Bond, J.
In April, 1896, the plaintiff purchased a ticket for transportation from Webster Oro ves to St. Louis, over defendant’s railway, paying therefor the regular price of thirty cents. He exhibited this ticket to the station agent, ¡tendering at the same time an unboxed and unguarded bicycle, weighing thirty pounds, and demanded that the latter should be accepted as ordinary baggage and carried upon the same train upon which he took passage. This was refused by the agent in obedience to a rule adopted by defendant on December 1, 1895, fixing a special charge for the transportation over its railway of‘ ‘bicycles, tricycles andbaby carriages,” and excluding all of these from the category of ordinary baggage. To test the validity of this rule, plaintiff sued out a writ of mandamus under the statutes prescribing the rates to be charged by railroads in this state for the carriage of persons with ordinary baggage not exceeding one hundred pounds and requiring the checking of such baggage. The petition for the writ describes the construction and weight of the bicycle, and avers that it is taken on trains by users for “recreation and locomotion” at the end of their journey; that it can be conveniently carried in a baggage car; alleges [389]*389that it is ordinary baggage, and that defendant’s rule against carrying it as such is contrary to law. The return “admits that a bicycle ordinarily consists of a slender frame of steel tubing and two wheels, one behind the other, each wheel not ordinarily exceeding twenty-eight inches in diameter, and that such machines have a total length of about seventy inches, and weigh from twenty to thirty-five pounds, but denies that such a machine can be conveniently carried as baggage in a baggage car. On the contrary avers that an ordinary bicycle has a height of about thirty-eight inches, and that the width of the pedals is about twelve inches, and the width of the handle bar about eighteen inches; that a bicycle in a vehicle which has no base, except the hollow rubber tires, about two inches in width, which renders it impossible for it to stand upright in a perpendicular position without some support.” The return further states that bicycles can not be safely carried, unless boxed or guarded, owing to their delicate mechanism and otherwise exposed condition. It alleges that they are not personal baggage and relies upon the legality of defendant’s rule prescribing terms for their carriage. On the trial a peremptory writ was awarded, from which defendant has appealed.
liability of for bicycles as ordinary baggage. The right to the carriage of his ordinary or personal baggage as a part of the consideration paid by a traveler for his own transportation, sprang originally from such concessions made by the carrier for the purpose ox attracting travel over ms line, Once established, the custom soon became . , . , . , . , , „ universal and ripened into a right enforcible under the common law. In this and many other states it has received legislative sanction and definition. Under our statutes the charges of the carrier for transportation are fixed by law and are required to include [390]*390the carriage of one hundred pounds of “ordinary baggage7’ and its proper checking. R. S. 1889, secs. 2673-2606. To solve the question presented by this appeal, it is therefore necessary to determine what is meant by the term, “ordinary baggage,” and whether the bicycle tendered the defendant belonged to this class. Ordinary baggage is made up of two elements. First, certain things which may become such; second, the bags, trunks, valises, satchels, packages or other receptacles in which these things are to be put before they can be deemed baggage. . In other words, the bag or other receptacle and their contents are both necessary components of the legal idea / conveyed by the term baggage. See Century Dictionary, definition of baggage. As to the things which may become baggage when properly contained, or as to what may be called the subjects of baggage, the definitions given in the decisions and by the text writers, though necessarily wanting in explicitness from the difficulty of enumerating all the articles which may become baggage, are yet full, comprehensive and in pérfect accord in their statements of the rules of law. Probably the best definition is that of chief justice Oockbtjbn in Macrow v. Great Western Railway, 6 Q. B. (L. R.), loc. cit. 622. It is said in that case: “We hold the true rule to be, that whatever the passenger takes with him for his personal use or convenience', according to the habits of the particular class to which he belongs, either with reference to the immediate necessities or the ultimate purpose of the journey, must be considered as personal luggage.” Affirmed in Railroad v. Fraloff, 110 U. S. 24. All other things can only be taken as baggage when accepted as such by the carrier. 4 Elliott on Railroads, secs. 1646-1649; Hutchinson on Carriers, sec. 685; Hudston v. Railway, 4 Q. B. L. R. 366; [391]*391Whitmore v. Steamboat Caroline, 20 Mo. loc. cit. 518; Spooner v. Railway, 23 Mo. App. 403.
Under these rules of law can it be said that plaintiff’s bicycle should have been accepted by the defendant as ordinary baggage in the state and condition in which it was tendered! Bicycles were invented as* early as 1819. 3 Encyclopedia of Britannica, p. 575; Century Dictionary, definition and cut of velocipede. The form in which they were first made resembles their general appearance to-day, the material difference being in the manner of propulsion. At first they were driven by striking the feet of the rider against the ground. Now they are propelled by the action of the feet of the rider upon pedals attached to a crank over which a chain runs connecting the rear wheel. In 1869 the present principle of locomotion was adopted. At that time the relative size of the two wheels was changed, so that one was many times larger than the other. Now, however, the change in the size of the wheels has been abandoned and the original equality in that respect restored. When first used they were termed velocipedes. Shortly afterward the term bicycle was universally adopted. Both terms are treated as convertible by the lexicographers and are defined as “a light vehicle or carriage. ” Century Dictionary, Worcester’s Dictionary (Supplement),Webster’s International Dictionary, definitions of velocipede and bicycle.' So in cases involving the use of streets, the payment of tolls, and liability for negligence, bicycles are uniformly held to be vehicles or carriages. Mercer v. Corbin, 3 L. R. A. (Ind.) 221; Thompson v. Dodge, 28 L. R. A. (Minn.) p. 608; Geiger v. Turnpike Road, 28 L. R. A. (Pa.) 458; Com. v. Forrest, 29 L. R. A. (Pa.) 365; Twilley v. Perkins, 19 L. R. A. (Md.) p. 632, and notes. This consensus of authority establishes that the locomotive machine known as a bicycle belongs to [392]*392the genus vehicle or carriage. Taking plaintiff’s as a type of the bicycle of to-day (and leaving out of view for the moment the fact that it was unpacked and unprotected when tendered to defendant), was it a thing comprehended within the definition of personal or ordinary baggage? Of course, it had no utility during the trip. It is claimed, however, that it was convenient and useful at the end of the journey as a method of further locomotion. Conceding this to be true, can not the same be said, and with equal truth, of every other form of a vehicle or carriage which the traveler might be able to own.
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Bond, J.
In April, 1896, the plaintiff purchased a ticket for transportation from Webster Oro ves to St. Louis, over defendant’s railway, paying therefor the regular price of thirty cents. He exhibited this ticket to the station agent, ¡tendering at the same time an unboxed and unguarded bicycle, weighing thirty pounds, and demanded that the latter should be accepted as ordinary baggage and carried upon the same train upon which he took passage. This was refused by the agent in obedience to a rule adopted by defendant on December 1, 1895, fixing a special charge for the transportation over its railway of‘ ‘bicycles, tricycles andbaby carriages,” and excluding all of these from the category of ordinary baggage. To test the validity of this rule, plaintiff sued out a writ of mandamus under the statutes prescribing the rates to be charged by railroads in this state for the carriage of persons with ordinary baggage not exceeding one hundred pounds and requiring the checking of such baggage. The petition for the writ describes the construction and weight of the bicycle, and avers that it is taken on trains by users for “recreation and locomotion” at the end of their journey; that it can be conveniently carried in a baggage car; alleges [389]*389that it is ordinary baggage, and that defendant’s rule against carrying it as such is contrary to law. The return “admits that a bicycle ordinarily consists of a slender frame of steel tubing and two wheels, one behind the other, each wheel not ordinarily exceeding twenty-eight inches in diameter, and that such machines have a total length of about seventy inches, and weigh from twenty to thirty-five pounds, but denies that such a machine can be conveniently carried as baggage in a baggage car. On the contrary avers that an ordinary bicycle has a height of about thirty-eight inches, and that the width of the pedals is about twelve inches, and the width of the handle bar about eighteen inches; that a bicycle in a vehicle which has no base, except the hollow rubber tires, about two inches in width, which renders it impossible for it to stand upright in a perpendicular position without some support.” The return further states that bicycles can not be safely carried, unless boxed or guarded, owing to their delicate mechanism and otherwise exposed condition. It alleges that they are not personal baggage and relies upon the legality of defendant’s rule prescribing terms for their carriage. On the trial a peremptory writ was awarded, from which defendant has appealed.
liability of for bicycles as ordinary baggage. The right to the carriage of his ordinary or personal baggage as a part of the consideration paid by a traveler for his own transportation, sprang originally from such concessions made by the carrier for the purpose ox attracting travel over ms line, Once established, the custom soon became . , . , . , . , , „ universal and ripened into a right enforcible under the common law. In this and many other states it has received legislative sanction and definition. Under our statutes the charges of the carrier for transportation are fixed by law and are required to include [390]*390the carriage of one hundred pounds of “ordinary baggage7’ and its proper checking. R. S. 1889, secs. 2673-2606. To solve the question presented by this appeal, it is therefore necessary to determine what is meant by the term, “ordinary baggage,” and whether the bicycle tendered the defendant belonged to this class. Ordinary baggage is made up of two elements. First, certain things which may become such; second, the bags, trunks, valises, satchels, packages or other receptacles in which these things are to be put before they can be deemed baggage. . In other words, the bag or other receptacle and their contents are both necessary components of the legal idea / conveyed by the term baggage. See Century Dictionary, definition of baggage. As to the things which may become baggage when properly contained, or as to what may be called the subjects of baggage, the definitions given in the decisions and by the text writers, though necessarily wanting in explicitness from the difficulty of enumerating all the articles which may become baggage, are yet full, comprehensive and in pérfect accord in their statements of the rules of law. Probably the best definition is that of chief justice Oockbtjbn in Macrow v. Great Western Railway, 6 Q. B. (L. R.), loc. cit. 622. It is said in that case: “We hold the true rule to be, that whatever the passenger takes with him for his personal use or convenience', according to the habits of the particular class to which he belongs, either with reference to the immediate necessities or the ultimate purpose of the journey, must be considered as personal luggage.” Affirmed in Railroad v. Fraloff, 110 U. S. 24. All other things can only be taken as baggage when accepted as such by the carrier. 4 Elliott on Railroads, secs. 1646-1649; Hutchinson on Carriers, sec. 685; Hudston v. Railway, 4 Q. B. L. R. 366; [391]*391Whitmore v. Steamboat Caroline, 20 Mo. loc. cit. 518; Spooner v. Railway, 23 Mo. App. 403.
Under these rules of law can it be said that plaintiff’s bicycle should have been accepted by the defendant as ordinary baggage in the state and condition in which it was tendered! Bicycles were invented as* early as 1819. 3 Encyclopedia of Britannica, p. 575; Century Dictionary, definition and cut of velocipede. The form in which they were first made resembles their general appearance to-day, the material difference being in the manner of propulsion. At first they were driven by striking the feet of the rider against the ground. Now they are propelled by the action of the feet of the rider upon pedals attached to a crank over which a chain runs connecting the rear wheel. In 1869 the present principle of locomotion was adopted. At that time the relative size of the two wheels was changed, so that one was many times larger than the other. Now, however, the change in the size of the wheels has been abandoned and the original equality in that respect restored. When first used they were termed velocipedes. Shortly afterward the term bicycle was universally adopted. Both terms are treated as convertible by the lexicographers and are defined as “a light vehicle or carriage. ” Century Dictionary, Worcester’s Dictionary (Supplement),Webster’s International Dictionary, definitions of velocipede and bicycle.' So in cases involving the use of streets, the payment of tolls, and liability for negligence, bicycles are uniformly held to be vehicles or carriages. Mercer v. Corbin, 3 L. R. A. (Ind.) 221; Thompson v. Dodge, 28 L. R. A. (Minn.) p. 608; Geiger v. Turnpike Road, 28 L. R. A. (Pa.) 458; Com. v. Forrest, 29 L. R. A. (Pa.) 365; Twilley v. Perkins, 19 L. R. A. (Md.) p. 632, and notes. This consensus of authority establishes that the locomotive machine known as a bicycle belongs to [392]*392the genus vehicle or carriage. Taking plaintiff’s as a type of the bicycle of to-day (and leaving out of view for the moment the fact that it was unpacked and unprotected when tendered to defendant), was it a thing comprehended within the definition of personal or ordinary baggage? Of course, it had no utility during the trip. It is claimed, however, that it was convenient and useful at the end of the journey as a method of further locomotion. Conceding this to be true, can not the same be said, and with equal truth, of every other form of a vehicle or carriage which the traveler might be able to own. Some of these, as the two wheel skeleton cart used in training horses, fall within the statutory limit of one hundred pounds as to weight, and so indeed might the light single seated buggy often observed on the streets. All of these vehicles would doubtless contribute as much to the convenience and pleasure of the particular class using them at the end of a journey as bicycles would to their owners. But we have not been cited to any authority from any source holding that a carrier must receive as ordinary baggage a vehicle or carriage, however variant its form. It is clear, therefore, that other things than mere utility or convenience at the end of the journey must concur before we are justified in holding a thing, having such use only, an article of personal baggage. But it may be argued that the lesser size of the bicycle than other forms of the genus vehicle to which it belongs suffices to distinguish it from the general class and bring it within the meaning of ordinary baggage. The fault of this reasoning is that it overlooks the fact that bicycles, though lighter and smaller than other vehicles, are so delicately constructed, in the effort to secure the greatest strength compatible to the lightest weight, that their handling necessarily requires the greatest care and skill, as well as ample space to pre[393]*393vent injury by external contact. In view of these considerations the argument based on a difference in size between bicycles and other vehicles loses its force. Our opinion is, that from their nature, structure, and classification, bicycles belong to those things which are properly the subjects of freight contracts, and are not embraced in the class of things denoted by the words personal ■ or ordinary baggage.- They have been in much use both here and in England for some years. We have been wholly unable to find any precedent for a different conclusion. As a matter qf general learning we do know that bills have been introduced in the legislative bodies of the different states to make it the duty of carriers to transport them as ordinary or personal baggage. This demonstrates that, in the judgment of the profession at large, they have no right to be so considered, in the absence of an express statute. While the terms in question are flexible and may include the new uses, falling within the legitimate scope of their meaning, which arise in the growth of society, we are not warranted in giving them a new meaning so as to cover different subjects not within the principle upon which they are founded. To do this would be judicial legislation.
Another view of this case presents an insurmountable obstacle to the relief asked. The bicycle was. neither boxed, packed, nor guarded in any way when plaintiff demanded its reception as baggage. The law does not recognize as baggage the things contained, as discerpted from the bag, box, trunk; boxing case or receptacle which contains them; nor is any duty cast upon the carrier to receive personal baggage until it has been placed in a condition of reasonable security for handling and transportation. Under the facts shown in this record the defendant had the absolute right to refuse to accept the bicycle tendered as per[394]*394sonal baggage (irrespective of any question as to its right to be so classed), on the ground that it was not deliverable to .him as such until it had been properly packed, crated, or otherwise protected, from the perils of handling and transportation. The result is that the judgment of the trial court in awarding a peremptory writ of mandamus was erroneous. It will therefore be reversed.
All concur.-