By the Court,
DixoN, C. J.
There is a vast difference between a verified answer according to tbe provisions of tbe Code of Procedure, and an answer under oath according to tbe practice which formerly prevailed in courts of equity, in respect to tbeir effect as evidence in tbe action. Tbe latter was evidence, but tbe former is not. Under tbe former system tbe bill could be so framed, with proper charges and interrogations, as to operate not only as a statement of tbe complainant’s cause of action, but also as a complete and searching examination of tbe defendant as to all facts within bis knowledge, or upon which be bad any information or belief, which would tend to make out or sustain tbe same. Tbe object was to search Ms conscience, and, in many instances, to lay tbe foundation for, and establish tbe com[238]*238plainant’s claim for relief upon facts of wbicb. lie alone was cognizant The necessity for such a proceeding arose from the fact, that in no other way could his testimony be obtained. He was incompetent, and could not be called upon to give evidence in the manner in which disinterested persons were. Hence the complainant was allowed to so draw his bill as _ not only to concisely state his claim or demand, but likewise to embrace in it various collateral matters of fact, which, though not strictly pertinent as matters of pleading, were deemed necessary as evidence going to support such claim or demand, and to put questions to the defendant concerning them, to which he was bound, under oath, to respond. But the machinery of complaining and answering fixed by the code is quite different, and renders these things impossible.
The distinction between actions at law and actions in equity, and the forms of pleading in the same, is abolished, and the complaint in all cases must be “a plain and concise statement of the facts constituting a cause of action, without unnecessary repetition.”
The answer too must not embrace matters which, though pertinent as evidence, would not be so as pleading, but “must contain a general or specific denial of each material allegation of the complaint controverted by the defendant, or of any knowledge or information thereof sufficient to form a belief,” or “ a statement of any new matter constituting a defense or counter claim, in ordinary and concise language, without repetition.”
It is very evident from these provisions, that it was not the intention of the legislature that the complaint should be so framed as to draw from the the defendant a statement of any fkcts collateral to, though bearing upon, the main issue; nor that the answer should set forth any such facts. In abolishing the system of pleadings which formerly prevailed, the legislature at the same time removed the necessity for this species of examination, by providing, that in all cases the opposite party may be examined at the trial, or his testimony taken as in the case of any other witness, thereby furnishing a more direct and satisfactory mode of enabling each [239]*239party to obtain, tbe evidence and probe tbe conscience of bis adversary. Tbe reason of tbe old chancery rule bas, therefore, ceased to exist. Tbe object of allowing tbe plaintiff, by a verification of bis complaint, to compel tbe defendant to swear to tbe truth of tbe matter contained in bis answer, undoubtedly was to simplify tbe issue by confining it to tbe real facts in controversy, and to rid tbe case of false and sham defenses, which might otherwise be put in, for tbe purpose ,of delaying tbe plaintiff in the speedy acquisition of bis rights, and was not to enable tbe parties to use tbe answer as evidence, except so far as it contained admissions of tbe plaintiff’s cause of action, in which respect it would have tbe same effect as any other admissions of a judicial character. We are therefore of opinion that tbe verified answer of a defendant in a civil action instituted under tbe code, is not evidence for him as such an answer was under tbe former practice in equity, and which could only be overcome by tbe testimony of two witnesses, or of one witness and clear corroborating circumstances, but that in this respect it is to be treated like any other pleading.
Tbe evidence in tbe case conclusively shows that Arnold Staak, deceased, of whom tbe plaintiff is sole heir at law, furnished and delivered to tbe defendant Mansfeld (who, for tbe purpose of effecting a bargain for and procuring a conveyance to him of tbe land in question, undertook to act as and did in fact become bis agent,) tbe entire purchase money, save a very small portion, which, soon after bis death, (which happened shortly after tbe trade was perfected,) was paid over to him by the widow, with money realized from tbe estate; and that tbe money so furnished and delivered, was in fact applied by Mansfeld to tbe purposes intended. It likewise as conclusively appears that Mansfeld, either by mistake or intentionally, and which, it is unnecessary, for tbe purposes of this action, to inquire, took tbe conveyance in tbe name of Louis Staak instead of Arnold Staak. Tbe deed thus executed and recorded in tbe county of Dane, was taken by Mansfeld from there to tbe city of Milwaukee, (where Staak lived, and at which place be soon after died,) and delivered to him. On receiving tbe [240]*240deed Staak discovered tbe discrepancy in the name; he called Mansfeld’s attention to it, and was told by him that it was accidental and occasioned by reason of his being ignorant of the true name. The deed, after having remained a short time in Staak’s possession, was by him delivered to Mansfeld, to be taken by the latter to the county of Dane for the purpose, as the parties ignorantly supposed, of enabling him, in behalf of Staak, to execute a mortgage of the land to one of Staak’s creditors to whom he owed $100, which he was desirous of securing in this way. Mansfeld never afterward returned the deed, and never executed or attempted to, execute the mortgage, as it was believed he might, but in February, 1854, and upwards of a year after Staak’s death, sold the land to the defendant Sigelkow, receiving a valuable consideration therefor, and executed and delivered to him a conveyance signed and acknowledged by himself in the name of Louis Staak. There was not, to the knowledge of any of the parties, any such person in existence as Louis Staak. This Sigellcow knew, but he did not know that Arnold Staak paid the purchase money or was the person beneficially interested. He was well acquainted with Mansfeld, and knew his full name, and that .it was not that by which he signed and acknowledged the deed, but in ignorance of the law, he was induced to believe that the title to the land could thus be passed.
It is obvious that the first question to be determined is, whether, by virtue of the deed executed to Louis Staak, the title of the land passed to Arnold Staak, 'the intended grantee. We are clearly of the opinion that it did. It is to be observed that the whole transaction shows that he was the person really intended. Mansfeld was his agent for the express purpose of buying the land; he furnished the purchase money; the deed, soon after its execution, came into his possession ; his surname was correctly set forth in the deed, and so far he was properly described by it; and there was no such person in existence as Louis Staak, for whom it could have been intended. These circumstances seem to place the intent beyond a doubt, and the question arises whether the disagreement or mistake in the baptismal or Christian name
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By the Court,
DixoN, C. J.
There is a vast difference between a verified answer according to tbe provisions of tbe Code of Procedure, and an answer under oath according to tbe practice which formerly prevailed in courts of equity, in respect to tbeir effect as evidence in tbe action. Tbe latter was evidence, but tbe former is not. Under tbe former system tbe bill could be so framed, with proper charges and interrogations, as to operate not only as a statement of tbe complainant’s cause of action, but also as a complete and searching examination of tbe defendant as to all facts within bis knowledge, or upon which be bad any information or belief, which would tend to make out or sustain tbe same. Tbe object was to search Ms conscience, and, in many instances, to lay tbe foundation for, and establish tbe com[238]*238plainant’s claim for relief upon facts of wbicb. lie alone was cognizant The necessity for such a proceeding arose from the fact, that in no other way could his testimony be obtained. He was incompetent, and could not be called upon to give evidence in the manner in which disinterested persons were. Hence the complainant was allowed to so draw his bill as _ not only to concisely state his claim or demand, but likewise to embrace in it various collateral matters of fact, which, though not strictly pertinent as matters of pleading, were deemed necessary as evidence going to support such claim or demand, and to put questions to the defendant concerning them, to which he was bound, under oath, to respond. But the machinery of complaining and answering fixed by the code is quite different, and renders these things impossible.
The distinction between actions at law and actions in equity, and the forms of pleading in the same, is abolished, and the complaint in all cases must be “a plain and concise statement of the facts constituting a cause of action, without unnecessary repetition.”
The answer too must not embrace matters which, though pertinent as evidence, would not be so as pleading, but “must contain a general or specific denial of each material allegation of the complaint controverted by the defendant, or of any knowledge or information thereof sufficient to form a belief,” or “ a statement of any new matter constituting a defense or counter claim, in ordinary and concise language, without repetition.”
It is very evident from these provisions, that it was not the intention of the legislature that the complaint should be so framed as to draw from the the defendant a statement of any fkcts collateral to, though bearing upon, the main issue; nor that the answer should set forth any such facts. In abolishing the system of pleadings which formerly prevailed, the legislature at the same time removed the necessity for this species of examination, by providing, that in all cases the opposite party may be examined at the trial, or his testimony taken as in the case of any other witness, thereby furnishing a more direct and satisfactory mode of enabling each [239]*239party to obtain, tbe evidence and probe tbe conscience of bis adversary. Tbe reason of tbe old chancery rule bas, therefore, ceased to exist. Tbe object of allowing tbe plaintiff, by a verification of bis complaint, to compel tbe defendant to swear to tbe truth of tbe matter contained in bis answer, undoubtedly was to simplify tbe issue by confining it to tbe real facts in controversy, and to rid tbe case of false and sham defenses, which might otherwise be put in, for tbe purpose ,of delaying tbe plaintiff in the speedy acquisition of bis rights, and was not to enable tbe parties to use tbe answer as evidence, except so far as it contained admissions of tbe plaintiff’s cause of action, in which respect it would have tbe same effect as any other admissions of a judicial character. We are therefore of opinion that tbe verified answer of a defendant in a civil action instituted under tbe code, is not evidence for him as such an answer was under tbe former practice in equity, and which could only be overcome by tbe testimony of two witnesses, or of one witness and clear corroborating circumstances, but that in this respect it is to be treated like any other pleading.
Tbe evidence in tbe case conclusively shows that Arnold Staak, deceased, of whom tbe plaintiff is sole heir at law, furnished and delivered to tbe defendant Mansfeld (who, for tbe purpose of effecting a bargain for and procuring a conveyance to him of tbe land in question, undertook to act as and did in fact become bis agent,) tbe entire purchase money, save a very small portion, which, soon after bis death, (which happened shortly after tbe trade was perfected,) was paid over to him by the widow, with money realized from tbe estate; and that tbe money so furnished and delivered, was in fact applied by Mansfeld to tbe purposes intended. It likewise as conclusively appears that Mansfeld, either by mistake or intentionally, and which, it is unnecessary, for tbe purposes of this action, to inquire, took tbe conveyance in tbe name of Louis Staak instead of Arnold Staak. Tbe deed thus executed and recorded in tbe county of Dane, was taken by Mansfeld from there to tbe city of Milwaukee, (where Staak lived, and at which place be soon after died,) and delivered to him. On receiving tbe [240]*240deed Staak discovered tbe discrepancy in the name; he called Mansfeld’s attention to it, and was told by him that it was accidental and occasioned by reason of his being ignorant of the true name. The deed, after having remained a short time in Staak’s possession, was by him delivered to Mansfeld, to be taken by the latter to the county of Dane for the purpose, as the parties ignorantly supposed, of enabling him, in behalf of Staak, to execute a mortgage of the land to one of Staak’s creditors to whom he owed $100, which he was desirous of securing in this way. Mansfeld never afterward returned the deed, and never executed or attempted to, execute the mortgage, as it was believed he might, but in February, 1854, and upwards of a year after Staak’s death, sold the land to the defendant Sigelkow, receiving a valuable consideration therefor, and executed and delivered to him a conveyance signed and acknowledged by himself in the name of Louis Staak. There was not, to the knowledge of any of the parties, any such person in existence as Louis Staak. This Sigellcow knew, but he did not know that Arnold Staak paid the purchase money or was the person beneficially interested. He was well acquainted with Mansfeld, and knew his full name, and that .it was not that by which he signed and acknowledged the deed, but in ignorance of the law, he was induced to believe that the title to the land could thus be passed.
It is obvious that the first question to be determined is, whether, by virtue of the deed executed to Louis Staak, the title of the land passed to Arnold Staak, 'the intended grantee. We are clearly of the opinion that it did. It is to be observed that the whole transaction shows that he was the person really intended. Mansfeld was his agent for the express purpose of buying the land; he furnished the purchase money; the deed, soon after its execution, came into his possession ; his surname was correctly set forth in the deed, and so far he was properly described by it; and there was no such person in existence as Louis Staak, for whom it could have been intended. These circumstances seem to place the intent beyond a doubt, and the question arises whether the disagreement or mistake in the baptismal or Christian name [241]*241can be explained by parol testimony, so as to give effect in law to the deed. We think it may; that it is a latent ambiguity which is susceptible of explanation by parol proof. It is certain that the deed upon its face gives rise to no doubt or uncertainty, which proves that the ambiguity is latent and not patent. But on looking around for the person of the grantee to whom to apply it, a difficulty arises; we find no such person in existence as Louis Staak; and to explain or remove the difficulty or uncertainty thus brought in by the introduction of extrinsic evidence, further proof as to the persqn really intended, may be received. Such evidence, when admitted, does not tend to impeach or contradict the deed, but to support and uphold it by removing the doubts arising from external circumstances, and applying the grant to the person for whose benefit it was intended. Chief Justice TlNDAL, in applying the maxim, “ ambiguitas verborum Tatens, verifications suppletur,” to the case of a will, in Miller vs. Travers, 8 Bing., 244, (21 E. C. L., 288,) states the general doctrine of the law as applicable to all written instruments with great force and clearness. He says: “ But the cases to which this construction applies will be found to range themselves into two separate classes, distinguishable from each other. * * * The first class is, where the description of the thing devised, or of the devisee, is clear upon the face of the will; but upon the death of the testator it is found that there are more than one estate or subject matter of devise, or more than one person, whose description follows out and fills the words of the will. As where the testator devises his manor of Dale, and at his death it is found that he has two manors of that name, South Dale and North Dale; or where a man devises to his son John, and he has two sons of that name. In each of these cases respectively, parol evidence is admissible to show which manor was intended to pass, and which son was intended to take. (Bac. Max., 23; Hob. Rep., 32; Edward Altham’s case, 8 Rep., 155.) The other class of cases is that in which the description contained in the will, of the thing intended to be devised, or of the person who is intended to take, is true in part but not true in every particular. As where an estate is devised called A, [242]*242and is described as in tlie occupation of B, and it is found that though there is an estate called A, yet the whole is not in the occupation of B; or where an estate is devised to a person whose surname or Christian name is mistaken, or whose description is imperfect or inaccurate, in which latter class of cases parol evidence is admissible to show what estate was intended to pass, and who is the devisee intended to take, provided there is sufficient indication of intention appearing on the face of the will to justify the application of the evidence.” Certainly enough appears on the face of the deed in this case to authorize the application of the rule here laid down. The surname of the grantee is correctly stated, and the circumstances in evidence by the parol proof put the intention beyond doubt. The question here involved was directly raised and decided in the case of Connolly vs. Pardon, 1 Paige, 291, in which it was held that where a testator made a bequest to a person by a wrong Christian name, parol evidence was admissible to show what person was intended. See also Fletcher vs. Mansur, 5 Ind., 267; Morse vs. Carpenter, 19 Vt., 613; Price vs. Page, 4 Ves., 680; Beaumont vs. Fell, 2 P. Wms., 607; Thomas vs. Stevens, 4 Jac., 607; Smith vs. Doe, 6 E. C. L., 244; and 3 Cowen & Hill’s notes, No. 938, pp. 1358-78.
To the same effect is the author of the Touchstone. He says, (p. 236): “ Begularly it is requisite that the grantee be named by his names of baptism and surname, and so it (i. e. this mode) is most safe; and special heed must be taken to the name of baptism, for that a man cannot have two or more names of baptism as he may of surnames (Godb., 17; 3 Newn., 38); and yet in some cases, though the name be mistaken, the grant is good (Bro. .Nosme., 9); as if a grant be to I. S. and Em his wife, and her name is Emelin (Bro. Conformation, 30); or a grant is rridde to Alfred Fitzjames by the name of Fthéb'ed Fitzjames (Co. 6, 65; 27 E., 3, 85); or a grant be to Robert, Earl of Pembroke, where his name is Henry; or to George, Bishop of Norwich,, when his name is John (Co. super Lit., 3); or a grant be-'fot a máyor and commonalty, or a dean and chapter, and ■ the mayor or dean is not named by his proper name (Dyer, 119); ' or a grant be to [243]*243I. S., wife of W. S., (Hob. 82), where she is sole (3 Taunt., 342); all these and such like grants are good; for in this the rule doth hold, utile per inutile non vitiatur; and nil faait error nominis cum de persona constat. Co. super Lit., 3.”
The title of this land therefore vested, on the execution and delivery of the deed- to Mansfeld, in Arnold Staak, the ancestor of the plaintiff, and upon his death passed by operation of law to her. Consequently she was seized at the time Mansfeld attempted to convey to the defendant Sigelhow. This seems to be the end of the case; for it is hardly necessary for us to add that Mansfeld could not transfer the title to Sigelhoio at the time of the execution and delivery to him of the pretended conveyance; and in this view it can make no difference whether Sigelhow acted in ignorance of the law, or in good or bad faith, for in neither event could he have received anything by the deed.
The judgment of the circuit court must therefore be reversed, and the cause remanded for further proceedings in accordance with this opinion.