3d 128, 2020-Ohio-1476, at

¶ 21 (noting that “registration for voting * * * is not one of the factors for

determining the place of an elector’s residence under R.C. 3503.02” because “the

primary purpose of that statute [is] to ‘determin[e] the residence of a person offering

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to register or vote’ [and i]t may be presumed that a person offering to register at a

new home might, at that time, remain registered at a previous home”). Nevertheless,

the board did not abuse its discretion or clearly disregard Section 72 of the City of

Lima Charter or R.C. 3503.02 by concluding that Hardesty was a resident of Lima

for at least six months before the last date on which nominating petitions could be

filed in accordance with the charter. Specifically, even though Hardesty did not

“live” in Lima as petitioners suggest is required by the charter, Hardesty presented

unequivocal evidence that her Lima address is the place where her habitation is fixed

and to which, whenever she is absent, she has the intention of returning as described

under R.C. 3503.02(A). See State ex rel. Robinson-Bond v. Champaign Cty. Bd. of

Elections, 2d Dist. Champaign No. 2011-CA-21, 2011-Ohio-6127, ¶ 19.

{¶35} Addressing R.C. 3503.02, the Supreme Court of Ohio has “held that

the term ‘habitation,” as used in the statute, means a ‘“dwelling place; house, home,

[or] residence.”’” Holwadel, 144 Ohio St.3d 579, 2015-Ohio-5306, at ¶ 34, quoting

Kyser v. Bd. of Elections of Cuyahoga Cty., 36 Ohio St.2d 17, 21 (1973), quoting

Webster’s Third New International Dictionary. Specifically, with respect to R.C.

3503.02(A), the court noted that “[t]he statute ‘“emphasizes the person’s intent to

make a fixed or permanent place of abode.”’” (Emphasis added.) Morris, 143 Ohio

St.3d 507, 2015-Ohio-3659, at ¶ 23, quoting State ex rel. Ross v. Crawford Cty. Bd.

of Elections, 125 Ohio St.3d 438, 2010-Ohio-2167, ¶ 37, quoting State ex rel.

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Duncan v. Portage Cty. Bd. of Elections, 115 Ohio St.3d 405, 2007-Ohio-5346, ¶

11. However, the court expressly noted that it “did not have occasion to discuss

what, if anything, it means to say that one’s habitation is ‘fixed.’” Holwadel at ¶

34.

{¶36} Therefore, even assuming without deciding that the evidence

presented by petitioners constitutes conflicting evidence of Hardesty’s residence,

we cannot conclude that the board abused its discretion or clearly disregarded

Section 72 of the City of Lima Charter or R.C. 3503.02 by concluding that Hardesty

was a resident of Lima for at least six months before the last date on which

nominating petitions could be filed. See State ex rel. Bobovnyik v. Mahoning Cty.

Bd. of Elections, 161 Ohio St.3d 349, 2020-Ohio-4003, ¶ 15 (“R.C. 3503.02

‘emphasizes the person’s intent to make a place a fixed or permanent place of

abode.’”), quoting Duncan at ¶ 11. In other words, the record supports that the

board reached its conclusion (based on substantial evidence) that Hardesty intended

to make her Lima address her fixed or permanent place of abode as contemplated

by R.C. 3503.02(A). See O’Neill at ¶ 19-20; Husted, 123 Ohio St.3d 288, 2009-

Ohio-5327, at ¶ 31.

{¶37} Moreover, the record supports there was substantial evidence from

which the board could conclude that Hardesty did not lose her Lima residence when

she left the state for the temporary purpose of working as a geologist with the

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intention of returning when that employment ends. Compare Husted at ¶ 31 “(In

addition, Husted could not be considered to have lost his Montgomery County

residence when he left the county for the temporary purpose of working as a state

legislator in Franklin County with the intention of returning when that state service

ends.”), citing R.C. 3503.02(B). Likewise, there was substantial evidence from

which the board could conclude that Hardesty did not establish residence in another

state, which she entered for the temporary purpose of employment, without the

intention of making that state her fixed or permanent place of abode. Compare id.

(“Nor could Husted be considered to have gained a residence in Franklin County,

which Husted entered for the temporary purpose of state employment only, without

the intention of making that county his permanent place of abode.”), citing R.C.

3503.02(C). Consequently, there is no genuine issue of material fact reflecting that

the board abused its discretion or clearly disregarded the applicable law. See Kelly,

70 Ohio St.3d at 414.

{¶38} Because there is no genuine issue of material fact reflecting that the

board abused its discretion or clearly disregarded the applicable law, there is no

genuine issue of material fact reflecting that petitioners are entitled to relief in

prohibition. Thus, the trial court properly granted summary judgment in favor of

respondents.

{¶39} Petitioners’ assignment of error is overruled.

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{¶40} Having found no error prejudicial to the appellant herein in the

particulars assigned and argued, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

ZIMMERMAN, J., MILLER, J. and SHAW, J. and concur.

/jlr

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