MARSHALL, J.
This is an original proceeding, instituted by the Attorney-General, on the written application and specific charges of Charles A. Tull, the defeated candidate, under the provisions of the Act of 1893 (Laws 1893, p. 157) to prevent corrupt practices in elections, to oust defendant from the office of clerk of the county court of Harrison county, for violations at and prior to the general election of 1898. of provisions of that Act in five respects, to wit: First, failure to file a sworn statement of his expenditures and promises; second, exceeding the limit of expenditure allowed by that act; third, entering into an agreement, first, with an opposing candidate for the nomination, one Hoffman, to appoint him deputy clerk, if he was nominated and elected, provided Hoffman remained in the field, and afterwards, when the fact of such agreement became known, of making an agreement with one Owens to appoint him his deputy if he would'work for his, defendant’s, nomination and election; fourth, making an agreement with one Roberts to appoint him deputy clerk upon similar conditions; and, fifth, making a similar agreement with one Morgan.
The answer of respondent controverts these charges, and avers that the Act of 1893 is unconstitutional, and specially sets out that it violates sections 1, 2, 9, 28 and 30 of article II, and sections 1, 2 and 3 of article YTII of the Constitution.
The Attorney-General demurred specially to the portion of the answer setting up the unconstitutionality of the Act of 1893, -and replied to the remainder of the answer.
[98] The application, of Tull to the Attorney-General requested that he be made a party to the action under the provisions of section fifteen of the Act, and that defendant be ousted from and he be awarded the office. Tull was not made a party as requested, but he has, since the taking of the testimony, filed a motion to be made a party and asking leave to have the petition amended so as to specifically aver his qualifications for the office. The defendant objects to the amendment because, no such issue having been tendered by the petition, no opportunity has been afforded defendant to controvert or disprove the averments as to Tull’s qualifications, as section fifteen of the Act permits, in order to prevent an award of the office to Tull.
On the 2d of June, 1899, ithe court appointed Hon. Okarles H. S. Goodman, special commissioner to take the testimony and make a finding and report thereon, reserving however, the power to review the rulings of the commissioner, at or before the final hearing of the cause, “upon exceptions by either party.” The special commissioner heard the testimony and made a finding and report, in which he finds for the defendant upon all of the charges except the third, and as to that he finds that it is true. No exceptions have been filed by either party, although relator argues here against the finding of the commissioner as to the second charge, but under the terms of the order appointing the commissioner requiring exceptions to be filed, this contention will not now be considered, and the decision will be confined wholly to the law applicable to the finding of facts by the commissioner as to the third charge, treating that finding 'as the verdict of a jury in an action at law.
The commissioner’s finding of facts as to the third charge is as follows:
“Upon mature deliberation I submit the following as my finding of the facts established by the evidence.
[99] “The primary election of the Republican party in the county of Harrison for the nomination of ¡the several county officers to be voted for at the general election in November, 1898, was held April 30th, 1898. Before said primary election were the following candidates for the office of county clerk: "William E. Towns, of Adams township; James M. Bdnkade, of White Oak township; E. J. Hesseltine, of Cypress township; Wilson O. Baldwin, of Dallas township; Leslie P. Riley, of Olay township; H. J. Skinner, B. L. Euller and W. L. Hoffman, of Bethany township; and John T. Courier, of-township.
“George L. Owens, who -appeared as a witness on behalf of the informant, was a brother-in-law to William L. Hoffman. Owens was mayor of the city of Bethany, was engaged in the farming-implerqent business, had been school commissioner for the county of Harrison, was extensively acquainted throughout the county, and was regarded as one of the most influential and adroit political managers in the Republican party in said county. Owens 'and Towns were raised in the same part of the county, had been acquaintances from boyhood and warm feelings of friendship existed between them. Early in January, 1898, Towns approached Owens, informed him that he was about to become a candidate for the office of county clerk, and requested Owens’ aid and influence. Owens did not give him any definite assurance of support, but gave him to understand that he was favorable to his candidacy. Early in the month of April, 1898, Owens became convinced that Hoffman had no chance of securing the nomination, as he had recently filled the office of county treasurer for two terms, and that Hoffman would have to content himself with a deputyship under the successful candidate if he secured anything. Owens at that time believed that the race for the nomination lay between L. P. Riley, who lived in the north part of the county, and Towns, who lived in the south part. Prior to his election to the office of county treasurer, Hoffman [100] had lived at Eagleville in the north part of the county, and as there were two other candidates from Bethany his principal support must come from the north half of the county. Owens conceived the plan of effecting a combination between Hoffman and Towns, by which the latter, if nominated, a nomination being considered equivalent to an election, should appoint Hoffman his deputy. He first approached Hoffman on the subject, and finding him favorable to the project, opened negotiations with Towns, which resulted in the parties signing the agreement dated April 8th, 1898, and read in evidence, by the terms of which, in the event of his nomination, Towns agreed to appoint Hoffman his deputy at a salary of $1,500, for such time a*s Towns should hold office. Hoffman, after the signing of the agreement, which was witnessed by Owens and left with him for safe keeping, claimed that: he was still in the race and that he would do his best to secure the nomination. It is evident, however, that this declaration was not made in good faith, for it was agreed that; Owens should manage the campaign for both Towns and Hoffman, and he, Owens, directed all his energies to secure the nomination ,of Towns and voted for him in the primary election. Hoffman continued in the race, but directed his efforts to secure votes in the north half of the county, which would have the effect of weakening Riley, as the Hoffman vote would otherwise have been given to the former. A short time previous to the primary election it became noised about that Hoffman, and Towns had entered into a combination, and fearing the effect of this rumor Hoffman published in all the Republican papers in the county a card denying that there was any such combination. After the execution of the agreement Owens was specially active in behalf of Towns, directed his campaign, spent money freely for him, and on the day of the primary election at Bethany gave his whole attention to Towns’ interests, employing men to canvass and electioneer, others to keep a list of Republican "voters and check them off as they voted; all of this [101] with such effect that, notwithstanding there were three candidates from Bethany township, Towns received more votes than all the other three combined, and secured the nomination, the competitor receiving the next highest number of votes being L. P. Riley of Olay township. To this result the efforts of Owens largely contributed, he himself voting for Towns, notwithstanding his brother-in-law, Hoffman, was still nominally in the race.
“Towns testified that he considered the agreement entered into to appoint Hoffman annulled, but his statement to thát effect is not borne out by the facts, for he was fully cognizant •of all the efforts that were made in his behalf by Owens, and on the day preceding the primary election went with Owens to secure the services of "Weese, a Democratic voter, to work for him at the primary election, for which service "Weese was paid $5, and on the day of the primary election told parties who were working for him and were seeking instructions, to go and see Owens. Hoffman also testified that he considered the agreement annulled, but in this statement is contradicted by his letter of November 19, 1898, in which- he expresses his indignation and disappointment at Towns’ refusal to appoint him deputy.
“After the primary election and before the general election in November, 1898, Towns informed Owens that he could not appoint Hoffman his deputy, as it would injure his chances for a second term, but that he was willing to pay him a sum of money, $500, and all his expenses, in lieu of such appointment. He then promised Owens that in consideration of his services rendered and to be rendered in his behalf he would appoint him his deputy, such appointment to hold good during his, Towns’, incumbency of office. Spurred by this prospective reward, Owens used his utmost efforts to secure the election of Towns, and by his skill in politics and his adroitness as a political manager, rendered him valuable and efficient aid.
[102] “At the general election in 1898 Towns was elected to the office of county clerk, received his commission as such, has duly qualified and is now discharging the duties of the office by virtue of such election, commission and qualification. Charles A. Tull, the informant herein, was his opponent at the general election and received the next highest number of votes for the office of county clerk. I further find that but for Towns’ promise to appoint Hoffman as his deputy, Owens would not have supported said Towns in the primary election, and but for his promise to appoint Owens as his deputy the latter would not have voted for or supported him at the general election.”
I.
The third charge is therefore sustained by the finding of facts, and there is abundant evidence to support the finding, and the defendant has not excepted to it. It only remains then to determine whether the acts so found come within the inhibitions of the Act of 1893.
The first section of that Act makes it bribery, 1st, for any person to give or promise to give any money or valuable consideration to any voter in order to induce him to vote or to refrain from voting, or 2d, to promise or promise to procure any office, place or employment, public or private, to any voter in order to induce sueh voter to vote or refrain from voting, or 3d, to “make any such gift, loan, offer, promise, procurement or agreement as aforesaid, to or for any person, in order to induce such person to procure, or endeavor to procure, the election of any person to a public office, or the vote of any voter at any election.”
Section six of the Act limits the amount that any candidate may lawfully expend.
Section ten of the Act permits the defeated candidate, who received the next highest vote, to make application to the Attorney-General, in writing, verified by his affidavit, setting forth one or more of the following charges; first, that the [103] officer elected exceeded the limit of expenditure fixed by section six; second, “that votes were secured by him or his agent or agents, or with his consent or connivance, or with the consent or Connivance of his agent or agents, by some committee or organization, or some political party, of which party such officer was a nominee, or by which he was supported, or the agent or agents' of some such committee or organization, by paying, contributing, offering, or promising to contribute money or other valuable thing as a compensation or reward, or by some promise or influence, the giving such vote or votes, or that votes were withheld from such applicant by reason of such practices by or on behalf of such officer, agent, committee or organization, or by reason of some act on behalf of such officer declared' by this act to be unlawful,” etc.
Section 11 of the Act makes it the duty of the Attorney-General to institute the proceeding, and section 15 of the Act" permits the applicant, upon his own motion or upon motion of the defendant to be made a party plaintiff, and if a judgment of ouster is entered, provides that the judgment shall award the office to the applicant, unless upon appropriate pleading and proof by the defendant! the applicant shall, himself, be shown to have violated the Act.
The “promise or influence” prohibited by section ten, clearly refers to the “promise, procurement or agreement” specified in section one, made to any person, in order to induce such person to procure or endeavor to procure the election of any person to a public office or the vote of any voter at any election.
It can scarcely be seriously doubted that the agreement between defendant and Hoffman to appoint him deputy clerk at a salary of fifteen hundred dollars a year, “whether for one or two terms,” if defendant was nominated and elected to the office of clerk of the county court, was a promise to induce Hoffman to procure or endeavor to procure defendant’s election to that office, and the same is true of the subsequent! similar [104] promise to Owens, and the finding of facts by the commissioner is to the effect that such promise resulted in Hoffman and Owens, at least endeavoring to procure, if indeed they did not wholly procure, defendant’s nomination and election to that office. So plain is the statute, that defendant does not seriously controvert its meaning, but in his answer confines himself wholly .to a flat denial of the fact that'any such agreement was made. On the trial he admits the making of the written agreement with Hoffman, but says it was abrogated and annulled before the primary election, and denies the agreement with Owens, but the commissioner found the fact against him, and he was amply supported in this finding by the letters of the defendant himself, even if Owens, whose motives, conduct and character are now assailed by defendant, be eliminated from the case entirely.
Thus the fact is established and the applicability of the law to such a fact is not md can not be denied. The statute pronounces the penalty. The court’s power and duty is thus limited to enforcing the law.
The definition of bribery in section one of the Act of 1893 is but a rescript of section 3722, Revised Statutes 1889, which has stood upon our statute books for many years, the only differences being the forum in which the charge may be tried and the pains and penalties prescribed, and was an offense at common law. [4 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law (2 Ed.), pp. 911, 912, and oases cited in notes.] And the offense specified in the third charge has been held to be bribery in other jurisdictions having somewhat similar legislation against corrupt practices in elections. [Mason v. State ex rel., 58 Ohio St. 30; German v. Rothery, 20 Can. S. C. Rep. 376; Harding v. Stokes, 1 M. & W. 354.] Such agreements have also been held to be against public policy and therefore void, even before tbe enactment of the Corrupt Practices Act. [Nichols v. Mudgett, 32 Vt. 546.]
[105] II.
The defendant, however, challenges the constitutionality of the law. Epitomized the sections of the Constitution pleaded are, section 1 of article II, recognizing that the power of government emanates from the people and is instituted solely for the good of the whole; section 2, of article II, recognizing the right of the people to regulate the internal government and police thereof and to change the form of government subject to the Constitution of the United States; section 9, article II, declaring that all elections shall be free and open and prohibiting any civil or military power from interfering with the free exercise of the right of suffrage; section 28, article II, guaranteeing the right of trial by jury “as heretofore enjoyed,” and section 30, of article II, declaring, “that no person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law.”
In the argument and briefs counsel also invokes article III of the Constitution, which divides the powers of the government into three distinct departments, and forbids either to interfere with the other, for the purpose of insisting that a person (like the applicant) .can not be injected into office by an act of the Legislature or the judgment of a court, when he has never been elected by the people.
Defendant also pleads section 1 of article YIII, of the Constitution prescribing the time for holding elections; section 2, of article YIII, prescribing the qualifications of electors; and section 3, article YIII, regulating bow elections shall be conducted or contested.
"We are somewhat familiar' with these constitutional provisions and guarantees, but we had never imagined that they were intended to prevent the passage of laws to prohibit corrupt practices in elections. On the contrary those of the provisions cited which have any application to elections contemplate honesty in elections, and like all organic laws, [106] leave the details to that end to be prescribed by the lawmakers. In a word, the act of 1893, is in furtherance of and not in conflict with the letter, spirit and policy of the constitutional guarantees and privileges relating to elections and does not conflict with the right of trial by jury' “as heretofore enjoyed,” because before the adoption of the Constitution the right of trial by jury was not enjoyed in cases covered by the act nor does the act deprive the defendant of life, liberty or property without due process of law, because it contemplates that he shall have a day in court, in the same manner as every one similarly situated may have, before his rights can be determined or the penalties of the act can be visited upon him.
The Act of 1893 is not unconstitutional for any of these reasons. Article III of the Constitution has no application whatever to the Act in question. A similar Act was held to be constitutional in Ohio (Mason v. State ex rel., 58 Ohio St. 30).
hi.
The original jurisdiction of this court in cases of this character is denied by defendant, and it is insisted that the jurisdiction of this court- is primarily appellate and t-hat it has original jurisdiction only by virtue of its general superintending- control -over all inferior courts, and in cases of habeas corpus, mandamus, quo warranto, certiorari, and other remedial writs, and that this is not a proceeding by quo warranto, as that writ was understood when the Constitution was -adopted, and as decided by this court in State ex inf. v. Bland, 144 Mo. l. c., 557.
The general proposition stated is correct, and it was decided in Bland’s case that the proceeding under the Act of 1893 was not a quo warranto proceeding, but was purely a creature of that Act. These considerations, however, do not put the stamp -of unconstitutionality upon that Act, for the [107] writ in such cases is essentially an extraordinary, remedial writ, intended to redress wrongs which do not brook of the usual delays incident to a protracted trial in a nisi prius court with the possible incidents of changes of venue, continuances, mistrials, new trials, and afterwards the slow process of appeal or writ of error, with the not unprecedented result that the term of office of the defendant will have expired before the case against him is finally adjudicated. The Legislature in creating this new and useful remedial writ therefore required the application to be made to the Attorney-General in the first instance, and commanded him to institute the action, and provided, by section 13 of the Act, that, “Such action shall have a preference on the docket of any court of the State in which the same shall be pending, over all other civil actions whatever.” The Act does not attempt, in words, to confer jurisdiction upon this court, nor was it in the power of the Legislature to enlarge or extend the jurisdiction of this court, but the instant the remedy against an offender under the Act was afforded by the Legislature, this court’s jurisdiction to hear and determine the action became complete under the original power conferred upon it by section 3 of article VI of the Constitution to issue “other original remedial write, and to hear and determine the same.” The issuance of such an original writ is purely discretionary with the court, and the court is amply able to protect itself against any great and overwhelming influx of similar cases, ?even if it be conceivable that so many persons will hereafter violate the Corrupt Practices Act as to make the determination of all such cases a burden on the court.
IV.
This leaves only for consideration the motion of the applicant, Tull, the defeated candidate, for leave to be made a party plaintiff, and to amend the petition so as to aver his [108] qualifications, and for a judgment awarding him the office as provided by section fifteen of the Act of 1893.
Leave will be granted to him to- be made a party plaintiff, but the leave to amend the petition, as prayed, and for a judgment awarding him -the office must be denied, for two reasons, first, because such allegations in the petition are not authorized or contemplated by the Act of 1893, but on the contrary that act provides that he shall have a judgment awarding him the office, unless “upon appropriate pleading and, proof by defendant ,” he' the applicant, is also adjudged guilty of having violated the act (it being in the nature of a cross-action by the defendant against the applicant), and there is no such pleading by the defendant in this case; there is, therefore, no such issue before the court; and, second, because so much of section 15 of the Act as provides for the judgment awarding the office to the applicant in such cases, is clearly in conflict with section 39, of article YI, of the Constitution which provides: “The.St. Louis Court of Appeals and Supreme Court shall appoint their own clerks. The clerks of all other courts of record shall be elective, for such terms and in such manner as may be directed by law,” etc.; and also with section 11, of article Y, which prescribes: “When any office shall become vacant, the Governor, unless otherwise provided by law, shall appoint a person to fill such vacancy, who shall continue in office until a successor shall have been elected or appointed and qualified according to law/ and pursuant to this provision it is provided by section 1961, R. S. 1889, that: '“When any vacancy shall occur in the office of any clerk of a court of record by death, resignation, removal, refusal to act or otherwise, it shall be the duty of the Governor to fill such vacancy by appointing some eligible person to said office, who shall discharge the duties thereof until the next general election, at which time a clerk shall be chosen for the remainder of the term, v/ho shall hold his office until his successor is duly elected and qualified, unless sooner removed.”
[109] In State ex rel. v. Kramer, 150 Mo. 89, it was expressly held that where the Constitution provides that an officer shall be elected, it meant the act of choosing, performed by the qualified electors, and that where the electors failed to make a choice, no appointment could be made to -the office unless expressly authorized by the Constitution. Inasmuch as the Constitution requires all clerks of said courts of record to be elective, and inasmuch as the people have elected the defendant these requiements of the Constitution have been observed. But in this case the person elected or chosen by the people is ousted from the office by a proceeding necessarily begun after the election and qualification of the defendant. When the defendant is ousted, the office, ipso facto, becomes vacant. In case of vacancies in such offices as this, the Governor is given the power by the Constitution and the statutes to fill the vacancy." The Act of 1893 does not confer the power of appointment of a successor upon this court. It requires the court to enter a judgment awarding the office to a designated person, who never was elected or appointed. Appointment signifies a discretion in the appointing power as to the person to be appointed. No such power is attempted to be given by section 15 of the Act of 1893 to this court, or any other person. The act awards the office to the unsuccessful candidate, and in so doing it violates the provisions of the Constitution quoted.
So much of the -remedial nature of the act as authorizes a trial of the elected officer for a violation of the act, and his removal from the office therefor, is constitutional, but so much of the act as directs the court to include in the judgment of ouster, an award of the office to one who has never been elected by the people violates section 39 of article YT, and section 11 of article Y of the Constitution, and hence is void.
Erom the foregoing it follows that a writ of ouster must be issued against defendant removing him from the office of clerk of the county court of Harrison county, and declaring [110] that office vacant, to be filled by appointment by the Governor of some eligible person until the next general election, at which time a clerk shall be chosen for the remainder of the term for which defendant was elected.
It is so ordered.
Gantt, C. J., and Brace, Burgess, JJ., concur; Yalliant, J., concurs in a separate opinion; Robinson, J., dissents as to the finding of facts; Sherwood, J., absent.