Stamos v. Standard Acc. Ins. Co.
This text of 119 F. Supp. 245 (Stamos v. Standard Acc. Ins. Co.) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering District Court, W.D. Louisiana primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.
Opinion
Alleging serious personal injuries, said to have been sustained on September 25, 1953, when a heavy torso-sized punching bag fell upon him at a gymnasium operated by the Young Men’s Christian Association at Shreveport, Louisiana, plaintiff sues defendant directly and alone 1 2as the public liability insurer of the “Y”. As the basis of his action, plaintiff asserts that “res ipsa loquitur” is applicable 2 , but alternatively pleads that the accident resulted solely and proximately from negligence of the assured, its agents and employees, in various particulars unnecessary to detail here.
Defendant has moved to dismiss on the grounds: that the YMCA is an eleemosynary institution, devoted to religious and charitable work, of which plaintiff was a member and beneficiary; that under the law of Louisiana such an organization is not liable for tort damages sustained by its members or beneficiaries 3 ; that defendant, under the terms of its policy, is obligated to pay only such amounts as its assured is legally obligated to pay; and that, accordingly, since the assured is not liable, plaintiff cannot maintain this action against defendant. Attached to its motion are copies of defendant’s policy and of the charter of its assured.
Plaintiff, in opposition, argues that lack of liability, or immunity, on the part of the assured is a defense purely “personal” to it, which cannot be used by defendant 4 .
The latter counters by urging:
(1) that eleemosynary institutions cannot escape tort liability for injuries negligently inflicted upon third persons who are not members or beneficiaries; that in the cases relied on by plaintiff the claimants were outsiders — third persons who could have maintained suits against the institutions as well as their *246 insurers; therefore, that plaintiff’s citations are not in point; and,
(2) that the Louisiana Supreme Court, in Burke v. Massachusetts Bonding & Ins. Co. 5 , in effect has repudiated the earlier Louisiana jurisprudence, which was based, defendant says, upon Rome v. London, etc., Ind. Co., La.App., 169 So. 132, permitting direct actions such as this, where the assured, because of a legal immunity, cannot be held liable to the injured party.
As to the first point, we find no Louisiana decisions making such a distinction in a direct action against a liability insurer. On the contrary, in the very cases cited by plaintiff, and sought to be distinguished by defendant, the Louisiana courts expressly have held that the immunity of the assured was a “personal” defense unavailable to the insurer. A number of decisions 6 , not cited by plaintiff, have held likewise.
In those cases (except Rome, which was like the present one) the coverture existing between husband and wife was held to be a “personal” defense which the husband’s insurer might not use in defense of a suit brought by the wife for injuries she sustained through the husband’s negligence. There could be no stronger case of non-liability (immu nity) on grounds of public policy than that of a husband to his wife for his torts against her. Yet, Louisiana courts consistently have held the husband’s insurer liable in such cases. For that reason, we think the defense here is fruitless, particularly since defendant is urging its assured’s “personal” immunity as the reason for dismissal.
As to the second point, in our judgment Burke does not affect earlier Louisiana jurisprudence on this subject. There a wife sued her husband’s insurer directly and alone, in a Louisiana court, for injuries she sustained in an accident which happened in Mississippi, due to her husband’s negligence. The court, held that her substantive rights arose-in and were governed by the laws of' Mississippi, where the alleged tort occurred. Since that state recognizes coverture, does not have a “direct action”' statute, and enforces the standard policy-provision that no action may be brought against the insurer until judgment first, is obtained against the insured, Mississippi law was followed, the suit being dismissed. The court held that the Louisiana Direct Action Statute applies only to causes of action arising in this, state. It stated that “the statute merely gives a claimant a direct right of action against the liability insurer when he has a cause of action against the insured, or where the insured would be-liable but for an immunity personal to-him" (Emphasis supplied). In discussing Matney v. Blue Ribbon, Inc., 202 La. 505, 12 So.2d 253, relied on by Mrs. Burke, the court commented that there it “* * * was careful to point out that if the tort had been committed in Louisiana, the cause of action would be governed by the law of this State. * * * In the instant case the accident occurred in Mississippi and necessarily the question of whether the plaintiff has a substantive cause of action must be determined by the law of that State.” [209 La. 495, 24 So.2d 878.]
Defendant argues that in the latter part of its opinion in Burke, the court, in effect, overruled Rome, and the eases that have come after it, because Rome based its holding on Articles 3060 and 2098 of the LSA-Civil Code, which were • held inapplicable in Burke. This does not follow at all.
It is true that the Louisiana Court of' Appeals used Article 3060 of the Code as one basis for its holding in Rome. Actually, that article, which is found in the - *247 •Code under the title of “Suretyship”, was not in point. Its citation was superfluous. The Code, at Article 3035, defines suretyship as “* * * an accessory promise by which a person binds himself for another already bound, and ■agrees with the creditor to satisfy the •obligation, if the debtor does not." (Emphasis supplied.)
It is our opinion that this article does not cover the relationship of insurer and insured, for it pertains to a preexisting •debt, as distinguished from a future obligation, which the surety will discharge if the debtor does not 7 . Rather, we think Article 2098 of the Code, which is found under the title of “Obligations”, was the true and appropriate basis for the holding in Edwards and Rome, and for those cases which have followed them. It reads:
“A codebtor in solido, being sued by the creditor, may plead all the exceptions resulting from the nature of the obligation, and all such .as are personal to himself, as well as such as are common to all the •codebtors.
“He cannot plead such exceptions as are merely personal to some of the other codebtors.” (Emphasis supplied.)
We think the effect of Burke is limited strictly to the facts of that ease and others like it. Actually, Rome (decided June 22, 1936) came after and relied upon Edwards, a Supreme Court decision (rendered March 4, 1935).
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119 F. Supp. 245, 1954 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 4376, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/stamos-v-standard-acc-ins-co-lawd-1954.