HUGHES, J.
Appellees, being the owners as tenants in common by inheritance from an ancestor, who derived title under a patent from the United States government, of the northwest fractional part of section 21, township 13 north, range 6 west, on the bank of and bordering on White river, in Independence county, containing according to the patent, 22.59 acres, the patent for which bears date 12th of December, 1823, brought suit against the railway company to recover the value of 3,658 car loads of gravel, which the appellant took from a gravel bar, which, the appellees alleged in their complaint, was lying immediately adjacent to and between the high bank and the water in the main channel of White river. They alleged that this bar had formed against the bank by long years of accretion, and that it is not now part of the main or ordinary channel of the river, but that it has become a part of their said tract of land by accretion, and lies immediately in front of the same between the banks of said stream.
The appellant answered, admitting the location, as described, of the tract of land, and the taking of the gravel from the bar, but denied that the gravel bar was a part of the tract of land owned by the plaintiffs.
The proof showed that the gravel bar was not a part of the northwest fractional quarter of section 21, township 13 north, range 6 west, but that it laid “in the riverbed, in front of the tract of land;” that twenty-five years ago, the bed of White river ran where the gravel bar' now is; that before that time the river ran along the edge of the bank; that the gravel bar had formed slowly for years; that it is not above the ordinary stage of high water, and is bare at low water, and that a rise in the river from six to eight feet would cover it; that from ten to fifteen feet is an ordinary high water rise, and would leave the gravel bar from five to eight feet under water; that no trees or soil grew on the bar; that the position is this — first, there is a high bank, then a second bottom, then a gravel bar, and then the water; that the second bottom is five or six feet higher than the bar; that any year, at some time, the water in the river rises from fifteen to twenty-two feet; that in ordinary high water steamboats can pass right on the gravel bar in controversy; that there is a swag between the gravel bar and the bank, in which minnows have often been caught; that the water-often rises over this gravel bar in one night.
The cause was submitted to a jury upon the evidence and instructions of the court, and there was a verdict for appellees, which, upon motion by appellant for a new trial, the court refused to disturb, whereupon appellant, having saved exceptions to the giving and refusing of instructions by the court, appealed.
The main question to be determined is, how far the ownership of the appellees in the land between the banks pf the river, in front of their tract, extends, by virtue of their ownership of the land upon the bank of the river, under the patent from the government of the United States.
1. What is a navigable stream At common law, “as a general principle, the soil of ancient navigable rivers, where there is a flux and reflux of the sea, belongs to the crown, and that df other stréams.to the subject, that is, to the owners of the adjacent grounds, to each respectively, as far as the middle of the stream.” Woolrych on Waters, 44. The ebb and flow of the tide in a river was at common law the most usual test of its navigability, but was not a conclusive test. Woolrych on Waters, 40.
The soil under navigable streams, at common'law, belonged to the king as parens patrice, for the same reason that the waters did; that is, as a trust for the public use and ■benefit. Woolrych on Waters, chs. 1 and 2; Angel on Tide Waters, 19-67; Hale, De Jure Maris, cited in 6 Cowen, 539; Chapman v. Kimball, 9 Conn., 38.
Many States of the United States have held to the common law test of the navigability of rivers, and to the doctrine that only those rivers are navigable in a legal sense in which the tide ebbs and flows, and there has been much discussion and conflict of authority upon this question, a majority in number, perhaps, of the courts of last resort maintaining the common law doctrine. But the more reasonable test, as we conceive, of the navigability of a river is its use as a navigable stream, or its capability of being used as such. The ebb and flow of the tide is merely an arbitrary test, since many waters where the tide flows are not in fact navigable, and many, especially on this continent where it does not flow, are navigable. ‘‘It is navigability in fact that forms the foundation for navigability in law.” McManus v. Carmichael, 3 Iowa, 1; Genesee Chief, 12 Howard, 443.
While in England the ebb and flow of the tide is the most convenient, certain and usual test of the navigability of rivers, as the tide in fact does ebb and flow in all the navigable rivers, it is wholly inapplicable in this country, where there are large fresh water rivers thousands of miles long, flowing almost across the entire continent, bearing upon their bosom the commerce of the outside world in part, as well as of the continent. The longest river in England, the Thames, is only about 250 miles, and the Severn is only about 210 miles in length.
nér — Navíga" : stream-If we apply the principle of the common law, that the soils under the navigable waters belong to the sovereign for the benefit and use of the public, and are not governed by the common law test of the navigability of streams, but by their navigability in fact, we are constrained to maintain that the true doctrine is that the beds of navigable rivers belong to the State, notwithstanding the tide does not ebb and flow in them. In Pollard's Lessee v. Hagan, 3 How., 213, it is held, that “The shores of navigable waters, and the soils under them, were not granted by the Constitution to the United States, but were reserved to the States respectively; and the new States have the same rights, sovereignty and jurisdiction over this subject as the original States.” And Mr. Justice McKinley, delivering the opinion of the court, at page 229 says: “Then to Alabama belong the navigable waters, and soils under them, in controversy in this case, subject to the rights surrendered by the Constitution to the United States.” And on page 230 he says: “To give to the United States the right to transfer to a citizen the title to the shores and the soils under the navigable waters, would be placing in their hands a weapon which might be wielded greatly to the injury of State sovereignty, and deprive the State of the power to exercise a numerous and important class of police powers.” Goodtitle v. Kibbe, 9 How., 471, affirms the doctrine of this case, and holds that the title to the soil in navigable water's below high-water mark is in the State.
In the case of McManus v. Carmichael, supra, the court held that, by the acts of the United States relating to the survey and sale of public lands (see act of May 18, 1796, etc.), and also by the law establishing the general land office, the whole bed of navigable rivers is excepted from the surveys, and that the lands of the United States are sold with reference to the plats and field notes of the survey.
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HUGHES, J.
Appellees, being the owners as tenants in common by inheritance from an ancestor, who derived title under a patent from the United States government, of the northwest fractional part of section 21, township 13 north, range 6 west, on the bank of and bordering on White river, in Independence county, containing according to the patent, 22.59 acres, the patent for which bears date 12th of December, 1823, brought suit against the railway company to recover the value of 3,658 car loads of gravel, which the appellant took from a gravel bar, which, the appellees alleged in their complaint, was lying immediately adjacent to and between the high bank and the water in the main channel of White river. They alleged that this bar had formed against the bank by long years of accretion, and that it is not now part of the main or ordinary channel of the river, but that it has become a part of their said tract of land by accretion, and lies immediately in front of the same between the banks of said stream.
The appellant answered, admitting the location, as described, of the tract of land, and the taking of the gravel from the bar, but denied that the gravel bar was a part of the tract of land owned by the plaintiffs.
The proof showed that the gravel bar was not a part of the northwest fractional quarter of section 21, township 13 north, range 6 west, but that it laid “in the riverbed, in front of the tract of land;” that twenty-five years ago, the bed of White river ran where the gravel bar' now is; that before that time the river ran along the edge of the bank; that the gravel bar had formed slowly for years; that it is not above the ordinary stage of high water, and is bare at low water, and that a rise in the river from six to eight feet would cover it; that from ten to fifteen feet is an ordinary high water rise, and would leave the gravel bar from five to eight feet under water; that no trees or soil grew on the bar; that the position is this — first, there is a high bank, then a second bottom, then a gravel bar, and then the water; that the second bottom is five or six feet higher than the bar; that any year, at some time, the water in the river rises from fifteen to twenty-two feet; that in ordinary high water steamboats can pass right on the gravel bar in controversy; that there is a swag between the gravel bar and the bank, in which minnows have often been caught; that the water-often rises over this gravel bar in one night.
The cause was submitted to a jury upon the evidence and instructions of the court, and there was a verdict for appellees, which, upon motion by appellant for a new trial, the court refused to disturb, whereupon appellant, having saved exceptions to the giving and refusing of instructions by the court, appealed.
The main question to be determined is, how far the ownership of the appellees in the land between the banks pf the river, in front of their tract, extends, by virtue of their ownership of the land upon the bank of the river, under the patent from the government of the United States.
1. What is a navigable stream At common law, “as a general principle, the soil of ancient navigable rivers, where there is a flux and reflux of the sea, belongs to the crown, and that df other stréams.to the subject, that is, to the owners of the adjacent grounds, to each respectively, as far as the middle of the stream.” Woolrych on Waters, 44. The ebb and flow of the tide in a river was at common law the most usual test of its navigability, but was not a conclusive test. Woolrych on Waters, 40.
The soil under navigable streams, at common'law, belonged to the king as parens patrice, for the same reason that the waters did; that is, as a trust for the public use and ■benefit. Woolrych on Waters, chs. 1 and 2; Angel on Tide Waters, 19-67; Hale, De Jure Maris, cited in 6 Cowen, 539; Chapman v. Kimball, 9 Conn., 38.
Many States of the United States have held to the common law test of the navigability of rivers, and to the doctrine that only those rivers are navigable in a legal sense in which the tide ebbs and flows, and there has been much discussion and conflict of authority upon this question, a majority in number, perhaps, of the courts of last resort maintaining the common law doctrine. But the more reasonable test, as we conceive, of the navigability of a river is its use as a navigable stream, or its capability of being used as such. The ebb and flow of the tide is merely an arbitrary test, since many waters where the tide flows are not in fact navigable, and many, especially on this continent where it does not flow, are navigable. ‘‘It is navigability in fact that forms the foundation for navigability in law.” McManus v. Carmichael, 3 Iowa, 1; Genesee Chief, 12 Howard, 443.
While in England the ebb and flow of the tide is the most convenient, certain and usual test of the navigability of rivers, as the tide in fact does ebb and flow in all the navigable rivers, it is wholly inapplicable in this country, where there are large fresh water rivers thousands of miles long, flowing almost across the entire continent, bearing upon their bosom the commerce of the outside world in part, as well as of the continent. The longest river in England, the Thames, is only about 250 miles, and the Severn is only about 210 miles in length.
nér — Navíga" : stream-If we apply the principle of the common law, that the soils under the navigable waters belong to the sovereign for the benefit and use of the public, and are not governed by the common law test of the navigability of streams, but by their navigability in fact, we are constrained to maintain that the true doctrine is that the beds of navigable rivers belong to the State, notwithstanding the tide does not ebb and flow in them. In Pollard's Lessee v. Hagan, 3 How., 213, it is held, that “The shores of navigable waters, and the soils under them, were not granted by the Constitution to the United States, but were reserved to the States respectively; and the new States have the same rights, sovereignty and jurisdiction over this subject as the original States.” And Mr. Justice McKinley, delivering the opinion of the court, at page 229 says: “Then to Alabama belong the navigable waters, and soils under them, in controversy in this case, subject to the rights surrendered by the Constitution to the United States.” And on page 230 he says: “To give to the United States the right to transfer to a citizen the title to the shores and the soils under the navigable waters, would be placing in their hands a weapon which might be wielded greatly to the injury of State sovereignty, and deprive the State of the power to exercise a numerous and important class of police powers.” Goodtitle v. Kibbe, 9 How., 471, affirms the doctrine of this case, and holds that the title to the soil in navigable water's below high-water mark is in the State.
In the case of McManus v. Carmichael, supra, the court held that, by the acts of the United States relating to the survey and sale of public lands (see act of May 18, 1796, etc.), and also by the law establishing the general land office, the whole bed of navigable rivers is excepted from the surveys, and that the lands of the United States are sold with reference to the plats and field notes of the survey. It is also held in the same case that the rule that grants are to be construed most strongly against the grantor does not apply to public grants ; but that, the government being but a trustee for the public, its grants are to be construed strictly. This is familiar law. In Middleton v. Pritchard, 3 Scam., 510, Mr. Justice Wilson in a dissenting opinion says in regard to the sale of lands by the government: ‘ ‘The land authorized to be sold, and the mode of selling it, is prescribed by law, and all sales in violation of that are void. * * * These surveys and plats are the guides of the land officers in making their sales. They have no authority to sell a single acre that'has not been surveyed.”
In Barney v. Keokuk, 94 U. S., 324, Mr. Justice Bradley, in discussing this question, says on page 336: “In this country, as a general thing, all waters are deemed navigable, which are really so;” and on page 338 he says: “In our view of the subject the correct principles were laid down in Martin v. Waddell, 16 Pet., 367, Pollard's Lessee v. Hagan, 3 How., 212, and Goodtitle v. Kibbe, 9 Id., 471. These cases related to tide-water, it is true; but they enunciate principles which are equally applicable to all navigable waters. And since this court, in the case of The Genesee Chief, 12 Id., 443, has declared that the Great Lakes and other navigable waters of the country, above as well as below the flow of the tide, are, in the strictest sense, entitled to the denomination of navigable waters, and amenable to the admiralty jurisdiction, there seems to be no sound reason for adhering to the old rule as to the proprietorship of the beds ' and shores of such waters. It properly belongs to the States by their inherent sovereignty, and the United States has wisely abstained from extending (if it could extend) its surveys and grants beyond the limits of high water. The cases in which this court has seemed to hold a contrary view depended, as most cases must depend, on the local laws of the States in which the lands were situated.”
3- “High water mark5 de fined‘ But it is necessary to a full understanding of the rights of 00 a riparian owner and of the public in the lands between the banks of a river to determine the legal meaning of the phrase, “high water.” It does not mean, as has been sometimes supposed, the line reached by the great annual rises, regardless oí the character of the lands subject at such times to be overflowed. But, as decided in the case of Houghton v. Railway, 47 Iowa, 370, “high water mark then, as the line between the riparian proprietor and the public, is to be regarded as coordinate with the limit of the river bed. Whatever difficulty there may be in determining it in places, this doubtless may be said: What the river does not occupy long enough to wrest from vegetation, so far as to destroy its value for agriculture, is not river bed.”
In Howard v. Ingersoll, 13 How. (U. S.), 381, Mr. Justice Curtis gave a satisfactory definition of the bank and bed of a river. He says, “The banks of a river are those elevations of land which confine the waters when they rise out of the bed; and the bed is that soil so usually covered by water as to be distinguishable from the bank by the character of the soil, or vegetation, or both, produced by the common presence and action of flowing water. But neither the line of ordinary high-water mark, nor of ordinary low-water mark, nor of a middle stage of water, can be assumed as the line dividing the bed from the banks. This line is to be found by examining the bed and banks, and ascertaining where the presence and action of water are so common and usual, and so long continued in all ordinary years, as to mark upon the soil of the bed a character distinct from that of the banks, in respect to vegetation, as well as in respect to the nature of the soil itself. Whether this line between the bed and the banks will be found above or below, or at a middle stage of water, must depend upon the character of the stream. * *' * But in all cases the bed of a river is a natural object, and is to be sought for, not merely by the application of any abstract rules, but as other natural objects are sought for and found, by the distinctive appearances they present; the banks being fast land, on which vegetation, appropriate to such land in the particular locality, grows wherever the bank is not too steep to permit such growth, and the bed being soil of a different character and having no - vegetation, or only such as exists when commonly submerged by water.”
The owner of land on the margin of a navigable stream in this State, holding under a grant from the United States government, does not take ad medium filum aqua, but to high-water mark, as limited and defined above, and the beds of all navigable rivers in the State belong to the State in trust for the use of the public.
Was the gravel bar an accretion to appellee’s land ?
A1júvNcret!on— Accretion to a land on a stream navigable or unnavigable belongs to the owner of the land; therefore, if appellee’s contention that this bar has become a part of his land by accretion has been maintained, the judgment of the circuit court is correct. Warren v. Chambers, 25 Ark., 120; New Orleans v. U. S., 10 Peters, 662; 24 How., 41; 4 Wall., 502; A. & E. Encyclopoedia of Law, vol. 1, sec. 5, p. 137, and cases cited. Accretion is the increase of real estate, by the addition of portions of soil by gradual deposition, through the •operation of natural causes, to that already in the possession of the owner. The term “alluvion” is applied to the deposit itself, .while accretion rather denotes the act. 3 Wash, on Real Prop., 60 and 61; Bouvier’s Law Dict., title, “Accretion;” Woolrych on Waters (lateral p. 29).
Fleta says: “We acquire a right to things, according to the law of nations, by accession. That which a stream has added to our land by alluvion for instance, belongs to us by virtue of the same law.” Fleta, Liber 3, c. 2, sec. 6.
travel bar— Does the testimony in this case show that the gravel bar is alluvion added to the land of the appellees by accretion ? We think not. On the contrary, the evidence shows that the gravel bar is a part of the bed of White River, within the above definition.
Reversed and remanded.
CASES DETERMINED SUPREME COURT OF THE State of Arkansas, AT THE ¡MAY TERM, 1800.