Wheeler, J.
The judgment finds that a peremptory writ of mandamus ought not to issue, and adjudges that the alternative writ of mandamus be dismissed. The respondents support the judgment upon two
grounds: (1) that the relator has mistaken his remedy; (2) that the vacancy in the office to which the relator seeks to be restored was legally declared, and that Saunders was legally elected to the office which he has since filled,
The respondents contend that they may in this court attack the remedy sought, by having the denial of their motion to quash, and the judgment that the peremptory writ of mandamus ought not to issue, reviewed, to determine whether mandamus is a proper remedy in this case. It is unnecessary to determine whether respondent-appellees can in this court secure, as of right, a review of a denial of a motion to quash, since the motion was properly denied by the trial court. The motion to quash serves the purpose of a demurrer.
State
v.
New York, N. H. & H. R. Co., 71
Conn. 43, 47, 40 Atl. 925;
Brainard
v.
Staub,
61 Conn. 570, 575, 24 Atl. 1040. It tests the legal sufficiency of the case set out in the alternative writ. The alternative writ in this case recited that the relator had been ousted from an office to which he had been legally elected and which he was legally filling, by a proceeding declaring his office vacant and electing another to fill the office. It contained no allegation that the successor to the relator was in actual possession of the office. A public official, such as the relator, ousted from an office in the performance of whose duties he is engaged and which he holds by clear legal title, can be restored to his office by mandamus, so long as the office is not filled by an occupant having color of title. Upon this proposition the authorities are in substantial agreement.
Thompson
v.
Troup,
74 Conn. 121, 124, 49 Atl. 907;
Fuller
v.
Plainfield Academic School,
6 Conn. 532, 546;
Burr
v.
Norton,
25 id. 103, 111; 1 Swift’s Dig. s. p. 563;
Lawrence
v.
Hanley,
84 Mich. 399, 404, 47 N. W. 753;
People ex rel. McLaughlin
v.
Police Comrs.,
174 N. Y. 450, 67 N. E. 78.
But when the office from which an official has been ousted has been filled by an election or appointment giving an apparent color of title, and when the proceedings do not appear to have been taken in bad faith, and the successor is actually in the office, mandamus will not lie to restore the ousted official until the title to the office has been settled by proceedings of quo warranto.
In
Duane
v.
McDonald,
41 Conn. 517, 520, Fagan was elected a school committeeman, and was in the performance of the duties of the office when the relator brought his petition to compel his admission to the office. Our court, speaking by Park, C. J., said: “The view we have taken of the case renders it unnecessary for us to determine whether or not he was duly elected to the office of committeeman of the district, for we are satisfied, both on principle, and by the great weight of authority bearing upon this subject, that mandamus will not lie to determine the title of an incumbent to an office, the functions of which he is exercising as an officer
de facto.
Resort must be had to an information in the nature of a writ of quo warranto to determine whether he is an officer
de jure
or not. Therefore, while that question remains undecided, mandamus will not he to prevent his exercising the functions of the office.”
An office is full,
de facto,
when it is occupied by one by virtue of an appointment or election, giving a color of title, even though such appointment or election cannot be sustained in law.
Duane
v.
McDonald,
41 Conn. 517;
Leeds
v.
Atlantic City,
52 N. J. L. 332, 334, 19 Atl. 780; 2 Spelling on Extra. Rem. (2d Ed.) § 1576;
Lawrence
v.
Hanley,
84 Mich. 399, 404, 47 N. W. 753;
Lachance
v.
Mackinac Co. Canvassers,
157 Mich. 679, 122 N. W. 271;
Bonner
v.
State ex rel. Pitts,
7 Ga. 473;
King
v.
Mayor of Colchester,
2 T. R. 259;
King
v.
Mayor of York,
4 id. 699;
State ex rel. Moyer
v.
Baldwin
(Ohio), 19 L. R. A. N. S. 49, 57, note;
State ex rel. Lamar
v.
Johnson
(Fla.), 31 L. R. A. 357, note. One of the controlling reasons why mandamus will not issue to restore to an office one claiming title to it when another claims title under color of right and is in possession, is, because in such proceeding the adverse claimant has no opportunity to be heard in defense of his title.
State ex rel. Clarke
v. Trenton, 49 N. J. L. 349, 352, 8 Atl. 509. But where the ouster is absolutely void, clearly without legal warrant or in total disregard of law, and the successor obtains not even a color of title to the office, or the proceedings are plainly had in bad faith and hence are absolutely void, the appointment or election of the successor is a mere nullity, and’mandamus will lie to restore one to an office from which he was illegally ousted. An occupant of an office having no color of title cannot claim the office against one ousted from it and having a clear legal title to it. The title
de jure
draws to it possession
de facto,
and mandamus is the proper remedy to restore him to his office, since there is no title to try. The Supreme Court of New Jersey in an action on a rule to show cause why mandamus should not issue to compel the restoration to office of the relator says: “But, while it is true that the illegality of the election, by virtue of which an incumbent has gained entrance to an office, does not prevent the office from being full of him
de facto,
it is also to be noted, that from the earliest periods it has been held requisite that the illegality in question must be consistent with honesty of purpose. Elections based upon mistakes of fact or misconceptions of law may impart a color of right which will bar the allowance of a mandamus, but palpable disregard of law renders the action by which an office is seized merely colorable, and, in a clear case, will be brushed aside as affording no obstruction to the exercise of a plain legal duty.”
Leeds
v.
Atlantic City,
52 N. J. L. 332, 334, 19 Atl. 780.
We have kept the remedies by mandamus and quo warranto distinct from each other, and confined the remedy of mandamus within its original and well-established limits under the common law;
Duane
v.
McDonald,
41 Conn. 517; and in that case we definitely adopted the English rule in preference to the Massachusetts rule which permits title to be tried by mandamus to restore one to an office.
The English rule, as stated in Shortt on Mandamus, 122, is: “Whenever the office is full
defacto,
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
Wheeler, J.
The judgment finds that a peremptory writ of mandamus ought not to issue, and adjudges that the alternative writ of mandamus be dismissed. The respondents support the judgment upon two
grounds: (1) that the relator has mistaken his remedy; (2) that the vacancy in the office to which the relator seeks to be restored was legally declared, and that Saunders was legally elected to the office which he has since filled,
The respondents contend that they may in this court attack the remedy sought, by having the denial of their motion to quash, and the judgment that the peremptory writ of mandamus ought not to issue, reviewed, to determine whether mandamus is a proper remedy in this case. It is unnecessary to determine whether respondent-appellees can in this court secure, as of right, a review of a denial of a motion to quash, since the motion was properly denied by the trial court. The motion to quash serves the purpose of a demurrer.
State
v.
New York, N. H. & H. R. Co., 71
Conn. 43, 47, 40 Atl. 925;
Brainard
v.
Staub,
61 Conn. 570, 575, 24 Atl. 1040. It tests the legal sufficiency of the case set out in the alternative writ. The alternative writ in this case recited that the relator had been ousted from an office to which he had been legally elected and which he was legally filling, by a proceeding declaring his office vacant and electing another to fill the office. It contained no allegation that the successor to the relator was in actual possession of the office. A public official, such as the relator, ousted from an office in the performance of whose duties he is engaged and which he holds by clear legal title, can be restored to his office by mandamus, so long as the office is not filled by an occupant having color of title. Upon this proposition the authorities are in substantial agreement.
Thompson
v.
Troup,
74 Conn. 121, 124, 49 Atl. 907;
Fuller
v.
Plainfield Academic School,
6 Conn. 532, 546;
Burr
v.
Norton,
25 id. 103, 111; 1 Swift’s Dig. s. p. 563;
Lawrence
v.
Hanley,
84 Mich. 399, 404, 47 N. W. 753;
People ex rel. McLaughlin
v.
Police Comrs.,
174 N. Y. 450, 67 N. E. 78.
But when the office from which an official has been ousted has been filled by an election or appointment giving an apparent color of title, and when the proceedings do not appear to have been taken in bad faith, and the successor is actually in the office, mandamus will not lie to restore the ousted official until the title to the office has been settled by proceedings of quo warranto.
In
Duane
v.
McDonald,
41 Conn. 517, 520, Fagan was elected a school committeeman, and was in the performance of the duties of the office when the relator brought his petition to compel his admission to the office. Our court, speaking by Park, C. J., said: “The view we have taken of the case renders it unnecessary for us to determine whether or not he was duly elected to the office of committeeman of the district, for we are satisfied, both on principle, and by the great weight of authority bearing upon this subject, that mandamus will not lie to determine the title of an incumbent to an office, the functions of which he is exercising as an officer
de facto.
Resort must be had to an information in the nature of a writ of quo warranto to determine whether he is an officer
de jure
or not. Therefore, while that question remains undecided, mandamus will not he to prevent his exercising the functions of the office.”
An office is full,
de facto,
when it is occupied by one by virtue of an appointment or election, giving a color of title, even though such appointment or election cannot be sustained in law.
Duane
v.
McDonald,
41 Conn. 517;
Leeds
v.
Atlantic City,
52 N. J. L. 332, 334, 19 Atl. 780; 2 Spelling on Extra. Rem. (2d Ed.) § 1576;
Lawrence
v.
Hanley,
84 Mich. 399, 404, 47 N. W. 753;
Lachance
v.
Mackinac Co. Canvassers,
157 Mich. 679, 122 N. W. 271;
Bonner
v.
State ex rel. Pitts,
7 Ga. 473;
King
v.
Mayor of Colchester,
2 T. R. 259;
King
v.
Mayor of York,
4 id. 699;
State ex rel. Moyer
v.
Baldwin
(Ohio), 19 L. R. A. N. S. 49, 57, note;
State ex rel. Lamar
v.
Johnson
(Fla.), 31 L. R. A. 357, note. One of the controlling reasons why mandamus will not issue to restore to an office one claiming title to it when another claims title under color of right and is in possession, is, because in such proceeding the adverse claimant has no opportunity to be heard in defense of his title.
State ex rel. Clarke
v. Trenton, 49 N. J. L. 349, 352, 8 Atl. 509. But where the ouster is absolutely void, clearly without legal warrant or in total disregard of law, and the successor obtains not even a color of title to the office, or the proceedings are plainly had in bad faith and hence are absolutely void, the appointment or election of the successor is a mere nullity, and’mandamus will lie to restore one to an office from which he was illegally ousted. An occupant of an office having no color of title cannot claim the office against one ousted from it and having a clear legal title to it. The title
de jure
draws to it possession
de facto,
and mandamus is the proper remedy to restore him to his office, since there is no title to try. The Supreme Court of New Jersey in an action on a rule to show cause why mandamus should not issue to compel the restoration to office of the relator says: “But, while it is true that the illegality of the election, by virtue of which an incumbent has gained entrance to an office, does not prevent the office from being full of him
de facto,
it is also to be noted, that from the earliest periods it has been held requisite that the illegality in question must be consistent with honesty of purpose. Elections based upon mistakes of fact or misconceptions of law may impart a color of right which will bar the allowance of a mandamus, but palpable disregard of law renders the action by which an office is seized merely colorable, and, in a clear case, will be brushed aside as affording no obstruction to the exercise of a plain legal duty.”
Leeds
v.
Atlantic City,
52 N. J. L. 332, 334, 19 Atl. 780.
We have kept the remedies by mandamus and quo warranto distinct from each other, and confined the remedy of mandamus within its original and well-established limits under the common law;
Duane
v.
McDonald,
41 Conn. 517; and in that case we definitely adopted the English rule in preference to the Massachusetts rule which permits title to be tried by mandamus to restore one to an office.
The English rule, as stated in Shortt on Mandamus, 122, is: “Whenever the office is full
defacto,
the proper method of proceeding is by quo warranto to oust the occupant, if he is not in possession
de jure.
And the office is full
de facto,
though the election to it was illegal, provided it was a real, and not merely a colorable, election. If, on the other hand, the election was merely colorable, so as to be really no election at all, it does not confer even a
de facto
possession, and the remedy of the person ousted by it is not quo warranto, but mandamus.”
State ex rel. Mason
v.
Paterson,
35 N. J. L. 190;
State ex rel. Guion
v.
Miles,
210 Mo. 127, 169, 109 S. W. 595;
Commonwealth
v.
Gibbons,
196 Pa. St. 97, 100, 46 Atl. 313;
Matney
v.
King,
20 Okla. 22, 93 Pac. 737, 747;
Lawrence
v.
Hanley,
84 Mich. 399, 404, 47 N. W. 753;
State ex rel. Moyer
v.
Baldwin,
19 L. R. A. N. S. 49, 69, note; 26 Cyc. 264; 2 Spelling on Extra. Rem. (2d Ed.) § 1576.
The allegation that the successor to the relator was in fact filling the office from which the relator had been ousted, first appears in the return to the writ, which was a pleading subsequent to the motion to quash. Therefore the motion to quash was properly denied. Upon the allegations of the writ mandamus was a proper remedy.
The finding sets forth the actual occupancy of this office by one elected after a vacancy in the office had been declared. While the trial court based its decision
upon ground other than the right of the remedy adopted, there is nothing in the record to indicate that the respondents in the trial waived their right to claim here that the judgment rendered dismissing the writ was correct, because the remedy sought was one not known to the law in the circumstances of the case. The finding that the writ ought not to issue, necessarily includes a consideration of whether or not the writ could issue in such a case as was before the court. In the absence of a waiver by the respondents of the right to so claim, this court must pass upon this.
A vacancy was declared in the office, resulting from the conclusion that the legal construction of the statutory requirement, that the holder of the office should be a resident of the town, meant an actual, physical residence, in distinction from a legal domicil. The trial court sustained the construction placed upon the statute by the school board, that the term “residents” as used in the statute was a qualification of election requiring an actual residence in the town; and even though this construction be erroneous, it cannot be said to be so much so as to make the proceeding a nullity, nor is there anything in the record to warrant a finding of bad faith in any of these proceedings.
Saunders, the successor to the relator, has a color of title to the office and is in its occupancy, hence mandamus will not lie to oust him and compel the restoration of the relator to the office. The issue to determine who should possess this office is one of title: it becomes a contest between the ousted official and his successor. In mandamus the writ does not run to the successor, his rights cannot be concluded against his will in a proceeding where he is not a necessary party. If mandamus lay, we should have one officer in possession and another found by the court entitled to possession, and the possessor not bound by this adjudication, and a resort had
to further proceedings to test the disputed title; such a condition could only result in confusion in the public service and disturbance to the public order.
Duane
v.
McDonald,
41 Conn. 517. Mandamus neither gives nor defines rights which one does not already have. It enforces, it commands, performance of a duty. It acts at the instance of one having a complete and immediate legal right; it cannot and it does not act upon a doubtful or a contested right, hence it cannot adjudicate a title, nor settle conflicting claims to an office. It is an expeditious remedy called into action to protect an -undoubted legal right. It will restore one to an office from which he has been illegally removed when a successor is not filling the office under color of title. It cannot restore one to an office from which he may have been illegally removed, when a successor is filling the office under color of title.
The remedy, and the only.remedy, open to this relator is quo warranto. For this reason the dismissal of the alternative writ is sustained.
There is no error.
In this opinion the other judges concurred.