MR. JUSTICE HOLLOWAY
delivered the opinion of the court.
By Chapter 37, Laws of 1907 (Rev. Codes, secs. 4363-4399), the “board of railroad commissioners of the state of Montana” was created, and by that Act, and Acts supplementary thereto, its powers and duties are defined. The board consists of three members, each elected for a term of six years, and the present members are J. H. Hall, J. E. McCormick and Daniel Boyle. Hall was elected in 1912, McCormick in 1914 and Boyle in 1916. On January 1, 1917, Hall was duly elected chairman and continued in that capacity until April 16, when, at a regular meeting of the board at which all three members were present, by the votes of McCormick and Boyle he was deposed and Boyle elected chairman [600]*600in his stead. Hall refused to abide by the order, and has since claimed and assumed to act as chairman. This proceeding in the nature of quo warranto was instituted by Boyle to have determined the right or title to the chairmanship of the board. To the complaint, which sets forth the proceedings fully, the defendant demurred, and, electing to stand on his demurrer, the matter was submitted for final determination. Defendant presents three contentions:
[1] 1. That the chairmanship of the board is not a public office. If this be sustained, the other contentions need not be noticed; for though the authority of the state (represented by the attorney general) to invoke the remedy by quo warranto is quite extensive (Bev. Codes, secs. 6943-6946), a private individual is limited in his right to the remedy to a single case, viz., a ease in which he claims “to be entitled to a public office unlawfully held and exercised by another” (sec. 6947). The question before us in limine is: Is the chairmanship of the board of railroad commissioners a public office, with public functions to be performed by the occupant independently of his duties as a member of the railroad commission?
[2} Courts and text-writers have undertaken to define the term “public office,” and to prescribe certain criteria by which to determine whether, in a given instance, a public office is involved, but their efforts have been expended with rather indifferent success. The tests applied and found sufficient in one case have proved altogether inapplicable in another. The authorities are, however, quite generally agreed that the character of the functions to be performed is a primary consideration, if not a determining factor. (23 Bncy. of Law, 2d ed., 323.) The duties attached to the position must concern the public directly, and must be imposed by public authority — not by contract. (Mechem on Public Officers, 1-6; Throop on Public Officers, 3, 4; Wyman’s Administrative Law, sec. 44.) The duties must be public in the sense that.they comprehend the exercise of some portion of the sovereign power and authority of the state, either in making, administering or executing.the laws. [601]*601(Eliason v. Coleman, 86 N. C. 235; Commonwealth v. Bush, 131 Ky. 384, 115 S. W. 249.) They must be public, also, in the sense that they imply the element of personal responsibility, as distinguished from the merely clerical acts of an agent or servant. (Attorney General v. Tillinghast, 203 Mass. 539, 17 Ann. Cas. 449, 89 N. E. 1058.)
[3] In other words, a public officer is a part of the personal force by which the state thinks, acts, determines and administers to the end that its Constitution may be effective and its laws operative. (People v. Coler, 166 N. Y. 1, 82 Am. St. Rep. 605, 52 L. R. A. 814, 59 N. E. 716.) While the elements of fixed term and compensation cannot be said to be indispensable to a public office, they are indices the presence of which points to the existence of such a position, and the absence of which indicates to some extent the contrary conclusion.
[4] The board of railroad commissioners is the creature of statute. It has such authority as is conferred expressly or necessarily implied from that which is expressed. It is subject at all times to legislative regulation and control. Its officers and employees —even the members of the commission — may be dismissed from the service of the state by a repeal of the law which created the board. Whether, then, the chairmanship of the board is a public office, with public duties and functions independently of the duties and functions which are attached to the office of commissioner, depends upon the intention of the legislature as manifested in the Act, when considered in the light of the general rules referred to above, and which are presumed to have guided the lawmakers to their ultimate determination.
The only mention of the chairmanship is found in section 4367, wherein it is provided that the board shall “organize by electing one of its members as chairman.” While this is not the creation of the position by specific legislative enactment, it might be deemed sufficient if other and indispensable elements of a public office were present. Counsel have not directed our attention to any public duties or functions attached to the chairmanship by the legislature, and our research has disclosed but [602]*602a single reference, viz.: “The state shall furnish said board with suitable offices in the state capitol building at Helena, Mont., and provide it with all necessary furniture, stationery and printing, upon requisitions signed by the chairman of said board.” (Sec. 4369.) Throughout the original Act and the supplemental Acts the references are uniformly to the duties, powers and privileges of the board, while the chairmanship is dismissed by the brief references above. Any member of the board may administer oaths (sec. 4365), or verify the vouchers for the board’s expenses (sec. 4370).
Can it be said, then, with any degree of seriousness that a position to which are attached no duties, powers or prerogatives other than the authority to sign orders for paper, stamps and pencils is a public office, the incumbent of which is required by law to perform a portion of the sovereign power of the state? To suggest the question is to answer it. A review of these statutes would seem to indicate beyond the possibility of a doubt that while the board is created with important public functions to perform, and clothed with authority to make effective the purpose of its creation, the legislature, imposing trust and confidence in the intelligence and integrity of the members, referred to the board, as an entity, all matters of board regulation and control.
Section 4365, provides: “The board shall have power to adopt rules to govern its proceedings and to regulate the mode and manner of all investigations,” etc. In the absence of any specific declaration creating the office of chairman and in the absence of any independent public functions or powers attached to the position, this provision is peculiarly significant. The legislature recognized the fact that in the orderly proceedings of the board there should be one member designated to preside over its deliberations, put all questions, and declare the will of the majority; in other words, to be the mouthpiece of the board, its agent and servant, but without authority or power independently of his authority as one member of the board and with such other power and authority only as the board might confer by appropriate rules and regu[603]
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MR. JUSTICE HOLLOWAY
delivered the opinion of the court.
By Chapter 37, Laws of 1907 (Rev. Codes, secs. 4363-4399), the “board of railroad commissioners of the state of Montana” was created, and by that Act, and Acts supplementary thereto, its powers and duties are defined. The board consists of three members, each elected for a term of six years, and the present members are J. H. Hall, J. E. McCormick and Daniel Boyle. Hall was elected in 1912, McCormick in 1914 and Boyle in 1916. On January 1, 1917, Hall was duly elected chairman and continued in that capacity until April 16, when, at a regular meeting of the board at which all three members were present, by the votes of McCormick and Boyle he was deposed and Boyle elected chairman [600]*600in his stead. Hall refused to abide by the order, and has since claimed and assumed to act as chairman. This proceeding in the nature of quo warranto was instituted by Boyle to have determined the right or title to the chairmanship of the board. To the complaint, which sets forth the proceedings fully, the defendant demurred, and, electing to stand on his demurrer, the matter was submitted for final determination. Defendant presents three contentions:
[1] 1. That the chairmanship of the board is not a public office. If this be sustained, the other contentions need not be noticed; for though the authority of the state (represented by the attorney general) to invoke the remedy by quo warranto is quite extensive (Bev. Codes, secs. 6943-6946), a private individual is limited in his right to the remedy to a single case, viz., a ease in which he claims “to be entitled to a public office unlawfully held and exercised by another” (sec. 6947). The question before us in limine is: Is the chairmanship of the board of railroad commissioners a public office, with public functions to be performed by the occupant independently of his duties as a member of the railroad commission?
[2} Courts and text-writers have undertaken to define the term “public office,” and to prescribe certain criteria by which to determine whether, in a given instance, a public office is involved, but their efforts have been expended with rather indifferent success. The tests applied and found sufficient in one case have proved altogether inapplicable in another. The authorities are, however, quite generally agreed that the character of the functions to be performed is a primary consideration, if not a determining factor. (23 Bncy. of Law, 2d ed., 323.) The duties attached to the position must concern the public directly, and must be imposed by public authority — not by contract. (Mechem on Public Officers, 1-6; Throop on Public Officers, 3, 4; Wyman’s Administrative Law, sec. 44.) The duties must be public in the sense that.they comprehend the exercise of some portion of the sovereign power and authority of the state, either in making, administering or executing.the laws. [601]*601(Eliason v. Coleman, 86 N. C. 235; Commonwealth v. Bush, 131 Ky. 384, 115 S. W. 249.) They must be public, also, in the sense that they imply the element of personal responsibility, as distinguished from the merely clerical acts of an agent or servant. (Attorney General v. Tillinghast, 203 Mass. 539, 17 Ann. Cas. 449, 89 N. E. 1058.)
[3] In other words, a public officer is a part of the personal force by which the state thinks, acts, determines and administers to the end that its Constitution may be effective and its laws operative. (People v. Coler, 166 N. Y. 1, 82 Am. St. Rep. 605, 52 L. R. A. 814, 59 N. E. 716.) While the elements of fixed term and compensation cannot be said to be indispensable to a public office, they are indices the presence of which points to the existence of such a position, and the absence of which indicates to some extent the contrary conclusion.
[4] The board of railroad commissioners is the creature of statute. It has such authority as is conferred expressly or necessarily implied from that which is expressed. It is subject at all times to legislative regulation and control. Its officers and employees —even the members of the commission — may be dismissed from the service of the state by a repeal of the law which created the board. Whether, then, the chairmanship of the board is a public office, with public duties and functions independently of the duties and functions which are attached to the office of commissioner, depends upon the intention of the legislature as manifested in the Act, when considered in the light of the general rules referred to above, and which are presumed to have guided the lawmakers to their ultimate determination.
The only mention of the chairmanship is found in section 4367, wherein it is provided that the board shall “organize by electing one of its members as chairman.” While this is not the creation of the position by specific legislative enactment, it might be deemed sufficient if other and indispensable elements of a public office were present. Counsel have not directed our attention to any public duties or functions attached to the chairmanship by the legislature, and our research has disclosed but [602]*602a single reference, viz.: “The state shall furnish said board with suitable offices in the state capitol building at Helena, Mont., and provide it with all necessary furniture, stationery and printing, upon requisitions signed by the chairman of said board.” (Sec. 4369.) Throughout the original Act and the supplemental Acts the references are uniformly to the duties, powers and privileges of the board, while the chairmanship is dismissed by the brief references above. Any member of the board may administer oaths (sec. 4365), or verify the vouchers for the board’s expenses (sec. 4370).
Can it be said, then, with any degree of seriousness that a position to which are attached no duties, powers or prerogatives other than the authority to sign orders for paper, stamps and pencils is a public office, the incumbent of which is required by law to perform a portion of the sovereign power of the state? To suggest the question is to answer it. A review of these statutes would seem to indicate beyond the possibility of a doubt that while the board is created with important public functions to perform, and clothed with authority to make effective the purpose of its creation, the legislature, imposing trust and confidence in the intelligence and integrity of the members, referred to the board, as an entity, all matters of board regulation and control.
Section 4365, provides: “The board shall have power to adopt rules to govern its proceedings and to regulate the mode and manner of all investigations,” etc. In the absence of any specific declaration creating the office of chairman and in the absence of any independent public functions or powers attached to the position, this provision is peculiarly significant. The legislature recognized the fact that in the orderly proceedings of the board there should be one member designated to preside over its deliberations, put all questions, and declare the will of the majority; in other words, to be the mouthpiece of the board, its agent and servant, but without authority or power independently of his authority as one member of the board and with such other power and authority only as the board might confer by appropriate rules and regu[603]*603lations or in the absence of any rule upon the subject, then with such authority as accords with the spirit of parliamentary procedure and meets the approval of a majority of the board. No mention is made of the term for which the chairman shall hold the position. The legislature recognized further that the chairman would be selected by the members only because of their confidence in him; that the harmony and efficiency of the board would continue only so long as that confidence continued; and that whenever for any cause, or without cause, the chairman forfeits or otherwise loses that confidence upon the strength of which he was selected, the majority would have the authority to remove him and select a successor. That the legislature thus treated the chairmanship as a merely honorary position, the occupant of which is subject to control by the majority, holds the position at the will of the majority, performs, without compensation, whatever duties are assigned to him by the majority, and is without public power and authority independently of his office as a member of the board, is fairly conclusive evidence that it was not the intention of the legislature to create an independent public office.
Out conclusion is that the chairmanship of the board of railroad commissioners is not a public office, and therefore this proceeding cannot be.maintained.
This demurrer is sustained and the complaint is dismissed.
Dismissed.
Mr. Chief Justice Brantly and Mr. Justice Sanner concur.