UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
KEITH STANSELL et al.,
Plaintiffs,
v. Misc. Action No. 10-471 (TJK) REVOLUTIONARY ARMED FORCES OF COLOMBIA (FARC) et al.,
Defendants.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Plaintiffs move for entry of turnover judgments directing garnishees American Express
National Bank and Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. to turn over to them blocked assets in accounts
belonging to Aero Continente S.A., an agency or instrumentality of the Revolutionary Armed
Forces of Colombia. See ECF Nos. 48, 51. For the reasons explained below, the Court finds that
the assets in each of the accounts are subject to execution under the Terrorism Risk Insurance
Act of 2002 and relevant procedures under District of Columbia law, and will grant the motions.
Background
Plaintiffs obtained a default judgment in June 2010 against the Revolutionary Armed
Forces of Columbia (“FARC”) and associated defendants under the Anti-Terrorism Act, 18
U.S.C. § 2331 et seq., based on repeated acts of international terrorism between 2003 and 2008.
See Default J., Stansell v. Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colom. (FARC), No. 09-2308 (RAL-
MAP), ECF No. 233 (M.D. Fla. June 15, 2010). Plaintiffs’ judgment is in the amount of
$318,030,000, id., of which $298,030,624.78 remained uncollected when Plaintiffs filed the
instant motions, see ECF No. 48 at 2; ECF No. 51 at 2. Later in 2010, Plaintiffs brought this action to enforce the judgment against assets held by
the FARC within the United States under Section 201(a) of the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act of
2002 (TRIA), Pub. L. No. 107-297, 116 Stat. 2322. Section 201(a) provides that the “blocked
assets” of a terrorist party or “any agency or instrumentality” of a terrorist party are “subject to
execution or attachment in aid of execution” to satisfy a judgment against that terrorist party.
In February 2019, Plaintiffs entered into a Confidential Joint Prosecution & Sharing
Agreement with the plaintiffs in Pescatore et al. v. Pineda & FARC, No. 1:08-cv-02245, which
is currently stayed. The Pescatore plaintiffs are also seeking to enforce a judgment against the
FARC, and Plaintiffs provided the Court notice that “the Agreement resolves all current or future
issues of competing judgment lien priority.” ECF No. 22 at 1; Pescatore et al. v. Pineda &
FARC, No. 1:08-cv-02245 (TJK), ECF No. 73 at 1 (D.D.C. Feb. 4, 2019).
On August 26, 2019, the Court held that: (1) Aero Continente, S.A. (“Aero Continente”),
qualifies as an agency or instrumentality of the FARC under the TRIA; (2) Aero Continente is a
Specially Designated Narcotics Trafficker (“SDNTK”) and its assets are blocked under the
Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act (“Kingpin Act”), 21 U.S.C. § 1901 et seq.; and (3)
those assets are therefore considered “blocked” for the TRIA’s purposes. See ECF No. 32. 1
Accordingly, the Court granted Plaintiffs’ motions and issued writs of attachment regarding the
blocked Aero Continente assets held at Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (“Wells Fargo”), and American
Express National Bank (“AENB”). ECF Nos. 34, 37.
Plaintiffs now move for entry of turnover judgments directing garnishees AENB and
Wells Fargo to turn over to them the total value of Aero Continente’s accounts at their respective
1 Stansell v. Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colom. (FARC), 10-mc-471(TJK), 2019 WL 4040680 (D.D.C. Aug. 26, 2019). The Court assumes familiarity with this prior Opinion and Order.
2 financial institutions. ECF Nos. 48, 51. Plaintiffs argue that because they have met the
requirements for attachment in aid of execution under TRIA and complied with procedures under
District of Columbia law for post-judgment attachment and execution, the Court may order
AENB and Wells Fargo to turn over the blocked Aero Continente assets. 2 Id.
II. Analysis
A. The TRIA Requirements
As referenced above, in its prior Opinion, the Court found that Plaintiffs satisfied the
three elements required for execution or attachment in aid of execution under the TRIA. See
ECF No. 32. In summary, because Aero Continente is an agency or instrumentality of the
FARC, and it is an SDNTK, its blocked assets in the garnishees’ possession are subject to
execution under the TRIA.
B. Post-Judgment Attachment and Execution Procedures Under District of Columbia Law
A money judgment may be enforced by writ of execution, the procedure for which must
“accord with the procedure of the state where the court is located.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 69(a)(1). In
the District of Columbia, a court may issue an attachment either before, after, or at the same time
as a writ of execution. D.C. Code § 16-542. The plaintiff, or judgment creditor, may seek a writ
of attachment of the credits of a defendant, or judgment debtor, in the hands of a garnishee. D.C.
Code §§ 16-544, 16-546. The writ of attachment may be served on the garnishee with
interrogatories asking the garnishee “about any property of the defendant in his possession or
2 Wells Fargo responded to Plaintiffs’ Motion by requesting that any order specifically state that the Aero Continente funds held at Wells Fargo are SDNTK blocked assets which must be turned over to Plaintiffs under the TRIA, and that no license from the Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”) is required to do so. ECF No. 53 at 1.
3 charge, or indebtedness of his to the defendant” to which garnishee must file answers within ten
days. D.C. Code §§ 16-546, 16-552.
No later than three days after the service of the writ and interrogatories on the garnishee,
the judgment creditor must mail to the judgment debtor “a copy of the writ and the Notice to
Debtor of Non-Wage Garnishment and Exemptions.” D.C. Super. Ct. R. Civ. P. 69-I(h).
“Service of the writ on the garnishee creates a valid lien in favor of the judgment creditor on the
debtor’s property held by the garnishee.” Consumers United Ins. Co. v. Smith, 644 A.2d 1328,
1352 (D.C. 1994). The lien is not final, though, and to obtain the attached property, the
judgment creditor must move for the entry of judgment against the garnishee. United States v.
All Assets Held at Bank Julius Baer & Co., 772 F. Supp. 2d 191, 203 (D.D.C. 2011). The
judgment creditor must do so within four weeks of either the garnishee’s response to the
interrogatories served upon him or garnishee’s failure to respond. D.C. Super. Ct. R. Civ. P. 69-
I(e). If the garnishee admits to possessing credits of the judgment debtor in answer to
interrogatories, then a judgment must be entered against him “for the amount of credits admitted
or found, not exceeding the amount of the plaintiff’s judgment, and costs, and execution shall be
had thereon not to exceed the credits in his hands.” D.C. Code § 16-556
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
KEITH STANSELL et al.,
Plaintiffs,
v. Misc. Action No. 10-471 (TJK) REVOLUTIONARY ARMED FORCES OF COLOMBIA (FARC) et al.,
Defendants.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Plaintiffs move for entry of turnover judgments directing garnishees American Express
National Bank and Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. to turn over to them blocked assets in accounts
belonging to Aero Continente S.A., an agency or instrumentality of the Revolutionary Armed
Forces of Colombia. See ECF Nos. 48, 51. For the reasons explained below, the Court finds that
the assets in each of the accounts are subject to execution under the Terrorism Risk Insurance
Act of 2002 and relevant procedures under District of Columbia law, and will grant the motions.
Background
Plaintiffs obtained a default judgment in June 2010 against the Revolutionary Armed
Forces of Columbia (“FARC”) and associated defendants under the Anti-Terrorism Act, 18
U.S.C. § 2331 et seq., based on repeated acts of international terrorism between 2003 and 2008.
See Default J., Stansell v. Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colom. (FARC), No. 09-2308 (RAL-
MAP), ECF No. 233 (M.D. Fla. June 15, 2010). Plaintiffs’ judgment is in the amount of
$318,030,000, id., of which $298,030,624.78 remained uncollected when Plaintiffs filed the
instant motions, see ECF No. 48 at 2; ECF No. 51 at 2. Later in 2010, Plaintiffs brought this action to enforce the judgment against assets held by
the FARC within the United States under Section 201(a) of the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act of
2002 (TRIA), Pub. L. No. 107-297, 116 Stat. 2322. Section 201(a) provides that the “blocked
assets” of a terrorist party or “any agency or instrumentality” of a terrorist party are “subject to
execution or attachment in aid of execution” to satisfy a judgment against that terrorist party.
In February 2019, Plaintiffs entered into a Confidential Joint Prosecution & Sharing
Agreement with the plaintiffs in Pescatore et al. v. Pineda & FARC, No. 1:08-cv-02245, which
is currently stayed. The Pescatore plaintiffs are also seeking to enforce a judgment against the
FARC, and Plaintiffs provided the Court notice that “the Agreement resolves all current or future
issues of competing judgment lien priority.” ECF No. 22 at 1; Pescatore et al. v. Pineda &
FARC, No. 1:08-cv-02245 (TJK), ECF No. 73 at 1 (D.D.C. Feb. 4, 2019).
On August 26, 2019, the Court held that: (1) Aero Continente, S.A. (“Aero Continente”),
qualifies as an agency or instrumentality of the FARC under the TRIA; (2) Aero Continente is a
Specially Designated Narcotics Trafficker (“SDNTK”) and its assets are blocked under the
Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act (“Kingpin Act”), 21 U.S.C. § 1901 et seq.; and (3)
those assets are therefore considered “blocked” for the TRIA’s purposes. See ECF No. 32. 1
Accordingly, the Court granted Plaintiffs’ motions and issued writs of attachment regarding the
blocked Aero Continente assets held at Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (“Wells Fargo”), and American
Express National Bank (“AENB”). ECF Nos. 34, 37.
Plaintiffs now move for entry of turnover judgments directing garnishees AENB and
Wells Fargo to turn over to them the total value of Aero Continente’s accounts at their respective
1 Stansell v. Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colom. (FARC), 10-mc-471(TJK), 2019 WL 4040680 (D.D.C. Aug. 26, 2019). The Court assumes familiarity with this prior Opinion and Order.
2 financial institutions. ECF Nos. 48, 51. Plaintiffs argue that because they have met the
requirements for attachment in aid of execution under TRIA and complied with procedures under
District of Columbia law for post-judgment attachment and execution, the Court may order
AENB and Wells Fargo to turn over the blocked Aero Continente assets. 2 Id.
II. Analysis
A. The TRIA Requirements
As referenced above, in its prior Opinion, the Court found that Plaintiffs satisfied the
three elements required for execution or attachment in aid of execution under the TRIA. See
ECF No. 32. In summary, because Aero Continente is an agency or instrumentality of the
FARC, and it is an SDNTK, its blocked assets in the garnishees’ possession are subject to
execution under the TRIA.
B. Post-Judgment Attachment and Execution Procedures Under District of Columbia Law
A money judgment may be enforced by writ of execution, the procedure for which must
“accord with the procedure of the state where the court is located.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 69(a)(1). In
the District of Columbia, a court may issue an attachment either before, after, or at the same time
as a writ of execution. D.C. Code § 16-542. The plaintiff, or judgment creditor, may seek a writ
of attachment of the credits of a defendant, or judgment debtor, in the hands of a garnishee. D.C.
Code §§ 16-544, 16-546. The writ of attachment may be served on the garnishee with
interrogatories asking the garnishee “about any property of the defendant in his possession or
2 Wells Fargo responded to Plaintiffs’ Motion by requesting that any order specifically state that the Aero Continente funds held at Wells Fargo are SDNTK blocked assets which must be turned over to Plaintiffs under the TRIA, and that no license from the Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”) is required to do so. ECF No. 53 at 1.
3 charge, or indebtedness of his to the defendant” to which garnishee must file answers within ten
days. D.C. Code §§ 16-546, 16-552.
No later than three days after the service of the writ and interrogatories on the garnishee,
the judgment creditor must mail to the judgment debtor “a copy of the writ and the Notice to
Debtor of Non-Wage Garnishment and Exemptions.” D.C. Super. Ct. R. Civ. P. 69-I(h).
“Service of the writ on the garnishee creates a valid lien in favor of the judgment creditor on the
debtor’s property held by the garnishee.” Consumers United Ins. Co. v. Smith, 644 A.2d 1328,
1352 (D.C. 1994). The lien is not final, though, and to obtain the attached property, the
judgment creditor must move for the entry of judgment against the garnishee. United States v.
All Assets Held at Bank Julius Baer & Co., 772 F. Supp. 2d 191, 203 (D.D.C. 2011). The
judgment creditor must do so within four weeks of either the garnishee’s response to the
interrogatories served upon him or garnishee’s failure to respond. D.C. Super. Ct. R. Civ. P. 69-
I(e). If the garnishee admits to possessing credits of the judgment debtor in answer to
interrogatories, then a judgment must be entered against him “for the amount of credits admitted
or found, not exceeding the amount of the plaintiff’s judgment, and costs, and execution shall be
had thereon not to exceed the credits in his hands.” D.C. Code § 16-556.
Plaintiffs complied with this procedure and timely moved for execution. On October 9,
2018, they sought writs of attachment for “credits,” a category of property that is subject to
attachment, of an agency or instrumentality of their judgment debtor. See D.C. Code § 16-544;
ECF Nos. 9, 32. After the Court issued the writs, on September 12, 2019, Plaintiffs provided
Aero Continente timely notice under District of Columbia Rule 69-I(h). ECF No. 41. And on
September 16, 2019, Plaintiffs served the writs on AENB and Wells Fargo, along with
interrogatories. See D.C. Code § 16-546; ECF Nos. 46, 47, 49.
4 On October 1, 2019, AENB filed its answers to the interrogatories, disclosing that it
possesses four Aero Continente accounts totaling $1,152,498.60. ECF No. 47. Wells Fargo did
the same on October 11, 2019, inicating that it possesses five Aero Continente accounts
containing $235,236.60. ECF No. 49. On October 11, 2019, Plaintiffs timely moved for
judgment ordering turnover of the blocked assets held by AENB. ECF No. 48; see D.C. Super.
Ct. R. Civ. P. 69-I(e). And a few days later, they followed suit regarding the blocked assets held
by Wells Fargo. ECF No. 51; see D.C. Super. Ct. R. Civ. P. 69-I(e).
Accordingly, Plaintiffs are entitled to judgment against AENB and Wells Fargo for the
amount of credits admitted but not exceeding the amount of the plaintiff's judgment, and costs,
“and execution shall be had thereon not to exceed the credits in [their] hands.” D.C. Code § 16-
556. Plaintiffs still have $298,030,624.78 outstanding from their judgment against the FARC,
far more than the credits in AENB and Wells Fargo’s Aero Continente accounts, and therefore
the judgment must be for the turnover of the entire value of those accounts. ECF No. 48 at 2.
C. Need for an OFAC License
Finally, Plaintiffs need not obtain an OFAC license prior to execution of the assets under
the TRIA. Typically, attaching assets that are blocked under a sanctions program—such as the
Kingpin Act—requires obtaining a license from OFAC. But Section 201(a) of the TRIA
expressly permits execution or attachment of such assets “[n]otwithstanding any other provision
of law.” 3 So when a plaintiff executes assets under the TRIA, she need not obtain such a
license. Rubin v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 709 F.3d 49, 54 (1st Cir. 2013). Once this Court
3 The only textual limit on this broad power is in subsection (b), which is irrelevant here because “it provides for discretionary presidential waivers, on an asset-by-asset basis, when the property is ‘subject to the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations or the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations.’” United States v. All Funds on Deposit with R.J. O'Brien & Assocs., 783 F.3d 607, 621 (7th Cir. 2015) (internal citation omitted).
5 determined that “blocked assets [were] subject to the TRIA, those funds may be distributed
without a license from OFAC.” Harrison v. Republic of Sudan, 802 F.3d 399, 409 (2d Cir.
2015), adhered to on denial of reh’g, 838 F.3d 86 (2d Cir. 2016), and rev’d and remanded, 139
S. Ct. 1048, 203 L. Ed. 2d 433 (2019) (reversing due to insufficient service under the Foreign
Sovereign Immunities Act); see also Stansell v. Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colom. (FARC),
No. 8:09-CV-2308-T-36AAS, 2019 WL 2537791, at *5 (M.D. Fla. June 20, 2019) (modifying
Report and Recommendation “to reflect that Plaintiffs can execute their judgment on blocked
assets under the Kingpin Act without an OFAC license.”).
III. Conclusion
For the above reasons, the Court will grant Plaintiffs’ Motions for Entry of TRIA
Turnover Judgments, ECF Nos. 48, 51, relating to Aero Continente’s assets held in accounts at
AENB and Wells Fargo. Separate orders will issue.
/s/ Timothy J. Kelly TIMOTHY J. KELLY United States District Judge
Date: July 10, 2020