MR. JUSTICE HOLLOWAY
delivered the opinion of the court.
In 1912 the city of Billings, by ordinance granted to W. B. Snyder, his successors and assigns, the right to lay gas mains and pipes in the streets, avenues and alleys and supply the inhabitants with illuminating gas. The ordinance fixed a maximum rate to be charged during the first two years, and provided that thereafter such rate should be reduced from time to time as the total annual consumption of gas increased to [107]*107certain stated amounts. The terms of the ordinance were accepted, and the gas company, succeeding to Snyder’s interests, installed the plant and commenced operations in November, 1912.
In March, 1913, the legislature passed an Act, creating the Public Utilities Commission and defining its duties and powers. (Laws 1913, Chap. 52.) Immediately thereafter the gas company filed with the commission its schedule of rates then in force, and this schedule was approved. The company has likewise complied with the other provisions of the Act. In 1915 the total amount of gas sold by the company reached 30,000,000 cubic feet, and by the terms of the ordinance it was required to reduce its rate from $1.80 per 1,000 cubic feet, to $1.50 per 1,000 cubic feet, but it refused to make the reduction, and this action resulted. The city has appealed from a judgment in favor of the company, and presents for our determination the question: Can the company be compelled to reduce its rates in conformity with the terms of the ordinance, or is the subject of rate regulation and control now within the exclusive jurisdiction of the Public Utilities Commission?
It is conceded that this company is a public utility and subject to the provisions of the statute above. That statute provides that the commission shall have full power of supervision, regulation and control of the public utilities enumerated, “subject to the provisions of this Act and to the exclusion of the jurisdiction, regulation and control of such utilities by any municipality, town or village.” (Section 3.) It provides, further, that the charges for heat, light, etc., shall be reasonable (section 5); that every public utility shall file with the commission schedules of rates then in force; that no advance or reduction in rates shall be made thereafter without the approval of the commission (section 11); that any municipality or individual interested may complain to the commission of any existing rate (section 17), and, after a hearing, the commission may order into effect a different rate and enforce its order [108]*108by appropriate proceedings (section 31). Adequate penalties are prescribed for violations of the Act.
There are certain principles incidentally involved herein which may be stated by way of preface.
1. The right granted to the company to use the streets for [1] laying its mains is a franchise. (Pond on Public Utilities, sec. 398.)
2. The acceptance of the franchise, which contained terms, [2] constituted a contract between the city and the company, if the city had authority to make such contract.
3. There is a well-defined distinction between the authority [3] of a city to regulate public utility rates from time to time and the authority to fix rates by contract for a definite period. (4 McQuillin on Municipal Corporations, see. 1733.)
4. When the city has entered into a binding contract with a [4] public utility, fixing rates for a definite period, it surrenders for the duration of the contract its governmental function of rate regulation, so far as altering the contract rates is concerned. (Detroit v. Detroit Citizens’ St. R. Co., 184 U. S. 368, 46 L. Ed. 592, 22 Sup. Ct. Rep. 410.)
5. A city of this state has only such authority as is conferred [5] upon it by express legislative declaration or by necessary implication (Helena L. & Ry. Co. v. City of Helena, 47 Mont. 18, 130 Pac. 446), and any doubt as to the existence of a particular power will be resolved against the city, and the right to exercise the power denied. (State ex rel. Quintin v. Edwards, 40 Mont. 287, 20 Ann. Cas. 239, 106 Pac. 695.)
6. Since a city exercises only limited, delegated authority, [6] anyone claiming the benefit of the city’s act has the burden of showing that it acted within the scope of its authority.
7. A city is prohibited by section 3291, Revised Codes, from [7] granting a franchise of the character of the one now under consideration, until the application for it has first been submitted to and approved by the qualified electors, and this statute was in force at the time the franchise in question was granted.
[109]*1098. A city cannot bind its inhabitants by a contract [8] unreasonable in its terms. (Davenport v. Kleinschmidt, 6 Mont. 502, 13 Pac. 249.)
This case was submitted to the trial court upon an agreed statement of facts, which fails to disclose the term of years for which the franchise was granted, and likewise fails to show that the application for the franchise was first approved by a vote of the qualified electors. For either or both of these reasons the judgment should be affirmed, but counsel have ignored these defects, and have submitted the appeal upon the assumption that the franchise was granted properly, and that a valid contract resulted from its acceptance, if the city had the authority to contract for specific rates for any period. The city has not assumed to exercise a governmental function of rate regulation, but it does insist that it was clothed with authority to contract for maximum rates, and that the obligation of the contract which it has with the gas company cannot be impaired by the legislature.
If the city was authorized to enter into a contract of this character and there was no reservation in the contract of the city’s right to regulate the rates, then it may be conceded that the contract is inviolable, and that the city is entitled to have the rate provision enforced. (Cleveland v. Cleveland City R. Co., 194 U. S. 517, 48 L. Ed. 1102, 24 Sup. Ct. Rep. 756.) As evidence of its authority to make this particular contract, the city relies upon the provisions of paragraphs 63 and 73, section 3259, Revised Codes. With the introductory clause, those paragraphs provide:
“A city or town council has power: * * *
“63. To make any and all contracts necessary to carry into effect the powers granted by this title, and to provide for the manner of executing the same. * * *
“73. To permit the use of the streets and alleys of the city or town for the purpose of laying down gas, water and other mains,” etc.
[110]*110As heretofore observed, rate regulation of public utilities is [9] distinctively a legislative function of the state, and, though the state may confer upon a city authority to enter into a contract for specific rates for a given period, since the effect of such a grant is to extinguish pro tanto
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MR. JUSTICE HOLLOWAY
delivered the opinion of the court.
In 1912 the city of Billings, by ordinance granted to W. B. Snyder, his successors and assigns, the right to lay gas mains and pipes in the streets, avenues and alleys and supply the inhabitants with illuminating gas. The ordinance fixed a maximum rate to be charged during the first two years, and provided that thereafter such rate should be reduced from time to time as the total annual consumption of gas increased to [107]*107certain stated amounts. The terms of the ordinance were accepted, and the gas company, succeeding to Snyder’s interests, installed the plant and commenced operations in November, 1912.
In March, 1913, the legislature passed an Act, creating the Public Utilities Commission and defining its duties and powers. (Laws 1913, Chap. 52.) Immediately thereafter the gas company filed with the commission its schedule of rates then in force, and this schedule was approved. The company has likewise complied with the other provisions of the Act. In 1915 the total amount of gas sold by the company reached 30,000,000 cubic feet, and by the terms of the ordinance it was required to reduce its rate from $1.80 per 1,000 cubic feet, to $1.50 per 1,000 cubic feet, but it refused to make the reduction, and this action resulted. The city has appealed from a judgment in favor of the company, and presents for our determination the question: Can the company be compelled to reduce its rates in conformity with the terms of the ordinance, or is the subject of rate regulation and control now within the exclusive jurisdiction of the Public Utilities Commission?
It is conceded that this company is a public utility and subject to the provisions of the statute above. That statute provides that the commission shall have full power of supervision, regulation and control of the public utilities enumerated, “subject to the provisions of this Act and to the exclusion of the jurisdiction, regulation and control of such utilities by any municipality, town or village.” (Section 3.) It provides, further, that the charges for heat, light, etc., shall be reasonable (section 5); that every public utility shall file with the commission schedules of rates then in force; that no advance or reduction in rates shall be made thereafter without the approval of the commission (section 11); that any municipality or individual interested may complain to the commission of any existing rate (section 17), and, after a hearing, the commission may order into effect a different rate and enforce its order [108]*108by appropriate proceedings (section 31). Adequate penalties are prescribed for violations of the Act.
There are certain principles incidentally involved herein which may be stated by way of preface.
1. The right granted to the company to use the streets for [1] laying its mains is a franchise. (Pond on Public Utilities, sec. 398.)
2. The acceptance of the franchise, which contained terms, [2] constituted a contract between the city and the company, if the city had authority to make such contract.
3. There is a well-defined distinction between the authority [3] of a city to regulate public utility rates from time to time and the authority to fix rates by contract for a definite period. (4 McQuillin on Municipal Corporations, see. 1733.)
4. When the city has entered into a binding contract with a [4] public utility, fixing rates for a definite period, it surrenders for the duration of the contract its governmental function of rate regulation, so far as altering the contract rates is concerned. (Detroit v. Detroit Citizens’ St. R. Co., 184 U. S. 368, 46 L. Ed. 592, 22 Sup. Ct. Rep. 410.)
5. A city of this state has only such authority as is conferred [5] upon it by express legislative declaration or by necessary implication (Helena L. & Ry. Co. v. City of Helena, 47 Mont. 18, 130 Pac. 446), and any doubt as to the existence of a particular power will be resolved against the city, and the right to exercise the power denied. (State ex rel. Quintin v. Edwards, 40 Mont. 287, 20 Ann. Cas. 239, 106 Pac. 695.)
6. Since a city exercises only limited, delegated authority, [6] anyone claiming the benefit of the city’s act has the burden of showing that it acted within the scope of its authority.
7. A city is prohibited by section 3291, Revised Codes, from [7] granting a franchise of the character of the one now under consideration, until the application for it has first been submitted to and approved by the qualified electors, and this statute was in force at the time the franchise in question was granted.
[109]*1098. A city cannot bind its inhabitants by a contract [8] unreasonable in its terms. (Davenport v. Kleinschmidt, 6 Mont. 502, 13 Pac. 249.)
This case was submitted to the trial court upon an agreed statement of facts, which fails to disclose the term of years for which the franchise was granted, and likewise fails to show that the application for the franchise was first approved by a vote of the qualified electors. For either or both of these reasons the judgment should be affirmed, but counsel have ignored these defects, and have submitted the appeal upon the assumption that the franchise was granted properly, and that a valid contract resulted from its acceptance, if the city had the authority to contract for specific rates for any period. The city has not assumed to exercise a governmental function of rate regulation, but it does insist that it was clothed with authority to contract for maximum rates, and that the obligation of the contract which it has with the gas company cannot be impaired by the legislature.
If the city was authorized to enter into a contract of this character and there was no reservation in the contract of the city’s right to regulate the rates, then it may be conceded that the contract is inviolable, and that the city is entitled to have the rate provision enforced. (Cleveland v. Cleveland City R. Co., 194 U. S. 517, 48 L. Ed. 1102, 24 Sup. Ct. Rep. 756.) As evidence of its authority to make this particular contract, the city relies upon the provisions of paragraphs 63 and 73, section 3259, Revised Codes. With the introductory clause, those paragraphs provide:
“A city or town council has power: * * *
“63. To make any and all contracts necessary to carry into effect the powers granted by this title, and to provide for the manner of executing the same. * * *
“73. To permit the use of the streets and alleys of the city or town for the purpose of laying down gas, water and other mains,” etc.
[110]*110As heretofore observed, rate regulation of public utilities is [9] distinctively a legislative function of the state, and, though the state may confer upon a city authority to enter into a contract for specific rates for a given period, since the effect of such a grant is to extinguish pro tanto a governmental power of first importance, the courts will not indulge the presumption that such a surrender of power has been made, unless the legislative intention is expressed'in clear and unmistakable language or is necessarily implied from the powers expressly granted, and all doubts will be resolved in favor of the continuance of the power. (Home Tel. Co. v. Los Angeles, 211 U. S. 265, 53 L. Ed. 176, 29 Sup. Ct. Rep. 50; Pond on Public Utilities, secs. 498, 502.) Neither paragraph 63 nor 73 in express [10] terms confers upon a city authority to fix rates. Can it be said that such authority is necessarily implied from the language used?
Provisions somewhat similar to the terms of these paragraphs are found in the statutes of many states, and, though they have been a fruitful source of litigation, the decisions are not harmonious, but in a general way it may be said that they form three distinct groups. The cases composing the first group hold that statutes of this character do not confer any rate-making power whatever. Typical cases are Pioneer T. & T. Co. v. State, 33 Okl. 724, 127 Pac. 1073; St. Louis v. Bell Tel. Co., 96 Mo. 623, 9 Am. St. Rep. 370, 2 L. R. A. 278, 10 S. W. 197, and Mills v. Chicago (C. C.), 127 Fed. 731. Cases of the second group hold that such statutes by necessary implication confer the power to fix rates for a definite period, not unreasonable in extent. (Boerth v. Detroit Gas Co., 152 Mich. 654, 18 L. R. A. (n. s.) 1197, 116 N. W. 628. See, also, Pond on Public Utilities, see. 420.) In the third group are eases which hold that, though statutes of this character do not confer directly any rate-making authority, they do amount to a sort of tacit recognition by the state of the city’s right to contract for rates, subject, however, to the paramount authority of the state whenever it chooses to exercise its sovereign power of rate regulation [111]*111and control. (Milwaukee Elec. Ry. & L. Co. v. Wisconsin R. R. Com., 153 Wis. 592, Ann. Cas. 1915A, 911, L. R. A. 1915F, 744, 142 N. W. 491, 59 L. Ed. 1254, 238 U. S. 174, 35 Sup. Ct. Rep. 820; City of Dawson v. Dawson Tel. Co., 137 Ga. 62, 72 S. E. 508.) The principle enunciated by this third group of cases has been recognized and acted upon in this jurisdiction for many years, and is in harmony with the general spirit and purpose of our laws.
If the state has clearly authorized the municipality to contract for the service of a municipal public utility and to fix the rates for a definite period, a contract made in pursuance of such authority cannot be set aside by the state, but it is only in those cases where the authority delegated to the municipality clearly confers upon it the power to agree upon rates for a definite period, and a contract has been made pursuant to such authority, that the state precludes itself from exercising its undoubted governmental function of rate regulation and control. (Pond on Public Utilities, sec. 503.)
We do not believe that it was the purpose of the legislature [11] by the very general language in the paragraphs cited to surrender fully the distinctively governmental function to regulate rates, but rather to permit municipalities to protect themselves and their inhabitants against extortionate rates until the state itself should act in the premises. Under this view it cannot be said that the Act of 1913 impairs the obligation of the franchise contract (assuming that the city can raise the question), for both parties to that agreement must have entered into it with full knowledge that in the state itself reposed the sovereign power of rate regulation. (Manitowoc v. Manitowoc & N. T. Co., 145 Wis. 13, 140 Am. St. Rep. 1056, 129 N. W. 925; Benwood v. Public Service Com., 75 W. Va. 127, 83 S. E. 295.)
But it is insisted on behalf of the city that the Act creating [12] the Public Utilities Commission intended to recognize all outstanding contracts of this character, and reference is made to the concluding sentence of section 12 of the Act. That sec[112]*112tion first declares that it shall be unlawful for any public utility to collect a different rate from that contained in the schedules approved by the commission. It likewise forbids rebates, concessions or special privileges to any consumer which affects the rates, tolls or charges for the services furnished, and fixes' the penalty for any violation and then concludes: “This, however does not have the effect of suspending, rescinding, invalidating or in any way affecting existing contracts.” It is very clear that this sentence refers to the preceding sentence of the section exclusively, and not to the terms of the Act in its entirety.
A consideration of the statute leads to the conclusion that in its enactment the legislature intended to provide a comprehensive and uniform system of regulation and control of public utilities, by a specially created tribunal, through which the state itself exercises its sovereign power.
Our conclusion is that since 1913 the Public Service Commission has had exclusive jurisdiction over the subject of rate regulation of this company, that the provisions of the franchise contract fixing rates were superseded by the rates approved by the commission, and that the remedy of the city is by complaint to the commission if the rates now in effect are excessive.
Finally, it is insisted that the commission has never[13] established rates for this company, and until it does so, the rates fixed by the franchise contract should be enforced; but, under section 11 of the Act of 1913, existing utilities were required to file schedules of their rates with the commission, and thereafter no change in rates could be made without the concurrence of the commission. In other words, when the tariffs were filed, the designated rates became the legal rates until changed in the manner provided by the Act, and superseded the rates designated in the franchise contract.
The judgment is affirmed.
'Affirmed.
Mr. Chief Justice Brantly and Mr. Justice Sanner concur.