Ilslbv, J.
t>n the 14th May, 1865, the Sixth District Court of New Orleans granted its mandate, ordering Stanislas 'Wrotnowsld, secretary of state, to affix his official signature and the seal of his office to the commission signed and issued by James Madison Wells, Governor of the State of Louisiana, under date of 1st May, 1865; or, in default thereof, that the said Wrotnowsld show cause to the contrary, on Monday, the 11th May, 1865.
On the day last mentioned, Wrotnowsld excepted to the petition of the relators, on the following grounds :
1. That there was a misjoinder of parties, relators, in said case.
2. That the petition shows no interest in, or cause of action, on the part of either relator.
3. That the petition does not set forth and state such a case as would authorize the court to issue a mandamus.
This exception was properly overruled by the lower court.
On the 18th of the same month, Wrotnowsld filed his answer to the relator’s petition, and therein averred for reason why a peremptory mandamus should not be issued, against him, as prayed for by the relators, that the, commission referred .to in tlie said petition- was utterly null' and void, and of no force, effect or validity whatever,- because attempted to be issued, by the. governor without any warrant of law for so doing,-and irir direct violation.of the constitution.and laws of .the.State“that lie can not' [159]*159be compelled to lend the sanction of bis'name as secretary of state, by countersigning sucb illegal commision and affixing the great seal of state thereto; that the office of sheriff of the parish of Orleans has been held since March 16, 1864, and is now held, under a commission issued in pursuance of the laws and constitution of the State of Louisiana, by Alfred Shaw, which commission does not expire until the next' regular election for sheriff, and that the governor is without any authority to supercede the said Shaw, as sheriff aforesaid, by the appointment of the relator, and he prayed that the application of the relators for a peremptory mandamus be refused.
This answer contains all the reasons why Wrotnowski refused to authenticate, with his official signature and seal, the commission issued in favor of the relator, C. Bienvenu.
Previous to the filing of 'this answer, Alfred Shaw, by permission of the court, intervened in the proceeding, setting forth substantially the same grounds as those subsequently urged by the secretary of state, and praying- for the same relief; and further averred, in order to vest this court with jurisdiction, that his interest in the controversy exceeded the sum of three hundred dollars; which fact, by a supplemental answer, was also averred by Wrotnowski.
The relators mo^ed to dismiss the petition of intervention, because Shaw showed not the least right to intervene in the case pending, and this motion was reserved and overruled in the final judgment rendered by the court below.
Mandamus is, necessarily, a summary proceeding; and it is very questionable whether, in such a case, the interventions of third persons can be legally entertained, obstructing, as they must, therein the avenues of justice; particularly, too, in a case involving, like this one, grave and important questions of great public interest.
The late court, in Ckam'diss v. Atohinson, 2 A. 490, in a summary proceeding, pronounced an intervention a derogation of common right, unauthorized by law. In Tapping on Mandamus, referred to by defendants (3 Law Lib. 6th series, 350, 302), it is said: “The court will, in general, allow all those against whom the rule nisi has been granted, or upon whom it has been served, or have had notice, or are legally, interested in the question, to show cause.” The term, in general, presumes exceptional cases excluded from the rule, and one like this would fall within the exception, if such a rule had any binding effect on the courts of this Sl;ate, which is controlled by its own rules of practice, by which 'interventions are permitted in ordinary suits, but not in summary proceedings.
It 'is not, however, necessary to pass now on that point, because it is immaterial who figure as parties herein, as there is but one issue on which the question must be decided.
Divested of all extraneous, superfluous and' irrelevant surroundings, what is the real question to be solved ? We apprehend' it to be this : Is the secretary of state, under the constitution and laws of the State of Louisiana, a mere ministerial officer, as regards the authorization by him of official acts; or is he, under the constitution and laws, vested with a discretionary and supervisory power, which enables him, before executing the functions by law imposed on him in this particular, to judge tor [160]*160himself whether such official acts as need bis ministry are constitutional or unconstitutional, legal or illegal, and to affix or -withhold from such acts, at his option, according to his discretion, his official signature and the impress of the great seal of the State ?
If the first of these theories, which is the one contended for by the re-lators, be the correct one, then the remedy prayed for by them should be accorded. But, if the issuing of the writ would not be consonant with right and justice, or would serve no just or useful purpose, the mandate should not be granted. '
We have been greatly assisted in the investigation of the very important and interesting questions submitted for our decision by the elaborate researches and the able arguments of counsel representing the different parties litigant.
The first question, the one that lies at the foundation of this controversy, and which, in its order, should be first considered, is whether the secretary of state could legally go behind the commission issued by the governor, in due form', to Bienvenu, and examine into the facts upon which the executive action was predicated ?
To this end, we must examine our own laws, in preference to those of other States, to ascertain what are the duties that devolve by law on the secretary of state. He is a constitutional officei’, as are the treasurer, the auditor and sheriffs; and he belongs to the executive branch of the government. See Art. 62, tit. 1, Constitution of Louisiana.
His duties are defined by law. Art. 62; g 1 Const. See acts of 1855, Ho. 273 and No. 281, which latter statute enacts that there shall be a public seal, for authenticating the acts of the government, and that the secretary of state shall be the keeper, and shall affix this public seal to all official acts, the laws alone excepted. See sections 1 and 2.
The law is imperative in its command. The secretary of state s/Wlaffix the public seal to all official acts.
It becomes, then, important that the word official should be clearly defined. Is it necessarily used in a sense synonymous with the word legal ? Is the ingredient of legality an essential concomitant in defining the word official?
It is laid down, in Article 14 of the Civil Code, that the words of a law are generally to be understood in their most known and usual signification; without attending so much to the niceties of grammar, as to the general popular use of words.
Beferenee, then, must be had to the lexicographers for the general and popular use of the word official.
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Ilslbv, J.
t>n the 14th May, 1865, the Sixth District Court of New Orleans granted its mandate, ordering Stanislas 'Wrotnowsld, secretary of state, to affix his official signature and the seal of his office to the commission signed and issued by James Madison Wells, Governor of the State of Louisiana, under date of 1st May, 1865; or, in default thereof, that the said Wrotnowsld show cause to the contrary, on Monday, the 11th May, 1865.
On the day last mentioned, Wrotnowsld excepted to the petition of the relators, on the following grounds :
1. That there was a misjoinder of parties, relators, in said case.
2. That the petition shows no interest in, or cause of action, on the part of either relator.
3. That the petition does not set forth and state such a case as would authorize the court to issue a mandamus.
This exception was properly overruled by the lower court.
On the 18th of the same month, Wrotnowsld filed his answer to the relator’s petition, and therein averred for reason why a peremptory mandamus should not be issued, against him, as prayed for by the relators, that the, commission referred .to in tlie said petition- was utterly null' and void, and of no force, effect or validity whatever,- because attempted to be issued, by the. governor without any warrant of law for so doing,-and irir direct violation.of the constitution.and laws of .the.State“that lie can not' [159]*159be compelled to lend the sanction of bis'name as secretary of state, by countersigning sucb illegal commision and affixing the great seal of state thereto; that the office of sheriff of the parish of Orleans has been held since March 16, 1864, and is now held, under a commission issued in pursuance of the laws and constitution of the State of Louisiana, by Alfred Shaw, which commission does not expire until the next' regular election for sheriff, and that the governor is without any authority to supercede the said Shaw, as sheriff aforesaid, by the appointment of the relator, and he prayed that the application of the relators for a peremptory mandamus be refused.
This answer contains all the reasons why Wrotnowski refused to authenticate, with his official signature and seal, the commission issued in favor of the relator, C. Bienvenu.
Previous to the filing of 'this answer, Alfred Shaw, by permission of the court, intervened in the proceeding, setting forth substantially the same grounds as those subsequently urged by the secretary of state, and praying- for the same relief; and further averred, in order to vest this court with jurisdiction, that his interest in the controversy exceeded the sum of three hundred dollars; which fact, by a supplemental answer, was also averred by Wrotnowski.
The relators mo^ed to dismiss the petition of intervention, because Shaw showed not the least right to intervene in the case pending, and this motion was reserved and overruled in the final judgment rendered by the court below.
Mandamus is, necessarily, a summary proceeding; and it is very questionable whether, in such a case, the interventions of third persons can be legally entertained, obstructing, as they must, therein the avenues of justice; particularly, too, in a case involving, like this one, grave and important questions of great public interest.
The late court, in Ckam'diss v. Atohinson, 2 A. 490, in a summary proceeding, pronounced an intervention a derogation of common right, unauthorized by law. In Tapping on Mandamus, referred to by defendants (3 Law Lib. 6th series, 350, 302), it is said: “The court will, in general, allow all those against whom the rule nisi has been granted, or upon whom it has been served, or have had notice, or are legally, interested in the question, to show cause.” The term, in general, presumes exceptional cases excluded from the rule, and one like this would fall within the exception, if such a rule had any binding effect on the courts of this Sl;ate, which is controlled by its own rules of practice, by which 'interventions are permitted in ordinary suits, but not in summary proceedings.
It 'is not, however, necessary to pass now on that point, because it is immaterial who figure as parties herein, as there is but one issue on which the question must be decided.
Divested of all extraneous, superfluous and' irrelevant surroundings, what is the real question to be solved ? We apprehend' it to be this : Is the secretary of state, under the constitution and laws of the State of Louisiana, a mere ministerial officer, as regards the authorization by him of official acts; or is he, under the constitution and laws, vested with a discretionary and supervisory power, which enables him, before executing the functions by law imposed on him in this particular, to judge tor [160]*160himself whether such official acts as need bis ministry are constitutional or unconstitutional, legal or illegal, and to affix or -withhold from such acts, at his option, according to his discretion, his official signature and the impress of the great seal of the State ?
If the first of these theories, which is the one contended for by the re-lators, be the correct one, then the remedy prayed for by them should be accorded. But, if the issuing of the writ would not be consonant with right and justice, or would serve no just or useful purpose, the mandate should not be granted. '
We have been greatly assisted in the investigation of the very important and interesting questions submitted for our decision by the elaborate researches and the able arguments of counsel representing the different parties litigant.
The first question, the one that lies at the foundation of this controversy, and which, in its order, should be first considered, is whether the secretary of state could legally go behind the commission issued by the governor, in due form', to Bienvenu, and examine into the facts upon which the executive action was predicated ?
To this end, we must examine our own laws, in preference to those of other States, to ascertain what are the duties that devolve by law on the secretary of state. He is a constitutional officei’, as are the treasurer, the auditor and sheriffs; and he belongs to the executive branch of the government. See Art. 62, tit. 1, Constitution of Louisiana.
His duties are defined by law. Art. 62; g 1 Const. See acts of 1855, Ho. 273 and No. 281, which latter statute enacts that there shall be a public seal, for authenticating the acts of the government, and that the secretary of state shall be the keeper, and shall affix this public seal to all official acts, the laws alone excepted. See sections 1 and 2.
The law is imperative in its command. The secretary of state s/Wlaffix the public seal to all official acts.
It becomes, then, important that the word official should be clearly defined. Is it necessarily used in a sense synonymous with the word legal ? Is the ingredient of legality an essential concomitant in defining the word official?
It is laid down, in Article 14 of the Civil Code, that the words of a law are generally to be understood in their most known and usual signification; without attending so much to the niceties of grammar, as to the general popular use of words.
Beferenee, then, must be had to the lexicographers for the general and popular use of the word official.
The best, most approved and popular English dictionaries extant are those of Worcester and of Webster, and these both concur in the signification and meaning of the word, in its English sense, regardless of the definitions of the same word in other languages. “Official,” says these authors, means “derived from the proper officer, or from the proper authority, made or communicated by virtue of authority.”
News, though derived from official sources, may be untrue. If the authority is a competent one, all acts done by it are official acts. The issuing of a patent for land is an official act, and yet nothing may be conveyed by it, for want of title in the grantor.
[161]*161The signing of a commission by the governor of the State is an official duty imposed on him by the constitution; it emanates from the executive authority, and is issued from the proper office. Art. 66 tit. 4 Const.
The governor is by the constitution vested with the exclusive power to make some, and, under certain eontingences, other official appointments, and such appointments are official acts. • Arts. 54 and 55, tit. 4 Const.
He must determine for himself from information communicated to him, when appointments become necessary; but he is under no legal obligation to communicate either to the secretary of state, or to any one else, upon what information he acts.
The secretary of state is not to suspend his action to enquire why and wherefore any appointment by the governor is made.
His duty is plain: he is not directed,, but ordered by law, to perform it. When commissions from the governor need authentication, he shall affix his official signature and the public seal of state, for these are official acts. Whatever improvidence or illegality there may be in the issuing of commissions, that concerns not him. His authenticating any official act can never compromit him; for he has no discretion to exercise regarding it.
It is the duty of the governor to fill vacancies. In elective offices he cannot remove an incumbent; but the appointment to fill a vacancy does not operate a removal of the previous incumbe'nt, because no removal can so be made; the office is vacant, or it is not vacant; if it is vacant, it is properly filled by the last appointment; if it is not vacant, the first incumbent cannot be disturbed. What injury, then, could by any possibility result to the first incumbent by the new appointment, if it were illegally made. It would be to him damnum absque injuria.
Were this right of supervision, which is almost equivalent to a veto power, in the secretary of state, as it is seriouslycontendeditis, it would, indeed, produce startling consequences. The secretary of state eouLd paralyze at will constitutional appointments made by the executive. He, and not the governor, would control appointments or nullify them; and this, indeed, according to the doctrine of the intervenor’s counsel, is what the'constitution contemplated ! By way of illustration, one of his counsel depicts the evil which would flow from reposing too much power in the executive, who, if he were despotically inclined, might, if he were unchecked by the secretary of state, appoint a new set of judges to contest the seats on this bench of the present constitutional incumbents. Such an event, it is true, would not be beyond the reach of possibility; but what injury could result from such illegal executive action ? But, reverse this case,- and suppose that the secretary of state, in the exercise of his pretended discretion, had refused to authenticate the commissions of the present incumbents, what legal means, without a supreme court, would exist of ascertaining, in the last resort, the legality of such a refusal ? and how could this very case now before us have been finally disposed of ?
Another example, by way of illustration, suggested by the relator’s counsel, to show the impolicy of any such controlling power in the hands of the secretary of state, is not altogether inappropriate:
A criminal, on the eve of execution, is reprieved by the executive'; but [162]*162the official act of reprieve needs authentication, at the hands of the seere— tary of state, who, in the exercise of his discretion, withholds it.
This discretionary power, so fatally exercised, might be eventually ig- - nore<J by the courts ; but, in the interval, the culprit is hung.
If illustrations like these, although presented by counsel in argument, are out of place here, they may have and probablydid present themselves to the legislative mind, when the secretary of state was ordered to authenticate all official acts.
The counsel for the defendants placed great reliance on a decision rendered by the Supreme Court of Illinois, in the case of The People on the relation of Wm. L. D. Ewing v. Forquer, reported, in the 1st vol. of Breese’s Illinois Reports, p. 68.
An extract from that decision will suffice to show what was the point therein at issue. It was on a motion for a mandamus on the relation of Wm. D. Ewing, who took out a rule on the secretary of state, requiring him to show cause why a mandamus should not be awarded against him, requiring him to countersign and seal a commission appointing the relator paymaster-general of the state.
The judge who delivered the opinion said: ‘1 The office had been vacant since 1821, and yet, I am not aware that any complaint had ever been made. I therefore come to the conclusion that the lieutenant-governor, admitting him fully clothed with all the functions of governor, had not the constitutional power to fill the vacancy in the office of paymaster-general. This conclusion would seem to settle the question whether the mandamus ought to be awarded or not. But the relator’s counsel contended, in the argument, that whether the Heutenant-governor had the constitutional right or not to make the appointment, still, the secretary was compelled to countersign the commission and affix the seal.
Can this proposition be sustained ?
By the 4th section of the act, defining the duties of secretary of state, it is enacted: “That all commissions required by law to be issued by the governor, shall be countersigned by the secretary of state. ” Had the legislature intended to require the secretary to countersign every commission that the governor should present to him, whether authorized by the law or the constitution, its phraseology would have been that the secretary should countersign every commission presented to him by the governor. The secretary-is, however, only required to countersign those commissions required to be issued by law. Must he then look into the law to see if the commission is required by law ? Would he bo required to sign a commission for an office that does not exist ?
The secretary of state is a constitutional officer, as well as the governor, and his duties are pointed out by law. I think he may refuse to sanction an unconstitutional or illegal act. Should I, however, be wrong in this opinion, still the court might well doubt the propriety of granting' a mandamus. If the lieutenant-governor had not the power to make the appointment, what benefit would the relator derive from possessing the commission; although duly signed and sealed, would it confer the office on him ? I think not. But if any doubt rests on the subject, the court ought not to grant the mandamus.”
[163]*163W '6 are at a lostí to perceive what analogy exists between this Illinois case and the one now before ns.
In the former ease, a legal discretion was vested in the secretary of state. - He was to authenticate all commissions required by law; not dll official ¡acts, and this is, in effect, what constituted the discretion vested in that (officer..
The . Lmguage and phraseology, says the court, would, to divest him of discreti on, have applied to every commission presented to him by the governo
The st atóte of this state requires the secretary to authenticate all official acts; am I commissions signed by the governor appointing sheriffs, are, to all int. sots and purposes, official acts ; and, being embraced in the com-prehensh 'se term.a/1, that word is equivalant to the word every, which was needed in tee Illinois statutes to divest the secretary of 'state there of his discretion.
This court does not entertain any doubt whatever as to the practical construction of our statute, nor of the nature of the duty of the secretary of state to give it effect. He cannot go behind commissions officially presented to him for authentication.
There is a case in 12 An. p. 719 : The State on the relation of Vienne v. S. M. Hyams, on an application for a mandamus, involving a contest between an old sheriff and a newly elected one, and the court expressed therein the unanimous opinion, that it could not go behind the commission to examine the proof upon which the governor acted in issuing the relator’s commission, and to reverse his decision.
When two commissions duly authenticated for the same office are extant, and it becomes necessary to determine which of the two appointees is legally entitled to the office, that issue, presented in a proper manner and at the proper time, can be entertained by the courts; but the courts will not inquisitively seek to know upon what evidence the executive acted in the performance of a constitutional duty, at all events in advance of the consummation of an official act.
This is not a proceeding in which the right to the office of sheriff, as between the conflicting claimants, is directly involved. We do not deem that question properly before us, and we decide now nothing in regard to it.
It will be time enough to do this whenever such a case is presented for judicial investigation.
A great many authorities have been referred to by the defendant»’ (counsel to show that no useful purpose could be attained by granting the mandamus to the relator; and this involves the second branch of the ■question which we propose to solve.
There is no legal means of ascertaining upon what information or evidence the governor acted in appointing Bienvenu to the office of sheriff.
Such an appointment might, in a certain contingency, have been legally made by the executive. If a vacancy occurred it was his duty to make the appointment.
Having made it, he is presumed, as a sworn officer, to have done his duty till the contrary is shown.
[164]*164Bat, it is contended that the first incumbent occupies the office under a legal commission, and that, consequently, there is no vacancy.
But does this necessarily follow ?
Suppose, for instance, that, when Bienvenu was appointed, the governor had in his possession Shaw’s resignation, which, accepted by him officially, would certainly have created a vacancy; Shaw’s commission would still be held by him, because there is no law requiring him to part with it, and he could still be performing the duties of the office under the legal requirement (see Act No. 289, 1856, $2), until his successor was inducted into office.
Evidence like this, therefore, does not suffice to destroy the presumption of legality which flow's from the performance of an official act, done by the highest executive officer of the State. And, as held in 12 A. p. 79, the court would not go behind the commission to enquire into the evidence on which it was issued.
It is the unanimous opinion of this court that neither the secretary of state nor the intervenor has shown any valid and legal reasons why the former should not authenticate the commission issued by the governor in favor of Charles Bienvenu; and that a mandamus is the proper remedy to oblige him to perform his duty in this particular. See Code of Practice, 829 and 832. Hammerick v. Hunter, 14 A. 225. Parker v. Robertson, 14 A. 249. As a matter of public policy, a useful purpose may be subserved by the issuing of a mandamus in this case. It may happily be that the performance of the duty imposed on the secretary of state will not confer on the relator any legal right to the office of sheriff; but this is no reason why the secretary of state should attempt to exercise discretionary powers where the law' confers none on him, but, on the contrary, imperatively orders him to do the act required of him.
The judgment of the lower court must be reversed.
It is therefore ordered, adjudged and decreed, that the judgment of the lower court in this case be annulled, avoided and reversed, and proceeding to give such judgment, as should have been given by the court below, it is ordered, adjudged and 'decreed, that a writ of peremptory mandamus issue, in the name, of the State of Louisiana 'to Stanislas Wrotnowsld, Secretary of State of Louisiana, directing him to affix his official signature and the public seal of the State to the commission signed and issued by James Madison Wells, Governor of the State of Louisiana, on the first day of May, in the year one thousand eight hundred and sixty-five, nominating and appointing Charles Bienvenu, Esq., sheriff in and for the parish of Orleans; and it is further ordered, that the defendant, Stanislas Wrotnowsld, pay the costs in both courts.