Andrews, C. J.
The New York & Eastern Railway Company was a railroad corporation organized under the general railroad law of this state for the purpose of building and operating a railroad from the western line of the state in the town of Greenwich to the town of New Haven, a distance of forty-six miles, and included a bridge across the Housatonic river.
At the March term, 1875, of the Superior Court in Fair-field County, upon the application of Daniel N. Stanton and others, Levi Warner, Esq., was duly appointed receiver of all the property and assets of this corporation. Mr. Warner accepted the trust and gave bond as required by the decree of the court. At the same term of the court it was ordered that all persons having claims against the corporation should present them to the receiver within ninety days after the publication of the order. Among others Henry Hungerford of Norwalk presented to the receiver in due time a claim against the corporation amounting to two hundred thousand dollars. At a later term of the court such proceedings were had that Julius B. Curtis, Esq., was appointed a committee of the court to examine and adjust all the claims so presented to the receiver and not allowed by him, and to make report to the court of his doings in the premises. Mr. Hungerford appeared before the committee and offered testimony in support of his claim. Various proceedings were had in court and before the committee from time to time and the committee returned his completed report to the court in June, 1889. Thereupon Mr. Hunger-ford came into court and remonstrated against its acceptance. The court overruled the remonstrance, accepted the report, and rendered judgment pursuant thereto. Mr. Hungerford now brings the case to this court by appeal. For a clear understanding of the questions raised by the appeal a somewhat more extended statement is required.
On the 12th day of September, 1873, Henry Hungerford [278]*278entered into a contract with Samuel E. Olmstead, William C. Street, William T. Minor and Henry It. Parrott, as follows :—
“ Whereas the New York & Eastern Railway Company are desirous of procuring lands for the right of wajq for depots, side tracks, gravel pits, and other necessary purposes for their railroad, as called for by the terms of the contract between said railway company and D. N. Stanton and A. P. Baleh, and within the limits herein provided— the'assent of the said Stanton and Baleh in writing having been obtained thereto—from the line of the state of New York to the western line of the city of New Haven and from Stratford to Derby:
“ Now therefore, for that purpose, the following memorandum of agreement is this day entered into, by and between Samuel E. Olmstead, William C. Street, William T. Minor and Henry R. Parrott, a committee of the directors of the said railway company duly authorized thereto, the party of the first part, and Henry Hungerford of Norwalk, Connecticut, party of the second part.
“ The party of the first part, for all the lands necessary for the above purposes, on the line of their said railroad between the western line of the state of Connecticut in the town of Greenwich and the western line of the city of New Haven, and for all expenses for procuring the same except engineering, which shall be paid by the party of the first part, agrees to give the party of the second part five hundred thousand dollars of the capital stock of the said railway company, fully paid up.
“ The said party of the second part will at once, as soon as the engineer has located any part of the line of said railroad, proceed to purchase and procure all such necessary lands on said line at his own charge and expense, and within a reasonable time, and as fast as required by said company, will cause such lands to be conveyed to said railway company, or to be taken under the statute laws of the state, that said company may enter thereon and construct their road.
[279]*279“ The engineer shall lay out such additional lines as may be indicated and required by said party of the second part, subject to the approval of the said company, and of the said Stanton & Balch, to enable him to make the most advantageous terms in purchasing said lands for the building of the said road on the most feasible and direct route, as provided by said contract.
“ It is mutually agreed and understood, that the party of the second part shall commence at once to procure said lands on such portions of said route as may be required by the party of the first part, and located by said engineer, and as soon as and when he shall cause to be conveyed to said company, or shall procure under the statute the said lands or any portion thereof, then the party of the first part shall pay to the party of the second part or assigns, according to said engineer’s estimate per mile for the property conveyed, compared with his gross estimate, in relative proportion to the sum of five hundred thousand dollars; and when all of said lands are so conveyed and procured, then the remaining portion, if any, of said five hundred thousand dollars capital stock, fully paid up, shall be paid to the party of the second part or assigns. .If said five hundred thousand dollars of capital stock shall be insufficient to purchase and procure said lands, then any additional amount to be used for such purpose shall be a matter of further agreement.
“ Nothing in this agreement shall be so construed as to hold the said party of the second part liable in any way for procuring charters for drawbridges over navigable waters.
“ It is further mutually agreed between the parties hereto that if any portion of the said right of way between the aforesaid boundaries shall not be taken by said company, then so much of said five hundred thousand dollars as shall be a fair relative proportion of the estimated cost of said right of u ay, depot grounds, etc., not taken, shall be withheld by the party of the first part in the final settlement between the parties hereto; and the party of the second part shall have no claim of any kind against said company for time or expenses in so purchasing or procuring said right [280]*280of way, and that no part of said five hundred thousand dol-. iars of stock or its proceeds shall be used to pay for such time or expenses, except any balance that may be left after purchasing and procuring said lands.
“In ease any disagreement should arise between said parties hereto in regard to any matter provided for, or pertaining to this memorandum of agreement, such disagreement or difference shall be submitted to the arbitration of three disinterested persons, either agreed on bj^ the parties or one appointed by each party; and the decision of such arbitrators shall be final and conclusive on the parties to this agreement.
“ In witness whereof the parties hereto by their own proper hands and seals have signed this memorandum agreement, this twelfth day of September, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-three. S. E. Olmstead, (L. S.) ; Wm. C. Street, (L. S.) ; H. R. Parrott, (L. S.) ; Wm. T. Minor, (L. S.) ; Henry Hungerford, (L. S.) ”
At that time there was no legally incorporated New York & Eastern Railway Company. There was a voluntary association of individuals calling itself by that name and which was the preliminary organization formed for the purpose of promoting and procuring the complete incorporation of the company. Of this voluntary association the Messrs. Olmstead, Street, Minor and Parrott were the officers and directors. Mr. Hungerford commenced at once the performance of the contract on his part, and obtained contracts from many of the owners of land along the line of the proposed railroad, and expended in such work, as he claimed, much time and a large amount of money. On the tenth day of February, 1874, the company became duly and legally incorporated by filing with the secretary of the state its articles of incorporation as provided by the statute. Mr. Olmstead was made the president of the corporation, as he had been of the preliminary organization, and Messrs. Street, Minor and Parrott were made directors. On the 27th day of April, 1874, the corporation, by a duly authorized committee of its directors, consisting of the Messrs. [281]*281Olmstead, Street, Minor and Parrott, ratified and declared in writing tlie contract of the 12th day of September, 1878, (except that part that had reference to the line of road between the towns of Stratford and Derby) to be a binding contract between Mr. Hungerford and the corporation. The ratification was annexed to the contract, and is as follows:—
“ The New York & Eastern Railway Company having been, since the execution of the foregoing contract, duly and legally organized, and the committee named herein having been appointed by the directors of said company, and duly authorized to make this agreement, it is hereby agreed, by and between the said committee and said Henry Hungerford, that the foregoing contract is ratified and declared to be a binding contract upon the parties, except as to that part of the same which provides for the procuring of land for the right of way from Stratford to Derby, which is not to be procured by said Hungerford. The amount for that reason to be deducted from the compensation of $500,000, in the paid-up capital stock of said company, to be paid to said Hungerford or his assigns, is to be a matter of further negotiation and settlement between the parties; and if they cannot agree it is to be fixed upon in the same manner as agreed in said contract for the settlement of any differences or disagreements that may arise between the parties.”
The corporation preferred its petition to the General Assembly at the May session, 1874, praying for liberty to erect a railroad bridge across the Housatonic river as a part of its line, but the petition was dismissed and liberty to build the bridge was denied.
After the company became duly incorporated Mr. Hungerford continued in the business of procuring contracts from other owners of land and renewals of those contracts which had been previously made; and he claimed that he had obtained the right of way for more than fifteen miles of the distance of the line in such way that it was ready to be conveyed to the corporation. He claimed to have proved that in and about the obtaining of these contracts he spent more than seven months in actual days’ work, with an as[282]*282sistant for the whole time, and paid out more than six thousand dollars in cash in the necessary disbursements of the work; and that by reason of the acts and omissions of the company he was prevented from engaging in any other business or occupation from the date of the contract until February 10th, 1875. He claimed also that it would not have cost him more than §100,000 to have procured the entire right of way called for by the contract. For the purposes of the present discussion it must be taken that the several claims were proved and are true, as they are admitted by the demurrers to the remonstrance.
At the hearing before the committee Mr. Hungerford claimed that upon the facts of the case he was entitled to damages:—First, that for breach of contract by reason of the acts and omissions of the corporation there should be allowed to him as damages a sum equal to the par value in money of the §500,000 of capital stock of the corporation, less the sums it would have cost him to procure the right of way. Or, second, that there should be awarded to him such a proportionate part of the par value in money of the §500,000 of capital stock, less the cost of purchasing, as the part of the line which he had procured bore to the whole line. Or, third, that there should be awarded to him a sum equal to the fair value of the services and work he and those under him had performed, and also a sum equal to all the money he had disbursed, and such further substantial damages as he was legally and equitably entitled to for the breach of the contract. The committee overruled each of these claims and refused to allow any substantial damages as claimed by Mr. Hungerford, and allowed nominal damages only. The ruling and decision of the committee on these claims is the fourth ground of remonstrance. A demurrer to this ground of remonstrance was sustained. This is assigned for error in the reasons of appeal and presents the main question in the case.
Nominal damages mean no damages at all. They exist only in name and not in amount. In the quaint language of an old writer they are “a mere peg to hang costs on.” [283]*283They are such as are to be awarded in a ease where there has been a breach of a contract and no actual damages whatever have been or can be shown. The facts in connection with the claim of Mr. Hungerford, as found or as admitted by the pleadings, are such as under most circumstances would seem to require that more than nominal damages should be allowed. They show that Mr. Hungerford was ready and willing at all times, and able, to perform the contract fully on his part, and that he would have done so except that he was prevented from so doing, and so was prevented from earning the whole sum of $500,000 in the fully paid-up capital stock of the corporation, by the acts and omissions and inability of the company.
It is a general rule of law that one who violates his contract with another is liable for all the direct and proximate damages which result from such violation. It is a rule so obviously just and so well established by authority that it ought not to be called in question. It is also a rule of law that “ in all cases of prevention of performance, where the plaintiff has been deprived by the defendant of the benefit of the contract, the plaintiff is entitled to recover what he has lost by the act of the defendant.” Addison on Contracts, 881. See also Chitty on Contracts, (11th ed.,) 1323, note b ; 1 Sedgwick on Damages, (7th ed.,) 473. In Wells v. Abernethy, 5 Conn., 227, this court laid down the same rule. Judge Hosmer, in giving the opinion, said:—“If the party omits to do what he stipulated, it is just, as a reasonable substitute, that he should pay the precise value of the thing he contracted to do.” “When a contract has been violated the compensation of the party complaining of the violation should be the value of the contract. He has been deprived of his contract and he should have in lieu thereof its value. Wakeman v. Wheeler & Wilson Mfg. Co., 101 N. York, 211.
In Taylor v. Bradley, 39 N. York, 129, Judge Woodruff in the decision said :—“ The only rule that will do justice to the parties is that the plaintiff is entitled to the value of his contract; he was entitled to its performance, it is broken, [284]*284he is deprived o£ his adventure; what was the opportunity which the contract had apparently secured to him worth ? To reap the benefit of it he must incur expense, submit to labor and the appropriation of his stock. His damages are what he has lost by being deprived of his chance of profit.” See also Brooks v. Hubbard, 3 Conn., 58 ; Dennis v. Maxfield, 10 Allen, 138 ; Chamberlin v. Scott, 33 Verm., 80 ; Stevens v. Lyford, 7 N. Hamp., 360, 365 ; Mitchell v. Gile, 12 id., 395 ; Smith v. Smith, 2 Johns., 235, 243 ; Gleason v. Pinney, 5 Cowen, 152; Planche v. Colburn, 5 Car. & Payne, 58 ; Inchbald v. Western Coffee Plantation Co., 17 C. B., N. S., 733. Many other authorities are cited in the notes to Cutter v. Powell, 2 Smith’s Leading Cases (7th ed.,) 53.
The committee in one part of his report says :—“ I do not find that from the 27th day of April, 1874, (the date of the ratification), the said Hungerford suffered any special loss or damage from the acts, omissions and inability of said corporation, and as he makes no special claim for damages from the time of the ratification of the contract until the failure of said corporation to obtain a grant to build said bridge, at which time it became apparent that the company could not cany into effect the provisions of their contract with him, I find that he necessarily suffered but little loss or damage after that time, and therefore find that he is entitled to nominal damages.” In another place he says :—“ I do not find said ratification of said contract in terms to be a ratification of the acts and doings of Mr. Hungerford in procuring said contracts from individuals for the right of way, nor do I find that the New York & Eastern Railway Company ever ratified said contracts in any other manner.” It is evident from these extracts from his report that the learned committee'was of the opinion that in estimating damages no regard whatever was to be paid to the contracts which Mr.' Hungerford had obtained prior to the ratification by the corporation of its contract with him. In this respect we think he failed to give the full and proper effect to the ratification.
The corporation by its ratification of the contract pre[285]*285viously made by its promoters became liable for everything that had been done pursuant to it. That contract was made by the promoters to aid the inchoate corporation, and it was a reasonable means for the carrying out of the authorized purposes of the company. It required Mr. Hungerford to commence at once to procure land. He did so commence, using forms of contracts provided by Mr. Olmstead, the president. The directors acted with full knowledge of all the facts, and with such knowledge they “ ratified ” the contract. That word itself means the adoption of a previously formed contract. Ratification relates back to the execution of the contract and renders it obligatory from the outset. By the nature of the act the party ratifying becomes a party to the contract and is on the one hand entitled to all its benefits and on the other is bound by its terms. Edwards v. Grand Junction Railway Co., 1 Mylne & Cr., 650, 672 ; Negley v. Lindsay, 67 Penn. St., 217, Sharswood, J.; Anderson’s Dictionary of the Law, in verbum; Low v. Connecticut & Passumpsic Rivers R. R. Co., 45 N. Hamp., 370 ; Stanley v. Chester & Birkenhead Railway Co., 3 Mylne & Cr., 773. A corporation has power when fully organized to ratify a contract made by its promoters when it is one within the purposes for which the corporation was organized and appears to be a reasonable means for the carrying out of those purposes. Morawetz on Corporations, 549 ; Touche v. Metropolitan Warehousing Co., L. R., 6 Ch. Appeals, 671. And the ratification makes the contract in all respects what it would have been if the requisite power had existed when it was entered into. Whitney v. Wyman, 101 U. S. R., 397 ; Angel & Ames on Corporations, § 304 ; Church v. Sterling, 16 Conn., 388 ; Fleckner v. Bank of U. States, 8 Wheaton, 363, Story, J.
The fifth ground of remonstrance states that for the purpose of showing that Mr. Hungerford was entitled to no damage, even if the contract had been broken by the company, the company introduced Mr. H. R. Parrott, one of its directors and its secretary, as a witness, of whom it asked— “Was it practicable or possible to obtain subscriptions for [286]*286the road after the legislature refused to give you a charter for the bridge ? ” To this question Mr. Parrott answered— “ It was utterly impossible to get subscriptions to stock or to raise money to build the road.” This question and answer were admitted against the objection of Mr. Hunger-ford. The bearing and effect of this testimony is made clear by that portion of the committee’s report where he finds “ that said company did not * * * cause their road to be laid out and accepted by the railroad commissioners, that they did not lay out and expend a sufficient sum as required by statute to enable them to continue their corporate existence, and that they suffered their corporate rights to expire, in consequence thereof, on the 10th day of February, 1875. Nor did they issue any stock certificates, although a small portion of stock had been subscribed for by individuals, which stock has never had any market value, and no value whatever except as assets in the hands of the receiver to pay the past liabilities of said railroad company.”
We think the admission of this evidence was error. It was allowing the corporation to take advantage of its own acts and omissions to escape liability on its own contract. The statute under which the corporation was organized required that before the certificate of its organization was filed there must be bond fide subscriptions to its stock of at least $5,000 for each mile of its proposed line,— in this instance forty-six miles; so that this railroad corporation must have had at least $230,000 of bond fide subscriptions to its capital stock for which it could have issued certificates, and which must have been worth their full face value. How much more stock had been subscribed for by individuals does not appear. That no stock was issued was because the corporation decided not to issue any, and that is the best possible reason why it never had any market value. As none was issued clearly it could never have had any market value, and no value whatever except as assets in the hands of the receiver to pay the past liabilities of the corporation.
The corporation was organized for the purpose of building and operating a railroad from Greenwich to New Haven— [287]*287presumably for the profit of its corporators and promoters. It may be conceded that the success of the scheme depended largely upon obtaining permission to bridge the Housatonic river. It may be granted further that, having failed to obtain such permission, the directors acted prudently, so far as their enterprise was concerned, in permitting their corporate existence to expire. But neither of these considerations could absolve the corporation from its contract. It had stipulated with Mr. Hungerford to pay him $500,000, in the fully paid up shares of its capital stock. It could not without violating that contract permit its corporate existence to expire, or omit to issue its stock. The permitting itself to become disabled from performing the contract on' its part was a violation of the agreement with Mr. Hunger-ford. When a party enters into an agreement which can only take effect by the continuance of a certain existing state of things, there is an implied engagement on his part that he will not by any act or omission of his own do anything to put an end to that state of circumstances under which alone the agreement can be operative. Stirling v. Maitland, 5 Best & Smith, 840. The case of Inchbald v. Western Coffee Plantation Co., 17 C. B., N. S., 733, is clearly in point. The plaintiff was a broker and sued to recover the sum of four hundred pounds sterling. The defendant was a stock company formed to carry on the business of raising coffee, tea and cinchona, and had entered into negotiations with one Lascelles to purchase of him a plantation in the East Indies on which to carry on the business. The defendant then agreed with the plaintiff to pay him one hundred pounds down and four hundred pounds afterwards, when all the shares of the defendant should be placed, and in consideration thereof the plaintiff undertook to place all the shares of its stock. The plaintiff procured some shares to be subscribed for, but before he had procured the whole Mr. Lascelles refused to convey the plantation to the defendant. Thereupon the defendant’s directors decided to abandon the enterprise, wound up the corporation, and •returned to the stockholders who had subscribed the depos[288]*288its they had paid. It was held that although the scheme of the defendant was rendered impracticable by the refusal of Mr. Lascelles to convey the plantation, yet as the winding up of the corporation was the voluntary act of the defendant, and as thereby they had prevented the plaintiff from earning the whole four hundred pounds, they were liable to him for that amount, less the risk he had ; and the court assessed the damages at two hundred pounds. See also 2 Parsons on Contracts, (5th ed.,) 523 ; Chitty on Contracts, (11th ed.,) 89, 1059 ; Planche v. Colburn, 5 Car. & P., 58 ; McIntyre v. Belcher, 14 C. B., N. S., 653.
The sixth ground of remonstrance is that “ on the hearing said companjr, for the purpose of showing that the performance of said Hungerford’s contract depended upon said company’s obtaining the right to bridge the Housatonic river, and that in the event of a failure to obtain such right said contract was to be terminated, asked said Parrott—‘ Did Mr. Hungerford know that the success of the road depended upon getting the bridge?’ In answer the witness said—‘I say Mr. Hungerford knew that the success of the road depended upon getting the bridge, because I talked with him on that very subject over. and over again.’ Mr. Hungerford duly objected to this evidence.”
We think it was error to admit this testimony. The contract between Mr. Hungerford and the company was in writing, and all parol understandings and agreements were merged in it. Besides, the contract expressly exempted Mr. Hungerford from liability for procuring charters for drawbridges over navigable waters.
For the reasons here given we think the Superior Court erred in accepting the report of the committee
In this opinion the other judges concurred.