Stago v. Office of Navajo and Hopi Indian Relocation

Opinion

1 WO 2 3 4 5 6 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA 8

Lula Sta go, et al., ) No. CV-20-08118-PHX-SPL ) 9 ) 10 Plaintiffs, ) ORDER vs. ) ) 11 ) Office of Navajo and Hopi Indian ) 12 Relocation, ) 13 ) ) 14 Defendant. )

15 Before the Court are Plaintiffs’ Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. 21) and 16 Defendant’s Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. 25). Both Motions have been 17 fully briefed. For the reasons that follow, Plaintiffs’ Motion will be granted, Defendant’s 18 Cross-Motion will be denied, and the matter will be remanded for further proceedings.1 19 I. BACKGROUND 20 A. The Settlement Act 21 The Navajo–Hopi Settlement Act (the “Settlement Act”) authorized a court- 22 ordered partition of land previously referred to as the Joint Use Area—which was 23 occupied by both Navajo and Hopi residents—into the Navajo Partitioned Lands (“NPL”) 24 and the Hopi Partitioned Lands (“HPL”). See Pub. L. No. 93-531, § 12, 88 Stat. 1716 25 (1974); Clinton v. Babbitt, 180 F.3d 1081, 1084 (9th Cir. 1999). The Settlement Act also 26

27 1 Because it would not assist in resolution of the instant issues, the Court finds the pending motions are suitable for decision without oral argument. See LRCiv. 7.2(f); Fed. 28 R. Civ. P. 78(b); Partridge v. Reich, 141 F.3d 920, 926 (9th Cir. 1998). 1 created what is now the Office of Navajo and Hopi Indian Relocation (“ONHIR”) to 2 disburse benefits to assist with the relocation of Navajo and Hopi residents who then 3 occupied land allocated to the other tribe. Bedoni v. Navajo-Hopi Indian Relocation 4 Comm’n, 878 F.2d 1119, 1121–22 (9th Cir. 1989). 5 B. Factual and Procedural Background 6 Plaintiffs Lula Stago, Mary Rose Charley, and Frieda Thompson are each enrolled 7 members of the Navajo Nation. (Doc. 26 at 27). Ms. Stago and Ms. Thompson are sisters, 8 and Ms. Charley is their aunt. (Doc. 26 at 27). Plaintiffs each filed an Application for 9 Relocation Benefits, and each was denied by ONHIR. (Doc. 26 at 28). Plaintiffs 10 appealed, and a consolidated hearing—which also included four other applicants related 11 to Plaintiffs—was held before an Independent Hearing Officer (“IHO”) on December 20, 12 2013. (Doc. 26 at 28). On March 21, 2014, the IHO issued a written decision denying 13 Plaintiffs’ appeals, finding that Plaintiffs were not legal residents of the HPL on 14 December 22, 1974. (Doc. 26 at 31). On May 21, 2014, ONHIR issued Final Agency 15 Action in the cases of Plaintiffs. (Doc. 22 at 34). On May 21, 2020, Plaintiffs initiated 16 this action seeking judicial review of ONHIR’s denial of relocation benefits. (Doc. 1). 17 Crucial to several of Plaintiffs’ arguments in this action are prior ONHIR 18 decisions related to Harris Chezumpena and his daughters Elvira and Bertha 19 Chezumpena. (Doc. 22 ¶¶ 18, 25). Plaintiffs are related to the Chezumpenas and claim 20 that they, along with other extended family members, occupied the same areas on the 21 HPL. (Doc. 21 at 7). Harris was certified by ONHIR for relocation benefits. (Doc. 22 22 ¶ 187). In decisions related to Elvira’s and Bertha’s applications for benefits, ONHIR 23 found that “the family” moved from the HPL to the NPL in 1976, after passage of the 24 Settlement Act, although Elvira and Bertha were denied benefits for other reasons. (Doc. 25 22 ¶¶ 23–24, 30–31). At Plaintiffs’ hearing, the parties stipulated that Harris Chezumpena 26 was a legal resident of the HPL as of December 22, 1974. (Doc. 22 ¶ 35). 27 /// 28 /// 1 II. LEGAL STANDARDS 2 A. Summary Judgment 3 Generally, summary judgment should be granted when “there is no genuine 4 dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” 5 Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). When conducting judicial review of an administrative agency’s 6 action, “there are no disputed facts that the district court must resolve.” Occidental Eng’g 7 Co. v. Immigr. & Naturalization Serv., 753 F.2d 766, 769 (9th Cir. 1985). Rather, “the 8 function of the district court is to determine whether or not as a matter of law the 9 evidence in the administrative record permitted the agency to make the decision it did.” 10 Id. Summary judgment is therefore “an appropriate mechanism for deciding the legal 11 question of whether [an] agency could reasonably have found the facts as it did.” Id. at 12 770. 13 B. APA Standards of Review 14 The Court’s review of the IHO’s decision under the Settlement Act is governed by 15 the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”). See Hopi Tribe v. Navajo Tribe, 46 F.3d 908, 16 914 (9th Cir. 1995). Under the APA, the Court must uphold agency action unless it was 17 “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, not in accordance with law, or unsupported 18 by substantial evidence.” Bedoni, 878 F.2d at 1122. 19 An ONHIR decision satisfies the “arbitrary and capricious” standard if “the 20 agency examine[s] the relevant data and articulate[s] a satisfactory explanation for its 21 action, including a rational connection between the facts found and the choice made.” 22 Hopi Tribe, 46 F.3d at 914 (internal quotation marks omitted). This scope of review is 23 narrow, and the Court may not “substitute its judgment for that of the agency.” Id. 24 (internal quotation marks omitted). Still, a decision is arbitrary and capricious “if the 25 agency . . . entirely failed to consider an important aspect of the problem, offered an 26 explanation for its decision that runs counter to the evidence before the agency, or is so 27 implausible that it could not be ascribed to a difference in view or the product of agency 28 expertise.” Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n of the U.S., Inc. v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 1 463 U.S. 29, 43 (1983). Likewise, if an agency “fails to follow its own precedent or fails 2 to give a sufficient explanation for failing to do so,” its decision is arbitrary and 3 capricious. Andrzejewski v. Fed. Aviation Admin., 563 F.3d 796, 799 (9th Cir. 2009). 4 An agency’s decision satisfies the “substantial evidence” standard if it is supported 5 by “such relevant evidence that a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support 6 the conclusion.” Orteza v. Shalala, 50 F.3d 748, 749 (9th Cir. 1995). The standard 7 requires “more than a mere scintilla but less than a preponderance” of evidence. Id. The 8 IHO may “draw inferences logically flowing from the evidence.” Gallant v. Heckler, 753 9 F.2d 1450, 1453 (9th Cir. 1984). “Where evidence is susceptible of more than one 10 rational interpretation,” the IHO’s decision must be upheld. Id. 11 C. The Settlement Act and Associated Regulations 12 A Navajo applicant is eligible for benefits under the Settlement Act if she was a 13 legal resident of the HPL as of December 22, 1974 and was the head of household at that 14 time. 25 C.F.R. § 700.147(a); Begay v. Off. of Navajo & Hopi Indian Relocation, 305 F. 15 Supp. 3d 1040, 1044 (D. Ariz. 2018). The applicant bears the burden of proving both the 16 residency and head-of-household elements. 25 C.F.R. § 700.147(b). Only the residency 17 element is at issue in this case. (Docs. 21 at 1; 25 at 11). 18 Under the applicable regulations, determining an applicant’s residence “requires 19 an examination of a person’s intent to reside combined with manifestations of that 20 intent.” 49 Fed. Reg. 22,278; see also Charles v. Off. of Navajo & Hopi Indian 21 Relocation, 774 Fed. Appx. 389, 390 (9th Cir. 2019). Such manifestations of intent may 22 include ownership of livestock, ownership of improvements, grazing permits, livestock 23 sales receipts, homesite leases, medical records, school records, employment records, 24 mailing address records, banking records, voting records, census data, court records, the 25 Joint Use Area roster, and any other relevant data. 49 Fed. Reg. 22, 278. An applicant 26 “qualifies as a legal resident of the land if she was using it for traditional activities.” 27 Shaw v. Off. of Navajo & Hopi Indian Relocation, No. 20-16112, 2021 WL 2142484, at 28 *1 (9th Cir. May 26, 2021). 1 III. DISCUSSION 2 A. Additional Documents Not in the Record 3 As an initial matter, the parties disagree on what documents the Court should 4 consider as part of the administrative record. Plaintiffs attach eight exhibits to their 5 Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. 21-1), which Defendant argues is improper 6 because they were not part of the administrative record. (Doc. 25 at 7–8). 7 “[T]he focal point for judicial review [under the APA] should be the 8 administrative record already in existence, not some new record made initially in the 9 reviewing court.” Camp v. Pitts, 411 U.S. 138, 142 (1973). The administrative record 10 consists not only of the documents compiled and submitted by the agency, however, but 11 also of “documents and materials directly or indirectly considered by agency decision- 12 makers.” Thompson v. U.S. Dep’t of Lab., 885 F.2d 551, 555 (9th Cir. 1989). 13 Additionally, a district court may consider documents outside of the administrative record 14 in four “narrowly construed” circumstances: when “(1) supplementation is necessary to 15 determine if the agency has considered all factors and explained its decision; (2) the 16 agency relied on documents not in the record; (3) supplementation is needed to explain 17 technical terms or complex subjects; or (4) plaintiffs have shown bad faith on the part of 18 the agency.” Fence Creek Cattle Co. v. U.S. Forest Serv., 602 F.3d 1125, 1131 (9th Cir. 19 2010). 20 Plaintiffs argue that Exhibit 1 and Exhibits 5–8, which are prior decisions of the 21 IHO, should be considered “to show the inconsistency” of the IHO’s decision in this case. 22 (Doc. 29 at 6). Because an agency must follow its own precedent or else explain any 23 deviation, this Court may consider prior ONHIR decisions to determine whether a 24 decision is arbitrary and capricious. See Torpey v. Off. of Navajo & Hopi Indian 25 Relocation, No. CV-17-08184-PCT-SMB, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 154168, at *9–10 (D. 26 Ariz. Sept. 6, 2019). However, previous decisions only serve this purpose if they carry 27 precedential value in the case at hand. See Whitehair v. Off. of Navajo & Hopi Indian 28 Relocation, No. CV17-08278-PCT-DGC, 2018 WL 6418665, at *3 (D. Ariz. Dec. 6, 1 2018). Accordingly, the Court will consider Exhibit 1 and Exhibits 5–8 only if they set 2 forth ONHIR policy or if they involve facts indistinguishable from the instant case. See 3 id. at *10. 4 Plaintiffs use Exhibit 1, the IHO’s decision in In re Minnie Woodie, to establish 5 ONHIR’s policy on customary or traditional use areas. (Doc. 21 at 2–3). Indeed, the 6 Ninth Circuit has recognized that an applicant’s use of land for traditional activities 7 qualifies the applicant as a legal resident, which comes not from federal regulations but 8 from the Minnie Woodie decision. See Shaw, 2021 WL 2142484, at *1; id. at *2 n.1 9 (Bade, J., dissenting) (explaining that the “customary use area” policy is based on the 10 IHO’s decision in Minnie Woodie); see also Begay, 305 F. Supp. 3d at 1048. The IHO 11 was therefore required to consider the Minnie Woodie decision at least indirectly, and the 12 Court will consider Exhibit 1 as part of the administrative record. 13 On the other hand, Plaintiffs use Exhibit 5–8 to demonstrate that “numerous 14 applicants for benefits have been certified to receive them despite their claimed HPL 15 homesites, and/or their names, not appearing in the enumeration [of the Joint Use Area 16 conducted in 1974 and 1975], or only being recorded on the NPL.” (Doc. 21 at 15). These 17 exhibits, however, are much like the IHO decisions offered as exhibits in Whitehair, 18 where the Court could not determine what evidence was before the hearing officer in the 19 case, where the plaintiff cited no authority to suggest that the decisions had any 20 precedential value, and where the Court could not conclude “that Plaintiff’s hand-picked 21 sample of cases represents a settled course of adjudication and a general policy by which 22 Defendant’s exercise of discretion will be governed.” Whitehair, 2018 WL 6418665, at 23 *3 (internal quotation marks omitted). The Court in Whitehair did not consider the IHO 24 decisions, and because the same circumstances are present here, this Court will not 25 consider Exhibits 5–8. 26 Next, Exhibit 2 is the Ninth Circuit’s decision in Shaw. The Court need not refer 27 to the record in order to cite Ninth Circuit case law and therefore will not consider 28 Exhibit 2 as part of or a supplement to the administrative record. 1 Exhibit 3 is a Department of the Interior report on the status of ONHIR appeals. 2 Plaintiffs argue that it should be considered because “ONHIR is fully aware of” the report 3 and it provides background and statistics for Plaintiffs’ Motion. (Doc. 29 at 5). But 4 Plaintiff does not even attempt to argue that the IHO considered the report or that the 5 report fits any of the Fence Creek circumstances, so the Court will not consider Exhibit 3. 6 Finally, Exhibit 4 is a transcript of a deposition taken in 1991 of the supervisor of 7 the enumeration of the Joint Use Area conducted by the Bureau of Indian Affairs in 1974 8 and 1975. Plaintiffs argue that it should be considered because “ONHIR’s attorney was 9 present and participated in the examination.” (Doc. 29 at 6). But the Court has no reason 10 to believe the IHO considered the transcript, nor does the Court see any connection 11 between the participation of an ONHIR attorney in the deposition and any of the Fence 12 Creek factors. Thus, the Court will not consider Exhibit 4. 13 B. Denial of Relocation Benefits 14 Plaintiffs argue on several grounds that the IHO’s decision was arbitrary, 15 capricious, and not supported by substantial evidence. (Doc. 21 at 17). The Court finds 16 that the IHO arbitrarily disregarded the parties’ stipulation as to Harris Chezumpena’s 17 residency. As a result, the Court finds that to the extent the IHO’s decision relied on 18 findings contrary to the stipulation, it is not supported by substantial evidence. The Court 19 will thus remand for further proceedings giving due consideration to the stipulation. The 20 Court will also address Plaintiff’s arguments related to factual findings in previous cases 21 and ONHIR’s trustee responsibility, both of which are without merit, to guide the 22 proceedings on remand. 23 i. Findings Contrary to the Parties’ Stipulation 24 Plaintiffs argue that the IHO’s decision contradicts the IHO’s “declaration” and 25 ONHIR’s stipulation, both made at the administrative hearing, “recognizing [Plaintiffs’] 26 family’s HPL residence history as determined in the prior cases.” (Doc. 21 at 7). At the 27 outset, Plaintiffs misrepresent the IHO’s purported “declaration.” In fact, the part of the 28 record to which Plaintiffs refer—the IHO’s statement at the hearing that “[e]ach applicant 1 has to prove their legal residence at that residence, but it wasn’t abandoned before 2 1976”—was made in the context of an inquiry to ONHIR’s counsel as to whether the 3 agency would so stipulate, which it refused to do. (Doc. 13-3 at 70:14–71:11). Likewise, 4 Plaintiff’s characterization of the stipulation that ONHIR did later agree to is overbroad. 5 ONHIR “stipulate[d] that Mr. Harris Chezumpena had a legal residence on the [HPL] as 6 of December 22, 1974,” but it did not stipulate as to where his HPL homesite was 7 located, who else resided at the site, or other matters relevant to Plaintiffs’ applications. 8 (Doc. 13-4 at 72–73; Doc. 26 at 27). 9 Still, the IHO’s decision is explicitly contrary to the parties’ narrow stipulation 10 regarding Harris Chezumpena’s residency. The IHO found that “[o]n December 22, 1974, 11 none of the applicants was a legal resident of any area partitioned for the use of the Hopi 12 Indians, as, prior to the date of passage of the Act, Harris Chezumpena . . . had 13 abandoned [his] residence and cornfield in the [HPL] area . . . .” (Doc. 13-7 at 36). He 14 went on to explain that “the concession by ONHIR that Harris Chezumpena used the 15 HPL area as late as 1976 is inconsistent with and contrary to the evidence shown in these 16 appeals.” (Doc. 13-7 at 46). But the IHO’s decision misunderstands the effect of a 17 stipulation of fact at an administrative hearing. 18 In United States v. Smith, the Ninth Circuit held that a stipulation “is, in truth, a 19 substitute for evidence, in that it does away with the need for evidence.” 86 F.3d 1165, 20 1996 WL 267325, at *3 (9th Cir. 1996). Smith involved an administrative decision made 21 by the Interior Board of Land Appeals (“IBLA”). Id. at *1. At the hearing before an 22 administrative law judge (“ALJ”), the parties stipulated to one of the elements of the 23 claim at issue. Id. at *2. But the IBLA ultimately decided the case on grounds that 24 contradicted the stipulation, stating that the stipulation was ambiguous and lacked 25 foundation. Id. at *3. The Ninth Circuit held that “it was arbitrary for the IBLA to reject 26 the stipulation and decide the case on a basis contrary to the stipulation.” Id. While the 27 ALJ could have rejected the stipulation when it was first presented or could have required 28 the parties to lay foundation for the stipulation, he did not do so. Id. at *4. Once the ALJ 1 accepted the stipulation, the agency “could not properly review the record and decide the 2 facts contrary to the stipulation which had been accepted and which had shaped the 3 hearing before the ALJ.” Id. 4 Likewise, here, the IHO could have rejected the parties’ stipulation as to Harris 5 Chezumpena’s residency or required evidence to support it during the hearing, but he did 6 not. After he accepted the stipulation at the hearing, the IHO could no longer disregard it. 7 Although the IHO found that the stipulation was contrary to the evidence presented, 8 Plaintiffs had no reason to present evidence that might have supported the stipulation 9 because, under Ninth Circuit law, the stipulation did away with the need for such 10 evidence. Accordingly, following Smith, the IHO’s disregard of the stipulation in his 11 written decision was arbitrary, and the decision must be set aside. 12 Much of Plaintiffs’ Motion and Defendant’s Cross-Motion are devoted to whether 13 the IHO’s credibility findings and other conclusions were supported by substantial 14 evidence. To the extent those determinations were based on the finding that Plaintiffs’ 15 family, including Harris Chezumpena, had abandoned the HPL site prior to December 22, 16 1974, they are also erroneous. Because the Court cannot determine the extent to which 17 the IHO relied on findings contrary to the stipulation, however, the Court reaches no 18 conclusions as to whether the evidence was otherwise sufficient to support the IHO’s 19 decision. 20 ii. Contradictions with the IHO’s Factual Findings in Prior Cases 21 Separately, Plaintiffs argue that the IHO’s “finding that Plaintiffs’ family 22 abandoned their HPL traditional use area prior to December 22, 1974, contradicts the 23 [IHO’s] and [ONHIR’s] factual findings in three previous decisions which determined 24 that the family continued to occupy the HPL sites until at least 1976,” referring to 25 ONHIR’s decisions related to Harris, Elvira, and Bertha Chezumpena’s applications for 26 benefits. (Doc. 21 at 7). But as ONHIR correctly contends, Plaintiffs cannot assert 27 nonmutual collateral estoppel against a federal agency. (Doc. 25 at 14). 28 In United States v. Mendoza, the Supreme Court expressly held that “the United 1 States may not be collaterally estopped on an issue . . . adjudicated against it in an earlier 2 lawsuit brought by a different party.” 464 U.S. 154, 155 (1984). While Plaintiffs would 3 have this Court hold that Mendoza’s rule does not apply to “discrete issues with limited 4 applicability,” (Doc. 29 at 13), Mendoza provides for no such exception. In fact, the 5 Supreme Court rejected a subjective standard that, like the exception suggested by 6 Plaintiffs, would “leave[ ] the government at sea” to determine whether it needed to 7 appeal an adverse decision or whether it would be able to relitigate the issue in a later 8 case. Id. at 162. The Mendoza holding squarely applies in this case, and ONHIR’s 9 previous decisions as to Plaintiffs’ family members may not estop the agency from 10 making individual residency determinations as to Plaintiffs. See Begay v. Off. of Navajo 11 & Hopi Indian Relocation, No. 3:20-cv-8057-DJH, 2021 WL 2826125, at *6 (D. Ariz. 12 July 7, 2021) (“Plaintiff cannot use ONHIR’s determination of her sister’s residency, to 13 estop ONHIR from making her residency determination.”) 14 Moreover, while ONHIR must follow its own precedent, this merely requires “that 15 the agency appl[y] the law consistently to cases with similar material facts; it does not 16 require the agency find the same facts for different parties, in different proceedings, and 17 based on different evidence.” Daw v. Off. of Navajo & Hopi Indian Relocation, No. CV- 18 19-08212-PCT-SMB, 2020 WL 5632121, at *4 (D. Ariz. Sept. 21, 2020) (holding IHO’s 19 finding that plaintiff’s family ceased use of HPL land prior to passage of the Settlement 20 Act was not arbitrary and capricious despite IHO’s finding in plaintiff’s relative’s case 21 that the family did not cease use before that time). Thus, on remand, the IHO is not bound 22 by previous factual findings made in different cases upon different records, but rather, he 23 is free to make findings supported by the evidence—including stipulations—presented in 24 this case. 25 iii. ONHIR’s Trustee Responsibility 26 Plaintiffs further argue that ONHIR’s denial of benefits violated “its federal trust 27 responsibility to these Navajo applicants.” (Doc. 21 at 4). Defendants note, however, that 28 Plaintiffs did not plead a claim for breach of fiduciary duty and suggest that this 1 argument is therefore irrelevant. (Doc. 25 at 13). Plaintiffs state in response that they 2 “raise the federal trust obligation to highlight the responsibility Congress recognized the 3 U.S. acquired under the Settlement Act.” (Doc. 29 at 11). 4 The Court is well aware of “the longstanding general trust obligation that has 5 dominated Government interaction with Native Americans” as well as “the many grants 6 of express trustee authority in the Settlement Act.” Bedoni, 878 F.2d at 1124. But the 7 Court does not see how this bears upon Plaintiffs’ individual eligibility under the 8 Settlement Act or this Court’s review under the APA. Rather, the Settlement Act places 9 upon ONHIR “an affirmative duty to manage and distribute the funds appropriated 10 pursuant to the Settlement Act such that the displaced families receive[ ] the full benefits 11 authorized for them.” Id. at 1125. In other words, ONHIR has a duty only to disburse 12 benefits to those authorized to receive them under the Settlement Act. Thus, whether 13 ONHIR has a duty to disburse benefits to Plaintiffs flows from the IHO’s decision, but 14 ONHIR’s duty to disburse benefits to eligible applicants does not dictate Plaintiffs’ 15 eligibility. 16 C. Remand 17 “If the record before the agency does not support the agency action, . . . the proper 18 course, except in rare circumstances, is to remand to the agency for additional 19 investigation or explanation.” Begay v. Off. of Navajo & Hopi Indian Relocation, No. 20 CV-16-08221-PCT-DGC, 2017 WL 4297348, at *4 (D. Ariz. Sept. 28, 2017). The rare 21 circumstances where remand is not appropriate exist when “the reviewing court finds that 22 the record clearly demonstrates an applicant’s eligibility for relocation benefits.” Id. The 23 Court cannot determine from the record in this case that Plaintiffs are eligible for 24 benefits. The stipulation that Harris Chezumpena was a legal resident of the HPL on 25 December 22, 1974 has no conclusive effect on Plaintiffs’ legal residency, so the Court 26 will remand for the IHO to properly consider the stipulation along with the other 27 evidence. 28 /// 1 IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that Plaintiffs’ Motion for Summary Judgment 2| (Doc. 21) is granted. The matter is remanded for further proceedings consistent with 3| this Order. 4 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Defendant ONHIR’s Cross-Motion for 5 | Summary Judgment (Doc. 25) is denied. 6 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Clerk of Court shall enter judgment 7 | accordingly and terminate this action. 8 Dated this 25th day of October, 2021. 9

ll United States District Judge 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28