ALLEN, J.
This is an action on a policy of life ■ insurance. Plaintiff recovered and defendant prosecutes the appeal.
On September 17, 1900, the defendant issued to one Albert E. Mumbrauer a twenty-payment life policy of insurance for three thousand dollars, payable to his wife, Nellie Mumbrauer, in consideration of an annual premium to be paid it of $86.10. On March 18', 1904, the insured and his wife, with the consent of defendant, for value received, assigned and transferred all of their interest in the policy to the plaintiff. It appears that seven annual premiums were paid, either by the insured or out of loans made by the company thereon. The eighth annual premium, which was due September 17, 1907, was not paid. At the time of said default in the payment of premiums, there was due the company for prior loans on the policy $216'.56. The insured died January 29, 1910. On March 29, 1910, due notice and proofs of death of the insured were furnished defendant, and plaintiff demanded of it the paymént of the sum of $945, the same being the amount of the paid-up insurance payable under the terms of the policy, as claimed by plaintiff, less the said indebtedness of the insured to the defendant -of $216.56. The cause was tried before the court, without a jury, upon the pleadings and an agreed statement of facts, which we need not set out, together with certain letters offered by plaintiff and admitted in evidence. Plaintiff had judgment for $728.44, being the' $945 paid-up insurance above mentioned, less the $216.56 indebtedness of the insured, with interest' from March 29, 1912, the day upon which proofs of death of the insured were furnished, and demand for payment made. From this judgment the defendant has appealed to this court.
The question involved in the appeal relates to the construction to be placed upon that provision of the' policy providing for paid-up insurance, upon which [579]*579plaintiff’s right to recover is predicated. The portions-of the policy here pertinent are as follows:
“In consideration of the representations and-statements máde in the application for this policy.r . . . and of the premium of eighty-six and 10/100? dollars, to be paid on or before the seventeenth day of September in each and every year. . ! . The John: Hancock Mutual Life Insurance .Company insures the' life of Albert E. Mumbrauer of Hermann, Missouri, in-the amount of three thousand dollars, for the benefit of: his wife, Nellie Mumbrauer, provided she’ survives; him.
“And the said company promises to pay at its home office, in Boston, said amount to Nellie Mum-' br’auer if she survives him, otherwise to his executors or administrators, upon satisfactory proof of the; death of the said insured, deducting therefrom any in-' debtedness to this company of the other parties to this . contract, and the premiums, if any, for the balance of; the policy year, subject to the following conditions:
“In case any subsequent premium is- not paid; when due, this policy shall become void except as hereinafter agreed. If the third or subsequent annual premium or installment thereon shall not be paid when' due, the company will (there being then no existing in-' debtedness as aforesaid) after payment of premiums for . . . seven full years . . . without any action: on the part of the insured,'continue this policy as paid-5 up insurance for . . . $945.”
The position of appellant is, that the words in ■ parenthesis above, viz., “there being then no existing'indebtedness as aforesaid,” impose a condition upon : the right of the holder of the policy to the amount of paid-up insurance which would otherwise be payable;; that the right to paid-up insurance, under the terms of' the policy, exists' only in ¿he event that no indebtedness-existed at the time of default in the payment of the premiums. This respondent denies, his position being-' [580]*580that the provision in question operates merely to make any existing indebtedness of the insured a lien on the sum payable under the policy, to be deducted from the amount for which the policy is to be continued.
The lower court took respondent’s view of this question, and that view we think is manifestly correct. The learned trial judge handed down a memorandum of his findings in the premises, and while the same is not before us in the abstract, it has been called to our attention by learned counsel for respondent, and we take the liberty of quoting therefrom as follows:
“It will be noted that the parenthetical sentence contains the words ‘existing indebtedness as aforesaid,’ referring evidently to something that was said before. Turning to what was said before, we find that the promise was to pay three thousand dollars upon proof of death, ‘ deducting therefrom any indebtedness to this company of the other parties, to this contract and the premium, if any, for the balance of the policy year.’ The words ‘as aforesaid’ refer to an existing indebtedness which should be deducted from the amount of the policy, and the conclusion is. irresistible that the promise to continue the policy as paid-up insurance was also subject to the deduction of the ‘existing indebtedness as aforesaid.’ .1 have not the slightest doubt that the intention of the parties was (and I think they succeeded in stating it clearly) that if the policy was to be paid in full it was subject to the deduction for indebtedness, and that if the insured •failed to pay premiums after the sécond payment he should have paid-up insurance, deducting the existing indebtedness. Any other construction would be ‘a snare to the unwary,’ which is denounced by the Court of Appeals in the case of LaForce v. The Williams City Insurance Company, 13 Mo. App. l. c. 530.” . . .
“If it had been the intention of the company to render nugatory its promise to continue the policy as [581]*581paid-up insurance after two premiums had béen paid, in the event there was existing indebtedness, it would have been easy to say so in unambiguous, unequivocal language.”
The views of the learned trial judge stated above' are, in our opinion, entirely sound. Our courts have time and again declared that the provisions of a policy of insurance are to be liberally construed in favor of the insured, and when the language therein employed is of doubtful import or susceptible of two interpretations, that construction is to be adopted which is most favorable to the insured. [See LaForce v. Ins. Co., 43 Mo. App. 518; Foglesong v. Modern Brotherhood of America, 121 Mo. App. 548, 97 S. W. 240; Fairbanks Canning Co. v. London Guaranty & Accident Co., 133 S. W. 664, 154 Mo. App. 327; Roseberry v. American Benev. Assn., 142 Mo. App. 552, 121 S. W. 785 ; Walton v. Insurance Co., 162 Mo. App. 316, 141 S. W. 1138; Mathews v. Modern Woodmen, 236 Mo. 326, 139 S. W. 151; to which many authorities might be added.]
In La Force v. Insurance Co., supra, l. c. 530, it was said:
“A contract drawn by the insurer, who makes his own terms and imposes his own conditions, will not be tolerated as a snare to the unwary, and if the words employed of themselves, or in connection with other' language used in the instrument or in reference to the subject-matter.to which they relate are susceptible of the interpretation given them by the assured, although in fact intended otherwise by the insurer, the policy will be construed in favor of the assured. [Hoffman v. Ins. Co., 32 N. Y. 405; Reynolds v. Ins. Co., 47 N. Y. 597.]”
In Mathews v. Modern Woodmen, 236 Mo. l. c. 342, 344, the court through Lamm, J. said:
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ALLEN, J.
This is an action on a policy of life ■ insurance. Plaintiff recovered and defendant prosecutes the appeal.
On September 17, 1900, the defendant issued to one Albert E. Mumbrauer a twenty-payment life policy of insurance for three thousand dollars, payable to his wife, Nellie Mumbrauer, in consideration of an annual premium to be paid it of $86.10. On March 18', 1904, the insured and his wife, with the consent of defendant, for value received, assigned and transferred all of their interest in the policy to the plaintiff. It appears that seven annual premiums were paid, either by the insured or out of loans made by the company thereon. The eighth annual premium, which was due September 17, 1907, was not paid. At the time of said default in the payment of premiums, there was due the company for prior loans on the policy $216'.56. The insured died January 29, 1910. On March 29, 1910, due notice and proofs of death of the insured were furnished defendant, and plaintiff demanded of it the paymént of the sum of $945, the same being the amount of the paid-up insurance payable under the terms of the policy, as claimed by plaintiff, less the said indebtedness of the insured to the defendant -of $216.56. The cause was tried before the court, without a jury, upon the pleadings and an agreed statement of facts, which we need not set out, together with certain letters offered by plaintiff and admitted in evidence. Plaintiff had judgment for $728.44, being the' $945 paid-up insurance above mentioned, less the $216.56 indebtedness of the insured, with interest' from March 29, 1912, the day upon which proofs of death of the insured were furnished, and demand for payment made. From this judgment the defendant has appealed to this court.
The question involved in the appeal relates to the construction to be placed upon that provision of the' policy providing for paid-up insurance, upon which [579]*579plaintiff’s right to recover is predicated. The portions-of the policy here pertinent are as follows:
“In consideration of the representations and-statements máde in the application for this policy.r . . . and of the premium of eighty-six and 10/100? dollars, to be paid on or before the seventeenth day of September in each and every year. . ! . The John: Hancock Mutual Life Insurance .Company insures the' life of Albert E. Mumbrauer of Hermann, Missouri, in-the amount of three thousand dollars, for the benefit of: his wife, Nellie Mumbrauer, provided she’ survives; him.
“And the said company promises to pay at its home office, in Boston, said amount to Nellie Mum-' br’auer if she survives him, otherwise to his executors or administrators, upon satisfactory proof of the; death of the said insured, deducting therefrom any in-' debtedness to this company of the other parties to this . contract, and the premiums, if any, for the balance of; the policy year, subject to the following conditions:
“In case any subsequent premium is- not paid; when due, this policy shall become void except as hereinafter agreed. If the third or subsequent annual premium or installment thereon shall not be paid when' due, the company will (there being then no existing in-' debtedness as aforesaid) after payment of premiums for . . . seven full years . . . without any action: on the part of the insured,'continue this policy as paid-5 up insurance for . . . $945.”
The position of appellant is, that the words in ■ parenthesis above, viz., “there being then no existing'indebtedness as aforesaid,” impose a condition upon : the right of the holder of the policy to the amount of paid-up insurance which would otherwise be payable;; that the right to paid-up insurance, under the terms of' the policy, exists' only in ¿he event that no indebtedness-existed at the time of default in the payment of the premiums. This respondent denies, his position being-' [580]*580that the provision in question operates merely to make any existing indebtedness of the insured a lien on the sum payable under the policy, to be deducted from the amount for which the policy is to be continued.
The lower court took respondent’s view of this question, and that view we think is manifestly correct. The learned trial judge handed down a memorandum of his findings in the premises, and while the same is not before us in the abstract, it has been called to our attention by learned counsel for respondent, and we take the liberty of quoting therefrom as follows:
“It will be noted that the parenthetical sentence contains the words ‘existing indebtedness as aforesaid,’ referring evidently to something that was said before. Turning to what was said before, we find that the promise was to pay three thousand dollars upon proof of death, ‘ deducting therefrom any indebtedness to this company of the other parties, to this contract and the premium, if any, for the balance of the policy year.’ The words ‘as aforesaid’ refer to an existing indebtedness which should be deducted from the amount of the policy, and the conclusion is. irresistible that the promise to continue the policy as paid-up insurance was also subject to the deduction of the ‘existing indebtedness as aforesaid.’ .1 have not the slightest doubt that the intention of the parties was (and I think they succeeded in stating it clearly) that if the policy was to be paid in full it was subject to the deduction for indebtedness, and that if the insured •failed to pay premiums after the sécond payment he should have paid-up insurance, deducting the existing indebtedness. Any other construction would be ‘a snare to the unwary,’ which is denounced by the Court of Appeals in the case of LaForce v. The Williams City Insurance Company, 13 Mo. App. l. c. 530.” . . .
“If it had been the intention of the company to render nugatory its promise to continue the policy as [581]*581paid-up insurance after two premiums had béen paid, in the event there was existing indebtedness, it would have been easy to say so in unambiguous, unequivocal language.”
The views of the learned trial judge stated above' are, in our opinion, entirely sound. Our courts have time and again declared that the provisions of a policy of insurance are to be liberally construed in favor of the insured, and when the language therein employed is of doubtful import or susceptible of two interpretations, that construction is to be adopted which is most favorable to the insured. [See LaForce v. Ins. Co., 43 Mo. App. 518; Foglesong v. Modern Brotherhood of America, 121 Mo. App. 548, 97 S. W. 240; Fairbanks Canning Co. v. London Guaranty & Accident Co., 133 S. W. 664, 154 Mo. App. 327; Roseberry v. American Benev. Assn., 142 Mo. App. 552, 121 S. W. 785 ; Walton v. Insurance Co., 162 Mo. App. 316, 141 S. W. 1138; Mathews v. Modern Woodmen, 236 Mo. 326, 139 S. W. 151; to which many authorities might be added.]
In La Force v. Insurance Co., supra, l. c. 530, it was said:
“A contract drawn by the insurer, who makes his own terms and imposes his own conditions, will not be tolerated as a snare to the unwary, and if the words employed of themselves, or in connection with other' language used in the instrument or in reference to the subject-matter.to which they relate are susceptible of the interpretation given them by the assured, although in fact intended otherwise by the insurer, the policy will be construed in favor of the assured. [Hoffman v. Ins. Co., 32 N. Y. 405; Reynolds v. Ins. Co., 47 N. Y. 597.]”
In Mathews v. Modern Woodmen, 236 Mo. l. c. 342, 344, the court through Lamm, J. said:
■ “Speaking to insurance contracts, it is a just and settled rule that their respective terms shall be taken most strongly against the insurer. The doctrine of [582]*582contra pro ferentem is strictly applied with unaccommodating vigor, and, as said, ambiguities are blandly resolved in favor of the insured. So that, if the contract in suit is open to two constructions, one "favorable to the insured and one not, if the insured has acted on the favorable construction, courts will take his view of the contract. . . .
“When the nice points of learning of insurance law are considered, by and large, together with ■ the complex nature of the subject-matter itself, dealing, as it does, with the capital event of death, and the protection of the widow and the fatherless, the lively and abiding concern of lawgiver and court is not to be wondered at. Policies are contracts elaborately and 'shrewdly prepared in advance by calculating and ■astute experts. They are tendered, ready-made, to and accepted out of hand by plain people, the uninformed and unlearned, the unwary and confiding. Insurance policies swarm with intricate technical provisions, stipulations, exceptions, conditions, provisos, limitations,-hedging liability about and looking to its avoidance. It is not singular then that courts incline to pit judicial astuteness against the astuteness of the policy maker, the latter planting forfeitures in ambush or open, and the former striving to avoid them.”
Here we are not called upon to attempt to pit judicial astuteness against the astuteness of the policy maker, for indeed, under the well-known rule of construction which obtains with respect to policies of insurance, the effect to be given to the language of the policy here under consideration is to our minds quite ■apparent. Construing together the provisions of the policy above quoted, as they must be construed, it is quite obvious that the parenthetical provision respecting paid-up insurance, viz., “there being then no existing indebtedness as aforesaid,” relates to the earlier provision in the -policy respecting the indebtedness to be deducted from the amount payable under the policy, [583]*583and is to be taken as meaning that such indebtedness •is to be in like manner deducted from the amount of paid-up insurance which may be payable.
Any other construction would be a narrow and technical one, and would not accord with the evident intention of the parties as manifested by the instrument taken as a whole. And if the insurer did intend to rely upon this parenthetical provision to cut off: any right to paid-up' insurance in the event of any existing indebtedness, then the stipulation in question indeed becomes a trap and “a snare to the unwary,” which the insurance company would not be permitted to enforce. To adopt the construction contended for by appellant would mean that although many premiums have been paid on such a policy, nevertheless, in case of default, no right to paid-up insurance exists if the insured is indebted to the company in any amount, however small. Had it been the insurer’s intention to thus forfeit all right to paid-up insurance it would have been easy indeed to employ language to clearly and unequivocally express that intention. It is not so expressed in the contract before us, and an insurer will seek in vain to have the courts apply to such a contract as this, a construction- that would lead to such absurd consequences.
The point is made by respondent that the construction contended for by appellant is made impossible by our statutes; and respondent also urges that appellant’s right, if any, to insist upon the construction for which it contends was waived by the acts of a general agent of the company, having authority in the premises. We find sufficient in .the policy itself, however, to sustain the finding of the trial court, and it becomes unnecessary for us to express our views upon these other questions. The judgment is affirmed.
Reynolds, P. J., and Nortoni, J., concur.