MR.. Justice Shields
delivered tbe opinion of tbe Conrt.
Tbe bill in this canse was brought by tbe attorney-general of tbe [judicial circuit composed of Shelby county in the name of the State, upon the relation of William Bergshicher, against Ed. F. G-race and others, composing the legislative council of the city of Memphis, under the provisions contained in Code, sections 3409-3430 (Shannon’s Code, sections-5165-5186), to recover for the relator from Ed. F. Grace the office of member of the board of supervisors and, ex officio, the legislative council of Memphis, and to enjoin him from further attempting to exercise the. functions and receiving the emoluments of the office, and the other defendants from hindering the relator in the discharge of the duties and enjoyment of the lawful emoluments of said office, to which he claims to have been-duly and lawfully elected.
Tbe facts are undisputed, and are these:
Ed. P. Grate was elected at tbe general election beld in January, 1902, for tbe election of officers for tbe city of Memphis, a member of tbe board of supervisors of that city, and, ex officio, of its legislative council, for tbe statutory term of four years. Tbe other defendants [12]*12were at the same time elected mayor and other officers of the city, and eco officio members of the legislative council, and all qualified and were inducted into office. On February 11, 1903, the defendant Ed. F. Grace presented in writing and read to the council in open session bis unconditional resignation, to take immediate effect,elaborately stating as bis reasons tberefor that bis duties to bis family and as editor of a journal required bis entire time and imperatively demanded this action. The resignation was then duly and formally accepted, and entries made upon the minutes of the council showing its action in the premises, as follows:
“At the conclusion of the reading [of the resignation], every member of the council spoke as with one voice and insisted that the resignation be withdrawn; but Mr. Grace stated that, on account of bis affairs, it was imperative that it should be accepted at once.
“Mayor Williams then addressed the council as follows:
“ £I think the best jewels in life are fidelity to trust and loyalty to friends and family. Both of these virtues Councilman Grace possessed in an eminent degree. I have always recognized in him faithful service and conscientious devotion to duty. I feel that we will have lost a brother when he goes from us.’
“Mr. Green thereupon moved, seconded by Mr. Gens-berger, that Mr. Grace’s, resignation be accepted with regret, and same carried unanimously.
“On motion of Mr. La Croix, seconded by Mr. Car-[13]*13uthers, the election of a successor to Mr. Grace’s place was postponed until the next meeting of the council.
“The council thereupon adjourned, subject to the call of the mayor.”
Thus matters stood until the next meeting of the council, held February 27, 1903, when the defendant Grace, having for reasons satisfactory to himself changed his mind, appeared before the council and requested that its action accepting his resignation be reconsidered, which was done, and the resignation rejected, whereupon he took his seat in the council and continued to act as a member of it until this proceeding was instituted. At the general election held on January 7, 1904, for the election of several officers of the city, William Bergshicher, the relator, was a candidate to fill the vacancy claimed to have been created by the resignation of Grace, and, having no opposition, received all the votes that were cast for that office, and a certificate of election was issued to him by the registration commissioners of Shelby county. He qualified as required by law, and appeared at the next meeting of the council, presented his certificate of election, and demanded to be inducted into office, which was refused upon the ground that the resignation of Grace had been withdrawn, that no vacancy existed, and that the election of relator was a nullity. Thereupon this bill was brought.
The defendant Grace, defending by answer, insisted that his resignation, having been withdrawn before' a [14]*14successor was elected and qualified, did not become effective, and that he was entitled to hold the office for the term for which he had been elected. The other defendants demurred to the bill upon the ground that there was a misjoinder of parties, and that the facts charged made no case of relief against them, which demurrer was sustained. The case was then tried upon the issues made bj the answer of Ed. P. Grace, and, the trial judge being of the opinion that the resignation of Grace, having been formally accepted by the legislative council, the authority authorized to accept it and appoint his successor, could not afterwards be withdrawn, was final, and created a vacancy, and that the relator was entitled to the relief which he sought against the defendant Grace, he so decreed.
The complainant and defendant Grace have both appealed from the portions of these ■ decrees against them, respectively, and the case is now before us upon all the questions decided by the trial court.
"We are of the opinion that there is no- error in the judgment of the circuit court sustaining the demurrer of J. J. Williams, mayor, and the other members of the council, other than Ed. F. Grace.
It is to be presumed that, when the courts have adjudged that the relator is entitled to the office which he claims, these officers will no longer interfere with or hinder him in the discharge of the duties of the office or the enjoyment of its emoluments, and in advance of .a contrary action upon their part no injunction will be [15]*15granted against them. If they should hereafter be guilty of wrong in this respect, the relator has his remedy against them, and his rights will be enforced in a proper proceeding for that purpose.
The judgment of the trial court is therefore in this respect affirmed.
The action of the court decreeing that the resignation of Ed. F. Grace was complete and final, and a vacancy created, and that the relator, having been elected to fill this vacancy and presented his certificate of election, was entitled to the office and should have been permitted to exercise its functions, discharge its duties, and enjoy its emoluments, is also without error.
The statutes under which the taxing district of Memphis was incorporated vests in the legislative council the power to fill all vacancies occurring in the elective offices of the city, the appointees to hold until the next municipal election, when an election will be made for the unexpired or full term, as the case may be. This carries with it the authority to accept the .resignation of officers resigning. That of the defendant was in proper form, unconditional, and effective from date. It was made to the proper body, and it was unconditionally and absolutely accepted. This was a final, complete, and irrevocable dissolution of the defendant’s official life under his previous election, • and he was then by these proceedings immediately divested of all the responsibilities, powers, duties, and emoluments of the office, and a vacancy created. The only [16]
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MR.. Justice Shields
delivered tbe opinion of tbe Conrt.
Tbe bill in this canse was brought by tbe attorney-general of tbe [judicial circuit composed of Shelby county in the name of the State, upon the relation of William Bergshicher, against Ed. F. G-race and others, composing the legislative council of the city of Memphis, under the provisions contained in Code, sections 3409-3430 (Shannon’s Code, sections-5165-5186), to recover for the relator from Ed. F. Grace the office of member of the board of supervisors and, ex officio, the legislative council of Memphis, and to enjoin him from further attempting to exercise the. functions and receiving the emoluments of the office, and the other defendants from hindering the relator in the discharge of the duties and enjoyment of the lawful emoluments of said office, to which he claims to have been-duly and lawfully elected.
Tbe facts are undisputed, and are these:
Ed. P. Grate was elected at tbe general election beld in January, 1902, for tbe election of officers for tbe city of Memphis, a member of tbe board of supervisors of that city, and, ex officio, of its legislative council, for tbe statutory term of four years. Tbe other defendants [12]*12were at the same time elected mayor and other officers of the city, and eco officio members of the legislative council, and all qualified and were inducted into office. On February 11, 1903, the defendant Ed. F. Grace presented in writing and read to the council in open session bis unconditional resignation, to take immediate effect,elaborately stating as bis reasons tberefor that bis duties to bis family and as editor of a journal required bis entire time and imperatively demanded this action. The resignation was then duly and formally accepted, and entries made upon the minutes of the council showing its action in the premises, as follows:
“At the conclusion of the reading [of the resignation], every member of the council spoke as with one voice and insisted that the resignation be withdrawn; but Mr. Grace stated that, on account of bis affairs, it was imperative that it should be accepted at once.
“Mayor Williams then addressed the council as follows:
“ £I think the best jewels in life are fidelity to trust and loyalty to friends and family. Both of these virtues Councilman Grace possessed in an eminent degree. I have always recognized in him faithful service and conscientious devotion to duty. I feel that we will have lost a brother when he goes from us.’
“Mr. Green thereupon moved, seconded by Mr. Gens-berger, that Mr. Grace’s, resignation be accepted with regret, and same carried unanimously.
“On motion of Mr. La Croix, seconded by Mr. Car-[13]*13uthers, the election of a successor to Mr. Grace’s place was postponed until the next meeting of the council.
“The council thereupon adjourned, subject to the call of the mayor.”
Thus matters stood until the next meeting of the council, held February 27, 1903, when the defendant Grace, having for reasons satisfactory to himself changed his mind, appeared before the council and requested that its action accepting his resignation be reconsidered, which was done, and the resignation rejected, whereupon he took his seat in the council and continued to act as a member of it until this proceeding was instituted. At the general election held on January 7, 1904, for the election of several officers of the city, William Bergshicher, the relator, was a candidate to fill the vacancy claimed to have been created by the resignation of Grace, and, having no opposition, received all the votes that were cast for that office, and a certificate of election was issued to him by the registration commissioners of Shelby county. He qualified as required by law, and appeared at the next meeting of the council, presented his certificate of election, and demanded to be inducted into office, which was refused upon the ground that the resignation of Grace had been withdrawn, that no vacancy existed, and that the election of relator was a nullity. Thereupon this bill was brought.
The defendant Grace, defending by answer, insisted that his resignation, having been withdrawn before' a [14]*14successor was elected and qualified, did not become effective, and that he was entitled to hold the office for the term for which he had been elected. The other defendants demurred to the bill upon the ground that there was a misjoinder of parties, and that the facts charged made no case of relief against them, which demurrer was sustained. The case was then tried upon the issues made bj the answer of Ed. P. Grace, and, the trial judge being of the opinion that the resignation of Grace, having been formally accepted by the legislative council, the authority authorized to accept it and appoint his successor, could not afterwards be withdrawn, was final, and created a vacancy, and that the relator was entitled to the relief which he sought against the defendant Grace, he so decreed.
The complainant and defendant Grace have both appealed from the portions of these ■ decrees against them, respectively, and the case is now before us upon all the questions decided by the trial court.
"We are of the opinion that there is no- error in the judgment of the circuit court sustaining the demurrer of J. J. Williams, mayor, and the other members of the council, other than Ed. F. Grace.
It is to be presumed that, when the courts have adjudged that the relator is entitled to the office which he claims, these officers will no longer interfere with or hinder him in the discharge of the duties of the office or the enjoyment of its emoluments, and in advance of .a contrary action upon their part no injunction will be [15]*15granted against them. If they should hereafter be guilty of wrong in this respect, the relator has his remedy against them, and his rights will be enforced in a proper proceeding for that purpose.
The judgment of the trial court is therefore in this respect affirmed.
The action of the court decreeing that the resignation of Ed. F. Grace was complete and final, and a vacancy created, and that the relator, having been elected to fill this vacancy and presented his certificate of election, was entitled to the office and should have been permitted to exercise its functions, discharge its duties, and enjoy its emoluments, is also without error.
The statutes under which the taxing district of Memphis was incorporated vests in the legislative council the power to fill all vacancies occurring in the elective offices of the city, the appointees to hold until the next municipal election, when an election will be made for the unexpired or full term, as the case may be. This carries with it the authority to accept the .resignation of officers resigning. That of the defendant was in proper form, unconditional, and effective from date. It was made to the proper body, and it was unconditionally and absolutely accepted. This was a final, complete, and irrevocable dissolution of the defendant’s official life under his previous election, • and he was then by these proceedings immediately divested of all the responsibilities, powers, duties, and emoluments of the office, and a vacancy created. The only [16]*16power tbe council bad was to appoint a successor, to bold until tbe next general election, when it was tbe duty of tbe election officers of tbe county to bold an election for tbe purpose of electing bis successor for tbe unexpired term.
Tbe resignation could not be withdrawn with tbe consent of tbe council, and tbe council could not rescind its action accepting it. Tbe defendant was out of office, and could not be reinstated, save by appointment or election, as provided by law.
It is unnecessary to determine whether a resignation is complete without acceptance, as that question does not arise; tbe resignation in this case having been accepted by tbe proper body in tbe most solemn and deliberate form, and placed of reecord.
Tbe fact that tbe defendant continued in office does not aid him. If be is a usurper, bis wrongful act cannot be relied upon to show title in him; and it is immaterial whether tbe action of tbe council in allowing a withdrawal of tbe resignation was an appointment-until tbe next election, as no act of bis during that time is called in question. . Nor is it necessary for us to decide whether a resignation to take effect in tbe future is subject tq withdrawal, although it has been generally so held, because the- one under consideration was made to be accepted at once.
Official robes cannot be put off and assumed at tbe pleasure of individuals or officers. Public interest requires that all possible certainty exist in tbe election of [17]*17officers and tbe beginning and expiration of tbeir terms, bj law or resignation, and forbids that either should be left to the discretion or vacillation of the person holding the office or the officer or body having the appointing power.
These views are supported by principle and authority. Mechem on Public Officers, sections 415 to 417; State v. Augustine, 113 Mo., 21, 20 S. W., 651, 35 Am. St. Rep., 696; State v. Hauss, 43 Ind., 105, 13 Am. Rep., 384; Pace v. People, 50 Ill., 432; Gates v. Delaware County, 12 Iowa, 405; State v. Fitts, 49 Ala., 402; Mimmack v. United States, 97 U. S., 426, 24 L. Ed., 1067.
The constitutional and statutory provisions in Tennessee, providing that every officer shall hold his office until his successor is elected or appointed and qualified, do not apply to cases of this character.
The object of these provisions was to change the common law, by which the official life of all officers elected for a limited time ended upon the expiration of such term, and authorize, not compel, officers to hold their offices until their successors are qualified; and the primary purpose of the constitutional provision was, for obvious reasons, to extend the official life of all officers under the then existing State government until their successors could be elected under the new constitution.
The contention of the defendant to the contrary is in direct conflict with the spirit of our statutes, providing [18]*18for the removal of officers upon conviction of crime or misdemeanor in office, and vacation of office by removal from the district or circuit for which they were elected. To hold otherwise would be to allow nonresidents to hold office in this State, and' place it in the power of those authorized to fill the vacancies thus created to continue criminals in office by delaying the appointment of their successors.
It is also inconsistent with the well-established rule in this State that the acceptance and qualification of a person to a second office incompatible with one then held by him is, ipso< facto-> a vacation of the first, as was held in the case of Calloway v. Sturm, 1 Heisk., 765, when Hon. Horace Maynard, then a member of congress, was appointed one of the judges of this court, which course was followed by Hon. Peter Turney, chief justice of this court, when he qualified as governor, having been elected to this office while holding the former, and afterwards appointing Hon. John S. Wilkes to fill the vacancy which his fiction in accepting the office of governor had created in this court.
If the law was as insisted by the defendant, Judge Maynard could not have qualified as a judge of this court, because his successor as congressman had not been elected and qualified, and he would have been at the time a federal officer; and Governor Turney would not have been authorized to appoint Justice Wilkes as his successor, because there would have been no vacancy. He would have been judge,, and not governor; [19]*19bis successor in tbe former office not baying been appointed or qualified.
Tbe election and qualification of Chief Justice Tur-ney to tbe office of governor, without resigning bis judicial office, and the appointment and acceptance of Justice Wilkes as bis successor in this court, are notable events in tbe history of tbe judiciary of this State, recognized then and now as authorized by our constitution and statutes, and are constructions of tbe provision of tbe constitution and tbe statute here invoked by tbe highest authority, and proper to be considered by this court in passing upon similar questions. Whatever may be tbe bolding of courts of other jurisdictions upon this question, tbe rule in this State is as was enforced and followed in these cases, and we are entirely satisfied with its soundness and wisdom.
We are therefore of tbe opinion that there is no error' in this record, and tbe decree of tbe trial court is in all things affirmed.