The. opinion of flic Court was delivered 1),)'
Bermudez, C. J.
This is an application for a mandamus. The complaint is that the district judge, refuses to try a suit brought against certain parties and in which an intervention had been tiled, the. defendants subsequently surrendering to their creditors.
The refusal is based on the ground that the suit cannot be tried separately from, but must be cumulated with, the insolvency proceedings and determined contradictorily with the. creditors en- eonenrxo.
The district judge returns in that sense, adding that the question had been previously determined by bis predecessor, he drinks, correctly.
it appears that Oohen, the relator, brought suit against Haynes & Rogers for the price of certain sugar sold them, sequestered within live days after the sale, and that the Union National Rank intervened, claiming the possession of the property seized, which if obtained, after some litigation, on bonding it. Haynes & Rogers vs. Creditors, 40 A. p. —
[43]*43A few days after the. bringing of the, suit, the defendants made a cession to their creditors.
The suit which had been allotted to one division of. the court, was transferred to another to which the insolvency had been allotted.
Issue having been joined, the case was iixed for trial and was about to be proceeded with, when the intervenor objected to a separate trial, on the ground, that the suit cunmmlates with the insolvency proceedings and is to be tried contradictorily with whom it may concern.
The objection was sustained by the trial judge, who was since succeeded by the defendant judge, to whom an application was made to proceed with tlie trial of the case, separately, which was declined for the reasons already stated.
The present proceeding is brought against both the judge and the syndic.
The latter answers that neither the property nor the bond representing it has come to his possession; that he has nothing upon which a contest can bo based and which can be placed upon any tableau of distribution, and that the rights of plaintiff and intervenor, seem to be .necessarily precedent to the exercise of any power by him.
Though not made a party defendant — the proceeding being strictly addressed to the judge, (C. P. 829) — the bank has filed a brief adverse to relator, claiming that the case is not one in which a man.damns can issue, as the ruling complained of can be reviewed on appeal and that, even then, the ruling is correct.
Relatively to the question of our jurisdiction to allow the relief now sought, it suffices to say, that it is a settled rule, expounded by this Court, that a distinction is recognized between cases in which it is sought by mandamus to control the decision of the inferior court on the merits of a cause and cases in which it has refused to go into the merits of the action, upon some erroneous construction of some question of law or practice, preliminary to the whole case. High on Ex. Rem., $ 151 ; State ex rel., Chism and Boyd vs. Judge, 34 Ann., 1178.
The precedents to which reference is made to establish that mandamus cannot be. allowed where an appeal lies from the order or decree complained of, are of cases originating under the previous Constitutions, which did not vest, as the present does, the Supreme Courts with supervisory jurisdiction and control over inferior courts. Article 90.
The question now, therefore, arises : Whether the refusal of the juged to try the case as an independent controversy is or is not well founded f
It is evident that, under the general provision of the law, relative to the disposition made of suits brought against parties who subsequently [44]*44sum']Kiev to their creditors, the transfer of the, suit from the, division before which it was pending, to that which had acquired jurisdiction over the cession, was legal and proper.
The, Code, of Practice, Article 165, § 3, distinctly provides that all such suits must be, carried before the court- in which the failure was declared; but it does not say what is to become of it there.
In 1855, (Act, No. 322), §33, p. 437) the Legislature, reviewed the 33d section of an Act of 1817, p. 308, which is to the effect, that all suits thus brought, anterior to the failure, shall he transferred to the court in which the insolvent debtor shall have presented his schedule and shall he continued against Itis syndic. R. S.1816.
The contention here is that such suit cannot be heard and determined contradictorily with the syndic only, as an independent and distinct suit, but must be cumulated with the insolvency proceedings and determined contradictorily with the creditor's en concurso. The distinction is conceded'that although a suit, for the recovery of a sum of money could be thus tried contradictorily with the syndic alone, and not en concurso, this cannot he. permitted when to the claim is coupled a prayer for preference and privilege.
Reference is made to authorities to maintain that, position; but they do not apply, for the obvious reason, recognize,d in Tenny vs. Provosty, 14 Ann. 221, that the property teas in the hands o f the syndic, which is not. the ease here, and that the objections were, raised by syndics or creditors and not by parties not involved in the cession.
In those eases in which the Act of 1817 was ignored, it was surely well said that the Court could not, render a judgment allowing dually a preference, or privilege, which would hind the. creditors, as the, property out of which the claim was expected to be satisfied was in the hands of the syndic.
The rule is, therefore, the other way; when the property, or wliat represents it, is not in the hands of the syndic, although, even then, the judgment would not conclude the creditors. When sought to he enforced against the property in the hands of the syndic,— the other proving insufficient,— it should be established contradictorily with them at concurso. See cases of Nicolopulo, 37 Ann. 472, and of Jaquet, 38 Ann. 864.
The text of the Act of 1817, which is to be found as section 1816 of the Revised Statutes, goes further than the (lode of Practice. It not only declares that the suits brought anterior to the failure should he transferred, but continued against the syndic.
Surely when a debtor surrenders, and liis,cession is accepted by the [45]*45Court for tlie creditors, all proceedings against him and his property arc, by the lav and the order of the judge, stayed; but those proceedings do not abate; — the statute directs that when pending before a different court they shall be transferred to that in which the schedule has been presented, and shall be there continued against the syndic.
It does not say that the suit shall he cumulated with the insolvency proceedings and tried contradictorily with the creditors en concurso..
In the settlement, as well of successions as of insolvencies, creditors have several remedies..
They may present their claims for recognition to the succession or insolvency representative, and, if not recognized, they may sue directly either official, or oppose an account, or tableau of distribution.
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The. opinion of flic Court was delivered 1),)'
Bermudez, C. J.
This is an application for a mandamus. The complaint is that the district judge, refuses to try a suit brought against certain parties and in which an intervention had been tiled, the. defendants subsequently surrendering to their creditors.
The refusal is based on the ground that the suit cannot be tried separately from, but must be cumulated with, the insolvency proceedings and determined contradictorily with the. creditors en- eonenrxo.
The district judge returns in that sense, adding that the question had been previously determined by bis predecessor, he drinks, correctly.
it appears that Oohen, the relator, brought suit against Haynes & Rogers for the price of certain sugar sold them, sequestered within live days after the sale, and that the Union National Rank intervened, claiming the possession of the property seized, which if obtained, after some litigation, on bonding it. Haynes & Rogers vs. Creditors, 40 A. p. —
[43]*43A few days after the. bringing of the, suit, the defendants made a cession to their creditors.
The suit which had been allotted to one division of. the court, was transferred to another to which the insolvency had been allotted.
Issue having been joined, the case was iixed for trial and was about to be proceeded with, when the intervenor objected to a separate trial, on the ground, that the suit cunmmlates with the insolvency proceedings and is to be tried contradictorily with whom it may concern.
The objection was sustained by the trial judge, who was since succeeded by the defendant judge, to whom an application was made to proceed with tlie trial of the case, separately, which was declined for the reasons already stated.
The present proceeding is brought against both the judge and the syndic.
The latter answers that neither the property nor the bond representing it has come to his possession; that he has nothing upon which a contest can bo based and which can be placed upon any tableau of distribution, and that the rights of plaintiff and intervenor, seem to be .necessarily precedent to the exercise of any power by him.
Though not made a party defendant — the proceeding being strictly addressed to the judge, (C. P. 829) — the bank has filed a brief adverse to relator, claiming that the case is not one in which a man.damns can issue, as the ruling complained of can be reviewed on appeal and that, even then, the ruling is correct.
Relatively to the question of our jurisdiction to allow the relief now sought, it suffices to say, that it is a settled rule, expounded by this Court, that a distinction is recognized between cases in which it is sought by mandamus to control the decision of the inferior court on the merits of a cause and cases in which it has refused to go into the merits of the action, upon some erroneous construction of some question of law or practice, preliminary to the whole case. High on Ex. Rem., $ 151 ; State ex rel., Chism and Boyd vs. Judge, 34 Ann., 1178.
The precedents to which reference is made to establish that mandamus cannot be. allowed where an appeal lies from the order or decree complained of, are of cases originating under the previous Constitutions, which did not vest, as the present does, the Supreme Courts with supervisory jurisdiction and control over inferior courts. Article 90.
The question now, therefore, arises : Whether the refusal of the juged to try the case as an independent controversy is or is not well founded f
It is evident that, under the general provision of the law, relative to the disposition made of suits brought against parties who subsequently [44]*44sum']Kiev to their creditors, the transfer of the, suit from the, division before which it was pending, to that which had acquired jurisdiction over the cession, was legal and proper.
The, Code, of Practice, Article 165, § 3, distinctly provides that all such suits must be, carried before the court- in which the failure was declared; but it does not say what is to become of it there.
In 1855, (Act, No. 322), §33, p. 437) the Legislature, reviewed the 33d section of an Act of 1817, p. 308, which is to the effect, that all suits thus brought, anterior to the failure, shall he transferred to the court in which the insolvent debtor shall have presented his schedule and shall he continued against Itis syndic. R. S.1816.
The contention here is that such suit cannot be heard and determined contradictorily with the syndic only, as an independent and distinct suit, but must be cumulated with the insolvency proceedings and determined contradictorily with the creditor's en concurso. The distinction is conceded'that although a suit, for the recovery of a sum of money could be thus tried contradictorily with the syndic alone, and not en concurso, this cannot he. permitted when to the claim is coupled a prayer for preference and privilege.
Reference is made to authorities to maintain that, position; but they do not apply, for the obvious reason, recognize,d in Tenny vs. Provosty, 14 Ann. 221, that the property teas in the hands o f the syndic, which is not. the ease here, and that the objections were, raised by syndics or creditors and not by parties not involved in the cession.
In those eases in which the Act of 1817 was ignored, it was surely well said that the Court could not, render a judgment allowing dually a preference, or privilege, which would hind the. creditors, as the, property out of which the claim was expected to be satisfied was in the hands of the syndic.
The rule is, therefore, the other way; when the property, or wliat represents it, is not in the hands of the syndic, although, even then, the judgment would not conclude the creditors. When sought to he enforced against the property in the hands of the syndic,— the other proving insufficient,— it should be established contradictorily with them at concurso. See cases of Nicolopulo, 37 Ann. 472, and of Jaquet, 38 Ann. 864.
The text of the Act of 1817, which is to be found as section 1816 of the Revised Statutes, goes further than the (lode of Practice. It not only declares that the suits brought anterior to the failure should he transferred, but continued against the syndic.
Surely when a debtor surrenders, and liis,cession is accepted by the [45]*45Court for tlie creditors, all proceedings against him and his property arc, by the lav and the order of the judge, stayed; but those proceedings do not abate; — the statute directs that when pending before a different court they shall be transferred to that in which the schedule has been presented, and shall be there continued against the syndic.
It does not say that the suit shall he cumulated with the insolvency proceedings and tried contradictorily with the creditors en concurso..
In the settlement, as well of successions as of insolvencies, creditors have several remedies..
They may present their claims for recognition to the succession or insolvency representative, and, if not recognized, they may sue directly either official, or oppose an account, or tableau of distribution.
As a rule, a direct suit may be of great benefit, as it may possibly intercept prescription and may secure property against an illegal or nnjust disposal of it, or serve some other useful purpose.
When the claim is judicially recognized, the judgment authorizes the plaintiff to enter appearauces in the mortuoria, or in the. insolvency, which may l>e to his advantage, and thus' dispenses with proof of his interest, when he first asserts it; but this judicial recognition gives no more authencity or validity to the claim than would an ordinary acknowledgment by the succession or bankruptcy representative could have done, as- such recognition would itself be barren of effect until admitted by tlie account, or established by judgment on an opposition to it, which, as a condition precedent to .satisfaction of the claim, must have been homologated.
No doubt,-it might he preferable, in the interest of the plaintiff in the suit in question, now that his claim is in court and issue has been joined on it by the. syndic and an intervention has been filed, to have it treated as an opposition to the account to he filed by the syndic; but he may have reasons satisfactory to himself to act as he does, and he, cannot. he controlled in the exercise, of his rights as to the discretionary form in which he chooses to present them.
The judgment in the ease in question, although it should not conclude, the syndic or the creditors, will have this good result that it will set at rest all differences between the plaintiff and the, intervenor. From that standpoint, at least, the proceeding should he continued, tried and determined as it stands.
Had the syndic made, the objection, pressed by the intervenor, to the trial, it might have lmd some weight, as the insolvency 1ms a contingent interest at stake, should the plaintiff and the intervenor fail; but, coming from the latter, to whom it must he a matter of utter insignificance [46]*46should plaintiff recover, and how the case is tried, whether separately or contradictorily, en concurso, it can hardly be considered. It does not lie in the mouth oí the hank to set it up, particularly its the syndic asserts that he has possession neither of the property, noi'of the deli very-bond, and that the rights of the plaintiff and of the intervener are necessarily precedent to those of the insolvency.
The rights of the latter are, to some extent, recognized by the relator, for, be admits that, when the controversy between him and the bank shall have' been determined, if relator is successful, the syndic will be entitled to receive the proceeds of the bond and distribute them by the tableau contradictorily with all the creditors ea concurso;
The conclusion reached is, therefore, that as the plaintiff in the suit Insists that the trial of his case he continued against the syndic alone, the suit, cannot be treated as necessarily cumulated with the insolvency proceedings, and as to he determined only contradictorily with all the creditors m concurso.
ft is therefore ordered and decreed that the mandamus sought be made peremptory, and accordingly, that the respondent do proceed to try the merits of the suit in question without prejudice to any of the rights of •the creditors of the insolvent to resist the judgment to be rendered, however it may go, whether in favor of plaintiff or of inte,wen or, and that, relator recover his costs.
Mr. .Justice Fenner recused himself.