PD 1458-15
IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
OF TEXAS _______________________________________________
RYAN MATTHEW STAIRHIME, Appellant,
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee. _______________________________________________
On Petition for Discretionary Review from the First Court of Appeals in No. 01-13-00493-CR affirming the conviction in cause number 1387371, From the 177th District Court of Harris County, Texas _______________________________________________
APPELLANT’S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW _______________________________________________
ORAL ARGUMENT IS NOT REQUESTED ALEXANDER BUNIN Chief Public Defender Harris County, Texas
JANI MASELLI WOOD Assistant Public Defender Harris County, Texas TBN. 00791195 1201 Franklin Street, 13th Floor Houston, Texas 77002 December 15, 2015 Phone: (713) 368-0016 Fax: (713) 368-9278
Counsel for Appellant
December 14, 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE
Table of Contents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Index of Authorities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Statement Regarding Oral Argument. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Statement of the Case. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Statement of Procedural History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Ground for Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Reason for Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Statement of Facts.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Argument
The defense was precluded from asking an entirely proper question during voir dire. On remand from this Court, the Court of Appeals determined that Mr. Stairhime was allowed to ask the question after the State’s objections were erroneously sustained. However, the question Mr. Stairhime was allowed to ask was substantively different than the previous question. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Did the Court of Appeals err in holding that Mr. Stairhime’s substantial rights were not affected?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Did the Court of Appeals err in holding the error almost “moot” because Mr. Stairhime ultimately ended up testifying?.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Prayer for Relief. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Certificate of Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2 Certificate of Compliance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Attached
3 INDEX OF AUTHORITIES PAGE
Cases:
Goodspeed v. State, 187 S.W.3d 390 (Tex. Crim. App.2005). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Stairhime v. State, 463 S.W.3d 902 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Stairhime v. State, 01-13-00493-CR, 2015 WL 6081596 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Oct. 15, 2015, no. pet. h.) . . . . . . . . . 5, 14
Stairhime v. State, 439 S.W.3d 499 (Tex. App. – Houston [1st Dist.] 2014). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Statutes, Rules, and Miscellaneous
TEX. CODE CRIM. P. ART. 35.16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 19.02 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
TEX. R. APP. P. 66.3(F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Roxanne Barton Conlin & Gretchen Jenson, What, Me? Prejudiced? Absolutely Not!, Trial 20, 21 (Dec. 2000). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
http://www.pewresearch.org/methodology/u-s-survey-research/questionnaire-design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 15
http://stattrek.com/statistics/dictionary.aspx?definition=Response%20bias. . . 15
4 STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT
Oral argument is not requested.
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
This is an appeal from the felony offense of murder. (C.R. at 261). See TEX.
PENAL CODE ANN. § 19.02. Mr. Stairhime pleaded not guilty and a jury convicted him
and sentenced him to 43 years confinement in the Institutional Division of the Texas
Department of Criminal Justice. (C.R. at 261). Timely notice of appeal was filed.
(C.R. at 266).
STATEMENT OF THE PROCEDURAL HISTORY
In a published opinion, on first review, the First Court of Appeals affirmed Mr.
Stairhime’s conviction. Stairhime v. State, 439 S.W.3d 499 (Tex. App. – Houston [1st
Dist.] 2014, pdr granted). This Court granted the PDR and reversed the Court of
Appeals. Stairhime v. State, 463 S.W.3d 902 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015). On remand, the
First Court of Appeals again affirmed the conviction in an unpublished case. Stairhime
v. State, 01-13-00493-CR, 2015 WL 6081596, at *1 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]
Oct. 15, 2015, no. pet. h.) No motion for rehearing was filed. This petition for
discretionary review is timely filed if filed on or before December 16, 2015.
-5- GROUND FOR REVIEW
The defense was precluded from asking an entirely proper question during voir dire. On remand from this Court, the Court of Appeals determined that Mr. Stairhime was allowed to ask the question after the State’s objections were erroneously sustained. However, the question Mr. Stairhime was allowed to ask was substantively different than the previous question.
Did the Court of Appeals err in holding that Mr. Stairhime’s substantial rights were not affected?
Did the Court of Appeals err in holding the error almost “moot” because Mr. Stairhime ultimately ended up testifying?
REASON FOR REVIEW
The First Court of Appeals has so far departed from the accepted and usual course of judicial proceedings, or so far sanctioned such a departure by a lower court, as to call for an exercise of this Court’s power of supervision . TEX. R. APP. P. 66.3(F).
STATEMENT OF FACTS RELATIVE TO GROUND RAISED
Voir Dire
During voir dire, the defense posed a question to the entire panel regarding
whether they would be biased against Mr. Stairhime if he did not testify, and polled
the panel individually for their answers (2 R.R. at 148-158). The following questions
were asked regarding whether or not the jury would hold it against Mr. Stairhime if
he did not testify:
-6- MR. GRAVES: What I want to know, if Ryan does not take the stand, are
you going to use that as evidence of guilt? In other words,
do you have to hear from him?
VENIREPERSON: No, I don’t.
MR. GRAVES: Juror No. 2?
VENIREPERSON: No.
MR. GRAVES: Juror No. 3?
VENIREPERSON: Yes, I would like to hear from him.
MR. GRAVES: We all would like to.
VENIREPERSON: Okay. Yeah.
MR. GRAVES: I think we’re all in agreement we would like to hear from
the defendant, right? Okay. And that’s fair. That’s human
nature.
VENIREPERSON: So you’re asking if we don’t hear from him, are we
going to hold that against him?
MR. GRAVES: Exactly. In other words, do you have to hear from
[Mr. Stairhime] to be a fair juror?
MS. MAGNESS: Judge, I’m going to object to the form of the
question.
-7- THE COURT: Sustained.
MR. GRAVES: I’ll rephrase it.
THE COURT: Before you answer, sir, go ahead and rephrase that
question, Mr. Graves.
MR. GRAVES: Okay. I will. If Ryan refuses to testify, can you put
that aside, out of your mind and be fair?
MS. MAGNESS: I’m going to object again to the form of the
question.
THE COURT: Sustained.
MR. GRAVES: Do you have to hear from the defendant?
MS. MAGNESS: Again, I object to the form of the question. It’s
whether or not they would use it as evidence of his
guilt.
THE COURT: Sustained.
MR. GRAVES: Are you going to use it as evidence of his guilt if he
does not testify?
VENIREPERSON: Yes.
(2 R.R. at 149). The trial court thus effectively restricted Mr. Graves to asking a
question regarding whether jurors could follow the law in regard to Mr. Stairhime’s
-8- right to not testify, preventing him from asking the rest of the panel his proper
question regarding juror bias against Mr. Stairhime if he did not testify.
The Incident
On the night of July 17, 2010, Ryan Stairhime picked up his girlfriend at the
time, Kelsey Wright, to take her to a get-together at a friend’s house (6 R.R. at 42-44).
The two joined friends in the front yard of the house, where they sat and drank rum
and bourbon for much of the night (6 R.R. at 44). At some point, the group also
smoked approximately two marijuana joints between them (6 R.R. at 45).
Unbeknownst to Ryan, Kelsey had also used methamphetamine that night before he
picked her up (4 R.R. at 226).
After midnight, Ryan returned to his car to retrieve his cigarettes (6 R.R. at 46).
While inside the car, he saw Kelsey’s cell phone light up with a suggestive text
message from another man (6 R.R. at 46-47, 60). Ryan and Kelsey already had trust
issues in their relationship, as Ryan had “well-sustained evidence” that Kelsey had
cheated on him previously, and Kelsey maintained a close relationship with her
ex-boyfriend, Stephen Babb, potentially even cheating on Ryan with him (6 R.R. at
46-48). Ryan and Stephen had several run-ins in the past, with Stephen attempting
to run Ryan and a friend off the road, and drunkenly banging on Ryan and Kelsey’s
apartment door late at night (6 R.R. at 27, 49-56). Angry, intoxicated, and betrayed,
-9- Ryan confronted Kelsey and they began to argue on the front lawn (6 R.R. at 60-61).
A frustrated Ryan decided it was time for the night to end, and proceeded to take
Kelsey home (6 R.R. at 62).
The argument continued in the car, escalating in volume as Kelsey screamed
at Ryan, and he yelled back at her (6 R.R. at 62-63). Distracted by the argument, Ryan
hit a pothole, damaging the car, and sending the right side of Kelsey’s face crashing
into the windshield (4 R.R. at 147). Ryan was forced to pull over into a nearby
Wal-Mart parking lot (4 R.R. at 147; VI R.R. at 63-64, 66). At this point events
become unclear-Kelsey claimed that Ryan hit her on the right side of her face (4 R.R.
at 138, 146, 210-11), while Ryan insisted that Kelsey began hitting him, and he
attempted to fend her off, possibly knocking her in the process (6 R.R. at 63). Ryan
and Kelsey got out of the car, and Ryan called his brother, Wesley, for help (6 R.R.
at 67). Knowing it would be some time before his brother arrived, Ryan decided to
leave, walking away from the car and Kelsey in an attempt to clear his head in the
interim (4 R.R. at 152; 6 R.R. at 67). Kelsey tried to follow, blocking his way and
insisting they continue the argument (6 R.R. at 67-69), until Ryan, fed up, grabbed her
and moved her out of his way, causing her to fall (6 R.R. at 69; 4 R.R. at 150-51).
Kelsey finally decided to go home, and called the complainant Stephen Babb
to come pick her up at an Exxon station across the intersection from the Wal-Mart
-10- at close to 3:00 a.m. on the morning of July 18th (4 R.R. at 152). She began to walk
towards the Exxon, but before she arrived, she encountered Wesley’s girlfriend, Ann
Marie Montoya (Annie), who gave her a ride to the station and waited with her until
Stephen arrived (4 R.R. at 154-55). Annie returned to where Ryan and Wesley were
examining the car, and informed them that Stephen had arrived to pick Kelsey up (5
R.R. at 56). Ryan-already angry and betrayed, feeling like his “whole world that I just
two years spent, three years spent, was just crumbling, falling apart,” headed toward
the Exxon parking lot to confront the pair (6 R.R. at 73-74).
The chain of events is unclear at this juncture. Kelsey claimed she was sitting
in the truck with Stephen while he consoled her when Ryan approached, and, after a
brief exchange of words, Ryan struck at Stephen, who struck back as if they were
fist-fighting (4 R.R. at 158-64). According to Ryan, he approached the truck and
spoke to Kelsey, who responded angrily, at which point Stephen slapped Kelsey and
told her to “shut the fuck up” (6 R.R. at 75), and made a threatening comment to
Ryan (6 R.R. at 76-77). Ryan had seen the fear on Kelsey’s face before when they
encountered Stephen at a restaurant (6 R.R. at 58-59), and had heard stories from
Kelsey about Stephen’s “bad side,” and how much she “hated Stephen” (4 R.R. at
127-28). Now Ryan was stunned and afraid for his girlfriend and himself (6 R.R. at
-11- 80-83). Ryan saw Stephen reach for something, and, assuming it was a weapon, acted
on impulse out of fear for his and Kelsey’s safety (6 R.R. at 79-80).
Where the versions converge is that, during the altercation between Ryan and
Stephen at the truck, Ryan pulled his pocketknife from his belt and stabbed Stephen
(4 R.R. at 164-65; 6 R.R. at 79, 81-83). Ryan then left the scene with Wesley and
Annie in their car (4 R.R. at 165; 6 R.R. at 83). Ryan turned himself in the next day
(6 R.R. at 86-87). He was formally charged with murder (C.R. at 8-9, 13).
-12- ARGUMENT
The defense was precluded from asking an entirely proper question during voir dire. On remand from this Court, the Court of Appeals determined that Mr. Stairhime was allowed to ask the question after the State’s objections were erroneously sustained. However, the question Mr. Stairhime was allowed to ask was substantively different than the previous question.
Did the Court of Appeals err in holding that Mr. Stairhime’s substantial rights were not affected?
Did the Court of Appeals err in holding the error almost “moot” because Mr. Stairhime ultimately ended up testifying?
Questions not allowed Questions Allowed
In other words, do you have to hear What I want to know, if Ryan does not from [Mr. Stairhime] to be a fair take the stand, are you going to use that juror? as evidence of guilt? In other words, do you have to hear from him? If Ryan refuses to testify, can you put that aside, out of your mind Are you going to use it as evidence of his and be fair? guilt if he does not testify? Do you have to hear from the defendant?
-13- Did the Court of Appeals err in holding that Mr. Stairhime’s substantial rights were not affected?
The Court of Appeals determined that “Appellant’s questioning about his right
to remain silent was restricted only as to its form. Appellant was ultimately allowed
to ask the prospective jurors if they would use his failure to testily as proof of guilt.”
Stairhime v. State, 01-13-00493-CR, 2015 WL 6081596, at *3 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st
Dist.] Oct. 15, 2015, no. pet. h.). This determination presupposes that the exact same
questions were asked. That is not the case.
The questions were actually significantly different. Mr. Stairhime’s attorney was
attempting to determine fairness - and the inquiry allowed related only to evidence.
Determining whether a juror can be fair is a proper question under the law:
(a) A challenge for cause is an objection made to a particular juror, alleging some fact which renders the juror incapable or unfit to serve on the jury. A challenge for cause may be made by either the state or the defense for any one of the following reasons:
9. That the juror has a bias or prejudice in favor of or against the defendant;
TEX. CODE CRIM. P. ART. 35.16.
Although the questions were assumed to be the same by the Court of Appeals -
there is a difference:
The choice of words and phrases in a question is critical in expressing the meaning and intent of the question to the respondent and ensuring
-14- that all respondents interpret the question the same way. Even small wording differences can substantially affect the answers people provide.
http://www.pewresearch.org/methodology/u-s-survey-research/questionnaire-de
sign/(last logged in 12/12/2015). There is a distinct difference between whether
someone can be fair versus whether they will use something as evidence. The answers
could be very different:
Response Bias
In survey sampling, response bias refers to the bias that results from problems in the measurement process. **** Social desirability. Most people like to present themselves in a favorable light, so they will be reluctant to admit to unsavory attitudes or illegal activities in a survey, particularly if survey results are not confidential. Instead, their responses may be biased toward what they believe is socially desirable.
http://stattrek.com/statistics/dictionary.aspx?definition=Response%20bias (last
logged in 12/12/2015). Being allowed to ask whether jurors will be fair would have
allowed the defense to see whether or not jurors would admit their biases or
prejudices:
Almost no one thinks he or she is prejudiced. In fact, we all are. Jury selection must be conducted in a way that reveals the subtle and not-so-subtle biases held by the members of the venire. Jury selection is a crucial element in achieving a fair result for your client. Without an impartial jury, the best representation and facts may not win the case.
-15- Roxanne Barton Conlin & Gretchen Jenson, What, Me? Prejudiced? Absolutely Not!, Trial
20, 21 (Dec. 2000).
Did the Court of Appeals err in holding the error almost “moot” because Mr. Stairhime ultimately ended up testifying?
Additionally, the Court of Appeals also held “any error was, if not rendered
moot, severely diminished by Appellant’s decision to testify.” Stairhime, 2015 WL
6081596, at *4. This assumes that the limitation of voir dire did not directly affect the
decision as to whether Ryan should testify or not. The defense questioned at length
about this issue - only to be thwarted. Specifically, the defense told the jury: “I think
we’re all in agreement we would like to hear from the defendant, right? Okay. And
that’s fair. That’s human nature.” (2 R.R. at 148). If the defense strategy had been for
Mr. Stairhime to testify all along - the defense surely would have told the jury that he
was going to testify. Instead, the defense asked extensive questions about the fact he
was not going to testify. The Court of Appeals determination that this diminishes the
harm is inapposite from what most likely happened. The defense was precluded from
asking whether the jurors could be fair - he was denied that basic question. This
might have been the very reason the defense felt that Mr. Stairhime needed to testify.
When evaluating claims of ineffective assistance of counsel, courts unilaterally
reject claims when the record is “silent.” Goodspeed v. State, 187 S.W.3d 390, 392
(Tex.Crim.App.2005). Similarly, the Court of Appeals determining the issue is moot
-16- is based upon a silent record. There may or may not have been a strategy decision
based upon the erroneous trial court rulings during voir dire. There is no way to
know from the silent record whether or not the defense strategy had to change. The
Court of Appeals erred in basing part of its decision on a silent record.
Review should be granted.
PRAYER FOR RELIEF
For the reasons states above, Mr. Stairhime prays that this Court grant his
petition.
Respectfully submitted,
Jani Maselli Wood _______________________________ JANI J. MASELLI WOOD Assistant Public Defender Harris County, Texas Jani.Maselli@pdo.hctx.net TBN. 00791195 1201 Franklin Street, 13th Floor Houston, Texas 77002 Phone: (713) 368-0016 Fax: (713) 368-9278
Attorney for Appellant Ryan Matthew Stairhime
-17- CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
Pursuant to Tex. R. App. Proc. 9.5, this certifies that on December 14, 2015,
a copy of the foregoing was emailed to Lisa McMinn, State Prosecuting Attorney, and
the Harris County District Attorney’s Office through texfile.com at the following
address:
Alan Curry Assistant District Attorney 1201 Franklin Street, 6th Floor Houston, TX 77002 curry_alan@dao.hctx.net
Lisa McMinn Lisa.McMinn@SPA.texas.gov
Jani Maselli Wood _________________________________ JANI J. MASELLI WOOD
-18- CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE
Pursuant to proposed Rule 9.4(i)(3), undersigned counsel certifies that this
petition complies with the type-volume limitations of TEX. R. APP. PROC. 9.4(I)(2)(D).
1. Exclusive of the portions exempted by TEX. R. APP. PROC. 9.4 (I)(1), this
petition contains 3304 words printed in a proportionally spaced typeface.
2. This petition is printed in a proportionally spaced, serif typeface using
Garamond 14 point font in text and Garamond 14 point font in footnotes produced
by Corel WordPerfect software.
3 Undersigned counsel understands that a material misrepresentation in
completing this certificate, or circumvention of the type-volume limits in Tex. R. App.
Proc. 9.4(j), may result in the Court’s striking this brief and imposing sanctions against
the person who signed it.
Jani Maselli Wood ____________________________ JANI J. MASELLI WOOD
-19- Appendix A
Opinion Stairhime v. State Stairhime v. State, Not Reported in S.W.3d (2015)
On original submission, we overruled all four issues. 2015 WL 6081596 Stairhime v. State, 439 S.W.3d 499, 504–07 Only the Westlaw citation is currently available. (Tex.App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, pet. granted) (Stairhime I ). For the fourth issue, we held that Appellant SEE TX R RAP RULE 47.2 FOR DESIGNATION AND had waived any error related to the issue raised. Id. at 507. SIGNING OF OPINIONS. Stairhime filed a petition for discretionary review of our judgment with respect to the fourth issue, and the Texas Court DO NOT PUBLISH. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(B). of Criminal Appeals granted it. Stairhime v. State, 463 S.W.3d 902, 903 (Tex.Crim.App.2015) (Stairhime II ). The Court of Appeals of Texas, court reversed, holding the facts upon which we relied did not Houston (1st Dist.). support a determination of waiver. Id. at 908. The court has remanded the case back to this Court for consideration of the remaining arguments in Appellant’s fourth issue. Id. Ryan Matthew Stairhime, Appellant v. The State of Texas, Appellee We affirm. NO. 01–13–00493–CR | Opinion issued October 15, 2015 Background
The only issue remaining for review concerns the trial court’s On Appeal from the 177th District Court, Harris County, restriction of Appellant’s voir dire examination. See id. Texas, Trial Court Case No. 1387371 Accordingly, we provide only the relevant information for that issue. Attorneys and Law Firms
Jani J. Wood, for Appellant. Appellant and his girlfriend, Kelsey Wright, got into a heated argument on July 18, 2010. Wright called a friend and former Carol M. Cameron, Alan Curry, Devon Anderson, for State of boyfriend, Stephen Babb, to pick her up. When Babb arrived, Texas. Appellant stabbed him in the chest and fled. Babb died, and Panel consists of Chief Justice Radack and Justices Higley Appellant was charged with murder. and Brown.
During voir dire at trial, Appellant’s counsel began asking the jury about Appellant’s right not to testily at trial. The following exchange occurred: MEMORANDUM OPINION [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Juror No. 1. Laura Carter Higley, Justice VENIREPERSON: What do you want to know? You want to know how I feel about it? *1 Appellant, Ryan Matthew Stairhime, was charged by indictment with murder.1 Appellant pleaded not guilty. The jury found him guilty and assessed punishment at 43 years’ [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: What I want to know, if Ryan confinement. In his original brief, Appellant challenged the does not take the stand, are you going to use that as trial court’s (1) permitting the State to impeach the testimony evidence of guilt? In other words, do you have to hear from of a witness to the incident, (2) excluding his impeaching him? evidence of the same witness, (3) failure to include in the application portion of the jury charge a definition present in the abstract portion of the jury charge, and (4) restriction of VENIREPERSON: No, I don’t. his voir dire examination.
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Juror No. 2?
© 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. 21
-21- Stairhime v. State, Not Reported in S.W.3d (2015)
VENIREPERSON: No.
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Do you have to hear from the [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Juror No. 3? defendant?
VENIREPERSON: Yes, I would like to hear from him. [PROSECUTOR]: Again, I object to the form of the question. It’s whether or not they would use it as evidence of his guilt. [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: We all would like to.
THE COURT: Sustained. VENIREPERSON: Okay. Yeah.
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Are you going to use it as [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: I think we’re all in agreement we evidence of his guilt if he does not testify? would like to hear from the defendant, right? Okay. And that’s fair. That’s human nature. VENIREPERSON: Yes.
VENIREPERSON: So you’re asking if we don’t hear from him, are we going to hold that against him? Appellant’s counsel then asked the remaining prospective jurors the same question. In total, ten prospective jurors said [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Exactly. In other words, do you they would consider Appellant’s failure to testily as evidence have to hear from him to be a fair juror? of guilt. Nine of them were struck for cause. The tenth was too far down the list of jurors to have a chance of being on the jury panel. [PROSECUTOR]: Judge, Em going to object to the form of the question. During the trial, Appellant testified, both in the guilt-innocence phase and in the punishment phase. In the THE COURT: Sustained. guilt-innocence phase, Appellant admitted to stabbing Babb. Appellant testified that he saw Babb slap Wright. According to Appellant, Babb then threatened him and reached for [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: I’ll rephrase it. something under his seat. Appellant claimed he became scared for himself and for Wright and attacked Babb as a result. THE COURT: Before you answer, sir, go ahead and rephrase that question, [DEFENSE COUNSEL]. Voir Dire
In his fourth issue, Appellant argues the trial court abused its *2 [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Okay. I will. discretion by preventing Appellant from asking the jury questions concerning his right not to testify.
If Ryan refuses to testify, can you put that aside, out of your mind and be fair? In its opinion, the Court of Criminal Appeals clarified that the State had raised other arguments for finding waiver and that its opinion did not dispose of those. Id. at 908 n.3. We begin, [PROSECUTOR]: I’m going to object again to the form of then, by addressing the State’s remaining waiver argument. the question.
Appellant argues that the trial court denied him his right to THE COURT: Sustained. ask the jury proper voir dire questions regarding Stairhime’s
© 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. 22
-22- Stairhime v. State, Not Reported in S.W.3d (2015)
right to remain silent. The State argues that Appellant failed to preserve this issue because he did not object. In order to Turning to the substance of the argument, we do not need to preserve a complaint for appellate review, the record must determine whether the trial court’s rulings were actually show that “the complaint was made to the trial court by a erroneous. This is because, even assuming the rulings were timely request, objection, or motion” and that the trial court erroneous, any error is harmless. ruled on the complaint. Tex.R.App. P. 33.1(a).
Even when a court finds error in a trial court’s ruling, we must It is established in the record that the State objected multiple review the error for harm. See Tex.R.App. P. 44.2(a)–(b). In times to how Appellant’s questions phrased the questions general, errors in criminal cases are divided between about Appellant’s right to remain silent. The State appears to constitutional errors and non-constitutional errors. See id. For argue that, in order to preserve this issue for appeal, constitutional errors, “the court of appeals must reverse a Appellant was required to object to the trial court’s sustaining judgment of conviction or punishment unless the court the State’s objections. We find no justification for this determines beyond a reasonable doubt that the error did not argument. Rule 33.1 requires only that “the complaint was contribute to the conviction or punishment.” Tex.R.App. P. made.” Id. The trial court sustained objections to Appellant’s 44.2(a). For non-constitutional errors, any error “must be counsel’s formulation of questions about the right to remain disregarded” unless the error affects Appellant’s substantial silent, requiring Appellant’s counsel to reformulate the rights. Tex.R.App. P. 44.2(b). question. If these rulings were erroneous, then the trial court prevented Appellant from asking proper voir dire questions. This is Appellant’s complaint on appeal. We hold it has been Appellant argues that the trial court’s exclusion of his preserved. preferred form for questioning the prospective jurors about his right to remain silent is constitutional error. For support, The State also argues that the objections were raised only Appellant relies on Jones v. State, 223 S.W.3d 379, 382–83 when Appellant’s counsel was asking Prospective Juror (Tex.Crim.App.2007), rev’d Easley v. State, 424 S.W.3d 535, Number Three questions. After that, Appellant’s counsel 537, 541 (Tex.Crim.App.2014). Since Appellant wrote his asked the remaining prospective jurors the question in the brief, however, Jones has been overruled. See Easley, 424 form the trial court had permitted. The State indicates that, as S.W.3d at 537, 541. a result, any error has only been preserved as it applies to this prospective juror and not to the panel as a whole. We In Easley, the Court of Criminal Appeals held that disagree. erroneously limiting a party’s voir dire examination is non-constitutional unless the error “is so substantial as to *3 For preservation of error over the admission of evidence, warrant labeling the error as constitutional error.” Id. at 541. there is a general rule that the party must object each time the Here, the restrictions involved the form of questions for one evidence is admitted.Kelly v. State, 321 S.W.3d 583, 598 general topic: the right to remain silent. The trial court did not (Tex.App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2010, no pet.). When a trial exclude questioning on this topic in its entirety, just in the court has just overruled the objection, however, the objecting form of the question. We hold that any error in this restriction party is not required to constantly repeat the objection when is not so substantial as to warrant labeling the error as repeated objections would be futile. Id.; see also Graham v. constitutional. See id. State, 710 S.W.2d 588, 591 (Tex.Crim.App.1986) (holding complaining party is not required to make futile repeated For non-constitutional error, we must disregard the error objections once it is clear trial court has made testimony unless the error affect’s the party’s substantial rights. admissible); Cardenas v. State, 787 S.W.2d 160, 162 Tex.R.App. P. 44.2(b). In determining whether an error (Tex.App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1990, pet. ref’d) (holding affected a party’s substantial rights, we must party is not required to make futile objections after trial court has just overruled valid objection). We see no reason to create consider everything in the record, including a different rule here. If the trial court found the formulation any testimony or physical evidence admitted objectionable for one prospective juror, there is no reason to for the jury’s consideration, the nature of the conclude the trial court would have found it acceptable for evidence supporting the verdict, the character any other prospective juror. Repeating the same excluded of the alleged error and how it might be questions to all 100 prospective jurors would have been considered in connection with other evidence duplicative and futile. We hold the objection has been in the case, the jury instructions, the State’s preserved for all prospective jurors. theory and any defensive theories, closing
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arguments, voir dire, and whether the State emphasized the error. All Citations Easley, 424 S.W.3d at 542 (internal quotations omitted). Not Reported in S.W.3d, 2015 WL 6081596
As we have noted, Appellant’s questioning about his right to remain silent was restricted only as to its form. Appellant was ultimately allowed to ask the prospective jurors if they would use his failure to testily as proof of guilt. Ten of the prospective jurors said yes. Nine of those were struck for cause. The last had no chance of being on the panel.
*4 Significantly, Appellant testified at trial. Even assuming Appellant’s other question formats could have elicited further bias against a defendant who does not testify, any error was, if not rendered moot, severely diminished by Appellant’s decision to testily. The only party to emphasize the topic of the right to remain silent was Appellant. During closing argument, Appellant’s counsel emphasized that Appellant took the stand. Specifically, his counsel argued, “One thing about Ryan, he took the stand. He wanted to. He’s wanted to tell his side since this happened.”
Finally, the weight of the evidence against him further diminishes any harm Appellant may have suffered. During his testimony, Appellant admitted to stabbing Babb. The main dispute between the parties involved whether Appellant acted in self-defense. Appellant was the only witness to present evidence suggesting he was acting in self-defense. The jury necessarily rejected this claim. Limitations on questions about the right to remain silent during voir dire were not likely to have impacted the jury’s determination of credibility about self-defense when Appellant actually did testify.
Considering the record as a whole, we hold any error in the trial court’s restrictions on questioning the prospective jurors about the right to remain silent did not affect Appellant’s substantial rights. We overrule Appellant’s fourth issue.
Conclusion
We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
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Footnotes
1 See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 19.02(b) (Vernon 2011).
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