Harlan, J.
The court will dispose of these three eases together because [541] the legal questions raised are the same in all cases, and while there is some variance in the facts they are very similar.
The action is brought by the prosecuting attorney by virtue of the act passed February 23, 1923, 110 O. L. p. 34 commonly known as the padlock law. It provides among other things that “any room, house, building,” etc.., “where intoxicating liquor is manufactured, sold, bartered, possessed or kept in violation of law, and all property occupied and used in maintaining the same, and all property designed for the unlawful manufacture of intoxicating liquor, and liquor contained therein is hereby declared to be a common nuisance.”
It provides by what officials the action may be brought, one of them being a prosecuting attorney of any county.
It provides that it shall not be necessary for the court to find that the property was being unlawfully used at the time of the hearing, and that the court may order that the room, house, or other place shall not be occupied for one year thereafter.
The petitions charge that the defendants in the respective eases were proprietors of places carried on in violation of this act, and also make the owners parties defendant, and set forth somewhat in detail th'é violations of the law alleged and prays for’the relief provided for by 'the statute. ''. ' ■' ' •
•’ 'The"answefs'deny''in'the''m'ain’the .allegations "of the'.petition, 'but áívér that aH-’-proceedifigs'’ where th'efe; viere; pléas 'of guilty íh ”tbé* éoüfit bf'ÍIC Y? Shüiei,’'’justice-'of thé'.'péaeé? were -under duress"'coercion 'and'threats practiced'upon' the''defendants by "the prohibition'officers' which induced the-pleas;of guilty..
■ They further plead that’ if at’'any-'time.there was a nuisance, it has been abated, and at the time of filing these-answers there were no "'nuisances;’ aihd further that the plaintiff' has been guilty of laches, .and that the law is unconstitutional because it attempts to substitute a proceeding' in chancery, for an .-action at law and deprivé the defendants of a right of trial by jury, and for the further reason that'it attempts-to forfeit a man’s, property as a punishment for crime.’ - -'/■ "
e^dehée''díselbsM",tMít''áitpth«'..p3aees'jdewifed-rán;'the [542] petition there had been sales to prohibition officers.
In the case against Richardson the evidence disclosed that there had been sales on two different occasions, and also the same state of facts in the case against Bowling, but in the case against Casey there had been but one sale..
All three of the defendants who were proprietors were tried before M. Y. Shuler, justice of the peace, and all pleaded guilty.
Richardson paid his own fine and also the fines of those who were charged with being his bartenders, to-wit Ollie Mitchell and Joe Richardson. Casey paid the fines and the attorney fee of Jennie Clark, who was charged with selling liquor.
In the justice’s court, all of the defendants were represented by counsel and the pleas were made with the knowledge and aequiescense of their counsel.
In the Bowling case, at the time of the first raid by the prohibition officers, the defendant Daniel Bowling was charged with resisting the' officers, and was fined therefor, although he had an explanation of his conduct on that occasion in the instant case.
In all of the cases testimony was offered by the plaintiff of the general reputation of the respective places as being places where intoxicating liquor was sold in violation of law. This evidence Avas admitted without objection except in the Richardson case. There was no evidence in contradiction of such evidence on the part of any of the defendants. The only witnesses on behalf of the defendant in the Richardson, case was Lee Richardson and Anna Maxwell, the owner of the property.
In-the Casey case, John W. Casey, and his wife, and in the Bowling case Dan Bowling and the owner of the property, Mrs. Scheben.
The court had the parties and the witnesses before it, and upon a consideration of the whole case, finds that the plaintiff proved the material allegations of the petition, and finds there was no duress or coercion practiced by the prohibition officers to cause the pleas of guilty.
Now as to the law: .
There is an absence of reported eases under this act because [543] it was so recently enacted, but its provisions follow almost literally the provisions of the National Prohibition Law known as the Volstead act, and there are several decisions by the federal courts which are very illuminating on the questions of law raised here.
First as to the constitutionality.
The Volstead Act has been held not in violation of the Constitution of the United States, 253 U. S. 350, 40 Supreme Court, 486.
The law was attacked as' unconstitutional as violating the due process of law clause, and the provision of trial by jury and the double jeopardy provision of the Constitution.
The Federal Courts which have passed upon the question, quote with approval the case of Muggler v. Kansas, 123 U. S., 623. Same decision, 8 Supreme Court, 273, which was a Kansas prohibition case. The language quoted is as follows:
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Harlan, J.
The court will dispose of these three eases together because [541] the legal questions raised are the same in all cases, and while there is some variance in the facts they are very similar.
The action is brought by the prosecuting attorney by virtue of the act passed February 23, 1923, 110 O. L. p. 34 commonly known as the padlock law. It provides among other things that “any room, house, building,” etc.., “where intoxicating liquor is manufactured, sold, bartered, possessed or kept in violation of law, and all property occupied and used in maintaining the same, and all property designed for the unlawful manufacture of intoxicating liquor, and liquor contained therein is hereby declared to be a common nuisance.”
It provides by what officials the action may be brought, one of them being a prosecuting attorney of any county.
It provides that it shall not be necessary for the court to find that the property was being unlawfully used at the time of the hearing, and that the court may order that the room, house, or other place shall not be occupied for one year thereafter.
The petitions charge that the defendants in the respective eases were proprietors of places carried on in violation of this act, and also make the owners parties defendant, and set forth somewhat in detail th'é violations of the law alleged and prays for’the relief provided for by 'the statute. ''. ' ■' ' •
•’ 'The"answefs'deny''in'the''m'ain’the .allegations "of the'.petition, 'but áívér that aH-’-proceedifigs'’ where th'efe; viere; pléas 'of guilty íh ”tbé* éoüfit bf'ÍIC Y? Shüiei,’'’justice-'of thé'.'péaeé? were -under duress"'coercion 'and'threats practiced'upon' the''defendants by "the prohibition'officers' which induced the-pleas;of guilty..
■ They further plead that’ if at’'any-'time.there was a nuisance, it has been abated, and at the time of filing these-answers there were no "'nuisances;’ aihd further that the plaintiff' has been guilty of laches, .and that the law is unconstitutional because it attempts to substitute a proceeding' in chancery, for an .-action at law and deprivé the defendants of a right of trial by jury, and for the further reason that'it attempts-to forfeit a man’s, property as a punishment for crime.’ - -'/■ "
e^dehée''díselbsM",tMít''áitpth«'..p3aees'jdewifed-rán;'the [542] petition there had been sales to prohibition officers.
In the case against Richardson the evidence disclosed that there had been sales on two different occasions, and also the same state of facts in the case against Bowling, but in the case against Casey there had been but one sale..
All three of the defendants who were proprietors were tried before M. Y. Shuler, justice of the peace, and all pleaded guilty.
Richardson paid his own fine and also the fines of those who were charged with being his bartenders, to-wit Ollie Mitchell and Joe Richardson. Casey paid the fines and the attorney fee of Jennie Clark, who was charged with selling liquor.
In the justice’s court, all of the defendants were represented by counsel and the pleas were made with the knowledge and aequiescense of their counsel.
In the Bowling case, at the time of the first raid by the prohibition officers, the defendant Daniel Bowling was charged with resisting the' officers, and was fined therefor, although he had an explanation of his conduct on that occasion in the instant case.
In all of the cases testimony was offered by the plaintiff of the general reputation of the respective places as being places where intoxicating liquor was sold in violation of law. This evidence Avas admitted without objection except in the Richardson case. There was no evidence in contradiction of such evidence on the part of any of the defendants. The only witnesses on behalf of the defendant in the Richardson, case was Lee Richardson and Anna Maxwell, the owner of the property.
In-the Casey case, John W. Casey, and his wife, and in the Bowling case Dan Bowling and the owner of the property, Mrs. Scheben.
The court had the parties and the witnesses before it, and upon a consideration of the whole case, finds that the plaintiff proved the material allegations of the petition, and finds there was no duress or coercion practiced by the prohibition officers to cause the pleas of guilty.
Now as to the law: .
There is an absence of reported eases under this act because [543] it was so recently enacted, but its provisions follow almost literally the provisions of the National Prohibition Law known as the Volstead act, and there are several decisions by the federal courts which are very illuminating on the questions of law raised here.
First as to the constitutionality.
The Volstead Act has been held not in violation of the Constitution of the United States, 253 U. S. 350, 40 Supreme Court, 486.
The law was attacked as' unconstitutional as violating the due process of law clause, and the provision of trial by jury and the double jeopardy provision of the Constitution.
The Federal Courts which have passed upon the question, quote with approval the case of Muggler v. Kansas, 123 U. S., 623. Same decision, 8 Supreme Court, 273, which was a Kansas prohibition case. The language quoted is as follows:
"The state having authority to prohibit the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors for other than medical, scientific, and mechanical purposes, we do not doubt her power to declare that any place kept and maintained for the illegal manufacture and sale of such liquors, shall be deemed a common nuisance, and be abated, and at the same time, to provide for the indictment and trial of the offender. One _ is a proceeding against the property used and forbidden purposes' while the other is for the punishment of the offender. * * * In regard to public nuisances, Mr. Justice Story says, ‘the jurisdiction of courts of equity seems to be of very ancient date, and has been distinctly traced back to the reign of Queen Elizabeth. * * * In case of public nuisances, properly so called, an indictment lies to abate them, and to punish the offenders. But an information, also, lies in equity to redress the grievance by way of injunction.’ 2 Story Eq. Sec. 921, 922. The ground of this jurisdiction in cases of purpresture, as well as of public nuisance, is the ability of courts of equity to give a more speedy, effectual and permanent remedy, than can be had at law. They can not only prevent nuisances that are threatened, and before irreparable mischief ensues, but arrest or abate those in progress, and by perpetual injunction, protect the public against them in the future; whereas courts of law can only reach existing nuisances) leaving fuíüre acts to be the subject of new prosecutions on proceedings. This is a [544] salutary' jurisdiction, especially where a nuisance affects the health, morals, or safety of the community. Though not frequently exercised, the power undoubtedly exists in courts of equity thus to protect the public against injury. * * * As to the objection that the statute makes no provision for a jury trial in eases like this one, it is sufficient to say that such a mode of trial is not required, in suits of equity brought to abate a public nuisance.”
See also In re Bieber, 283 Fed., 857; Lewinsohn v. U. S., 278, Fed. 421; U. S. v. Reisenweber et al, 288 Fed., 520.
. Where the questions raised in the instant case aré all fully discussed and decided, and it has been uniformly held that the national act, after which the Ohio act is so closely modeled, does not violate the provision of the Constitution.
. However, it was decided by the Supreme Court of Ohio’ in Miller v. State, 3 O. S., p. 475, that:
./‘No conviction shall work a forfeiture of estate, and hence there is no power to deprive a man of the use of his property .unless it be necessary in order to abate an existing nuisance.”
./.But the Ohio law contains a provision evidently aimed to •overcome the decision quoted. That provision reads as follows:
/'. “It.shall not be necessary for the court to find the property ’involved' was being unlawfully used as aforesaid at the time'of 'the. hearing.” . /.'... , . '/ 7 " .. • r' "/
‘./•The. Legislature undpubte.dly/'had the/right' tcí-'-definé 'what .constitutes, a nuisance, and if it saw fit to prescribe such/ a state' of -facts as one of the conditions; it was certainly within .its right 'in; so doing. - • •
•'■■ Furthermore/ the 'contention of the prosecuting -attorney 'on this "pfimt "has great, weight, when he points'out that there ,never .could ;b.e. a.n abatement of such nuisance if the defehdant .would'-be-.allowed to come into court and.claim thát he'-had reformed; and- discharged his-'bar-keepers, etc. .But.the court ,;wbiild'be'-'justified 'in' -judging them by their former, conduct.....
1 fAl a aL á — Va a a nii 1 w O /! Qj T"l a! cl *1 ■ were [545] or are habitually sold in violation of the act, and that a single sale does not make the place a nuisance.
The court has carefully read all the provisions of the act of 1854, and with all due respect to the learned court, this court can not see what there was in that act that required that sales were habitually made in violation of that act. This court prefers to follow the cases under the National act of which Singer v. U. S., 288 Fed. 695 is an example. The first syllabus reading as follows:
“The test of a nuisance under the National Prohibition Act is not the number of sales or the length of time liquor is kept on the premises, but whether the place is maintained for the keeping and selling of liquor in the sense of the statute, and other essentials being present a single sale mav establish the fact.” See also 278 Fed., 659 and 421; 279 Fed. 107; 289 Fed. 249.
It is further contended that the plaintiff was guilty of laches in that'85 days had elapsed from the time of the first raid.
Laches is an important doctrine in equity, but when it is raised by a confessed law breaker in defense of an action brought by an officer of the law because of the violation of law, it does not commend itself to the court.
Entries may be prepared decreeing the places described in the petition as nuisances, and that they shall not be occupied or used for the period of one year.