Beck, J.
The appellee brought suit in the court below against the appellant upon a contract for the delivery of coal, [583]*583alleging as a breach thereof, that on the 23rd day of January, 1878, while the contract was in force, the appellant without cause or éxcuse discharged him, and refused to allow him to deliver any coal under it. __
The contract is as follows:
“ James F-. Tierney to Boulder Talley Coal Company. I do hereby contract, and hold myself responsible for the safe and prompt delivery of all the Boulder Talley Coal Company’s coal in the city of Denver, and to all parts of said city of Denver, and will hold myself responsible for all returns from 0. O. D. orders, and all coal that may from time to time be delivered in the wrong place, so as the Boulder Talley Coal Company will be at no loss in any way connected with transporting of the said coal from their yard to the consumers of said coal, and that myself and all my teamsters will be always kind and accommodating to all who they may have any business with, for the sum of forty cents per ton, in large and small quantities, with stable and yard privileges included, for one year from June 1st, 1877, to June 1st, 1878.
Jambs F. Tierney.”
June 1st, 1877.
J. F. Tierney, Esq. : I will accept the above proposition for and on the part of the Boulder Talley Coal Company.
' By John Stewart,
Superintendent.”
One ground of defense set up in the appellant’s answer was, that no coal was sold and delivered in the city of Denver by the appellant during the period between January 23rd, 1878, and June 1st, 1878.
The trial resulted in a verdict in favor of the appellee of $200. He remitted $60, and judgment was entered on the verdict for the sum of $140.
Appellee’s testimony showed that he commenced the delivery of coal under the contract on the day of its date, and continued to perform the agreement on his part until the 23rd day [584]*584of January, 1878, when he was informed that there was no more coal for him to deliver. It likewise showed that the stipulated consideration was paid him from time to time, by the officers of the coal company up to the latter date.
Counsel for the appellant offered to prove in defense, that at no time after the 31st day of December, 1877, was there any coal shipped by the defendant’s company from the coinpany’s mine (which is situated thirty or forty miles from the city of Denver) to said city, nor was any coal delivered after said time by said company in the city of Denver to consumers, nor was there after that date, any coal belonging to said company, in said city of Denver, subject to delivery by or under 'the contract of said company, after the said 31st day of December, 1877, but that on the contrary, all the coal mined at said mine, by said company after that date, was by said company sold at the mouth of the pit to W. EL Pierce, who .paid for it at that point, and shipped said coal to the city of Denver, paid the freight, and handled and had the sole control and disposition' of said coal after the said 31st day of December, A. D. 1877.
Objection being made, the offer was denied by the court. This offer of testimony, and the ruling thereon, raises the principal qnestion presented by this record, which is, how is the contract to be construed in respect to the period of employment?
That the object to be attained in the construction of a contract is to discover and effectuate the intentions of the parties, and to this end that the court will adopt that construction which will bring it as near to the actual meaning of the parties as the words they saw fit to employ, when properly construed, will permit, are elementary principles of construction.
As a guide to a correct interpretation, the law also permits the subject-matter of the contract, the situation of the parties at the time of its execution, and all the surrounding facts and circumstances to be taken into consideration.
In the ca'se at bar the record discloses these facts: that on [585]*585and prior to June 1st, 1877, the appellant was the owner of a coal mine situated in the country several miles distant from the city of Denver, and had been, and was then engaged in the woi’king of its mine, and of transporting coal therefrom by railroad to its coal yard in the city, from which it retailed and delivered the same to its customers in and about the city
Tierney, the appellee, had been engaged in the business or employment of delivering coal, and had teams and wagons for the purpose. Under these circumstances, Tierney made the above proposal to Stewart, the superintendent of the coal company, to deliver all its coal for the period of one year, at forty cents per ton. The superintendent accepted this proposal on the part of the company unconditionally. It thereupon became the contract of both contracting parties (assuming the power of the superintendent to make such a contract) to the same extent and effect as if drawn in the form of an agreement by Tierney, of the one part, and the coal company of the other part, and signed by both parties.
But counsel for the appellant think the judgment cannot be sustained, for the reason, as they contend, that the company is not guilty of any breach of the agreement. They say there is no agreement on the part of the company, express or implied, that it will continue the business of shipping coal from the mine to its yard in Denver, and of retailing the same therefrom to consumers in the city, for one year or for any time. In answer to the suggestion of opposing counsel that the agreement to continue the business is implied, they say—“We do not deny that covenants may be implied, and we think .there is an implied covenant in this agreement, viz.: whatever coal appellant should have'for delivery to consumers in the city of Denver during the year, the appellee should deliver and be paid forty cents per ton.”
This construction is clearly untenable. No necessity exists to imply such a covenant as this. The stipulation of the contract is, that Tierney shall deliver all the company’s coal, and be paid therefor forty cents per ton. A covenant-cannot be [586]*586implied where the same subject-matter is covered by an express covenant. If counsel had said there was an implied reservation in favor of the appellant, that it might discontinue the business at any time, their meaning would have been better expressed.
After due consideration of the language employed in this agreement, and viewing the agreement in the light of surrounding circumstances, it seems very reasonable to infer that both parties, at the time of entering into the contract, supposed that the business would continue for a year at least. The CQmpany owned the mine, and it was in successful operation. The business of shipping and retailing coal was an established business, and there is nothing in the record to show that the project of selling the coal at the mine, or discontinuing the Denver business had ever been contemplated.
Had the superintendent supposed that the business might be discontinued before the expiration of the year, the presumption is, he would have qualified the written proposal before accepting it. And had Tierney not intended to bind the company as well as himself, to performance for a full year, it is highly probable that the proposition would have been differently expressed.
Mr.
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Beck, J.
The appellee brought suit in the court below against the appellant upon a contract for the delivery of coal, [583]*583alleging as a breach thereof, that on the 23rd day of January, 1878, while the contract was in force, the appellant without cause or éxcuse discharged him, and refused to allow him to deliver any coal under it. __
The contract is as follows:
“ James F-. Tierney to Boulder Talley Coal Company. I do hereby contract, and hold myself responsible for the safe and prompt delivery of all the Boulder Talley Coal Company’s coal in the city of Denver, and to all parts of said city of Denver, and will hold myself responsible for all returns from 0. O. D. orders, and all coal that may from time to time be delivered in the wrong place, so as the Boulder Talley Coal Company will be at no loss in any way connected with transporting of the said coal from their yard to the consumers of said coal, and that myself and all my teamsters will be always kind and accommodating to all who they may have any business with, for the sum of forty cents per ton, in large and small quantities, with stable and yard privileges included, for one year from June 1st, 1877, to June 1st, 1878.
Jambs F. Tierney.”
June 1st, 1877.
J. F. Tierney, Esq. : I will accept the above proposition for and on the part of the Boulder Talley Coal Company.
' By John Stewart,
Superintendent.”
One ground of defense set up in the appellant’s answer was, that no coal was sold and delivered in the city of Denver by the appellant during the period between January 23rd, 1878, and June 1st, 1878.
The trial resulted in a verdict in favor of the appellee of $200. He remitted $60, and judgment was entered on the verdict for the sum of $140.
Appellee’s testimony showed that he commenced the delivery of coal under the contract on the day of its date, and continued to perform the agreement on his part until the 23rd day [584]*584of January, 1878, when he was informed that there was no more coal for him to deliver. It likewise showed that the stipulated consideration was paid him from time to time, by the officers of the coal company up to the latter date.
Counsel for the appellant offered to prove in defense, that at no time after the 31st day of December, 1877, was there any coal shipped by the defendant’s company from the coinpany’s mine (which is situated thirty or forty miles from the city of Denver) to said city, nor was any coal delivered after said time by said company in the city of Denver to consumers, nor was there after that date, any coal belonging to said company, in said city of Denver, subject to delivery by or under 'the contract of said company, after the said 31st day of December, 1877, but that on the contrary, all the coal mined at said mine, by said company after that date, was by said company sold at the mouth of the pit to W. EL Pierce, who .paid for it at that point, and shipped said coal to the city of Denver, paid the freight, and handled and had the sole control and disposition' of said coal after the said 31st day of December, A. D. 1877.
Objection being made, the offer was denied by the court. This offer of testimony, and the ruling thereon, raises the principal qnestion presented by this record, which is, how is the contract to be construed in respect to the period of employment?
That the object to be attained in the construction of a contract is to discover and effectuate the intentions of the parties, and to this end that the court will adopt that construction which will bring it as near to the actual meaning of the parties as the words they saw fit to employ, when properly construed, will permit, are elementary principles of construction.
As a guide to a correct interpretation, the law also permits the subject-matter of the contract, the situation of the parties at the time of its execution, and all the surrounding facts and circumstances to be taken into consideration.
In the ca'se at bar the record discloses these facts: that on [585]*585and prior to June 1st, 1877, the appellant was the owner of a coal mine situated in the country several miles distant from the city of Denver, and had been, and was then engaged in the woi’king of its mine, and of transporting coal therefrom by railroad to its coal yard in the city, from which it retailed and delivered the same to its customers in and about the city
Tierney, the appellee, had been engaged in the business or employment of delivering coal, and had teams and wagons for the purpose. Under these circumstances, Tierney made the above proposal to Stewart, the superintendent of the coal company, to deliver all its coal for the period of one year, at forty cents per ton. The superintendent accepted this proposal on the part of the company unconditionally. It thereupon became the contract of both contracting parties (assuming the power of the superintendent to make such a contract) to the same extent and effect as if drawn in the form of an agreement by Tierney, of the one part, and the coal company of the other part, and signed by both parties.
But counsel for the appellant think the judgment cannot be sustained, for the reason, as they contend, that the company is not guilty of any breach of the agreement. They say there is no agreement on the part of the company, express or implied, that it will continue the business of shipping coal from the mine to its yard in Denver, and of retailing the same therefrom to consumers in the city, for one year or for any time. In answer to the suggestion of opposing counsel that the agreement to continue the business is implied, they say—“We do not deny that covenants may be implied, and we think .there is an implied covenant in this agreement, viz.: whatever coal appellant should have'for delivery to consumers in the city of Denver during the year, the appellee should deliver and be paid forty cents per ton.”
This construction is clearly untenable. No necessity exists to imply such a covenant as this. The stipulation of the contract is, that Tierney shall deliver all the company’s coal, and be paid therefor forty cents per ton. A covenant-cannot be [586]*586implied where the same subject-matter is covered by an express covenant. If counsel had said there was an implied reservation in favor of the appellant, that it might discontinue the business at any time, their meaning would have been better expressed.
After due consideration of the language employed in this agreement, and viewing the agreement in the light of surrounding circumstances, it seems very reasonable to infer that both parties, at the time of entering into the contract, supposed that the business would continue for a year at least. The CQmpany owned the mine, and it was in successful operation. The business of shipping and retailing coal was an established business, and there is nothing in the record to show that the project of selling the coal at the mine, or discontinuing the Denver business had ever been contemplated.
Had the superintendent supposed that the business might be discontinued before the expiration of the year, the presumption is, he would have qualified the written proposal before accepting it. And had Tierney not intended to bind the company as well as himself, to performance for a full year, it is highly probable that the proposition would have been differently expressed.
Mr. Parsons says: “ A party will be held to that meaning which he knew the other party supposed the words to bear, if this can be done without making a new contract for the parties.” 2 Pars. Cont. p. 499. The superintendent of the appellant must have known from the words of the proposal, that Tierney supposed it would .become obligatory upon both parties when accepted for the period stated, the one to furnish coal for delivery, the other to deliver it.
Such, therefore, being the evident understanding and intention of the parties, as imported by the language of their agreement, we are of opinion that the law implies a covenant on the part of the coal company, in the absence of an expressstipulation, to continue the business for the period of time specified. This is the only construction which effectuates the intention of the parties, or gives force and effect to their agreement.
[587]*587Tierney had bound himself to serve the appellant for a definite period of time, and of course obligated himself to provide everything necessary to the performance of the service which he was to render. Had he failed to provide necessary teams, wagons, and drivers to deliver all coal sold from the yard, or had he accepted other employment for his teams, which rendered him unable to fill all orders for coal during any portion of the year, had the company seen fit to continue the Denver business so long, would he not have been liable under the contract for damages occasioned by the breach? If this be true, must not a correlative obligation have rested upon the appellant; that is, must we not imply a covenant that it would continue in good faith the business which constituted the basis of the contract? If it be said that Tierney was bound in manner stated, but that the coal company was left free to terminate the engagement at its option, by a voluntary discontinuance of the business which furnished the employment contracted for, leaving the contractor, as in the present instance, with teams and drivers upon his hands in mid-winter, when it was impossible to find employment for them, then the contract was unilateral. This would render it void, for want of mutuality. But the contract is fairly susceptible of a construction which will support it. This construction ought therefore to be adopted, rather than one which would defeat it. 1 Chi tty Cont. pp. Ill, 112.
It is not adding anything to a written contract to imply an obligation to do what was intended at the time it was entered into, and which is essential to its vitality and force. The necessary inference, then, is, that the appellant obligated itself to furnish appellee an opportunity to perform the contract on his part. This construction admits of the qualification that if the business had been suspended by acts or circumstances over which the company had no control, as by the exhausting of the coal-veins, fire in the mine, or the flooding of the mine, the appellant would not be liable. But where the breach is occasioned by the voluntary act of the party, the rule is otherwise.
[588]*588It is said that where a party enters into an. agreement which can only take effect by the continuance of a certain existing state of circumstances, there is an implied engagement on his part that he will not, of his own mere motion, do anything to put an end to that state of circumstances under which alone the agreement can be operative. 1 Add. Cont. Sec. 236; 1 Chitty Cont. p. 89; Stirling v. Maitland, 6 Best & Smith, p. 8-40.
The state of facts proposed to be proved by appellant, on the trial, showed a. voluntary discontinuance of the business on the part of the company, by a sale at the mouth of the pit of all the coal mined. The facts constituted no defense to the action, and were properly rejected.
In support of the foregoing views, we cite the following authorities: Stirling v. Maitland, 5 Best & Smith, p. 840. Whittle v. Frankland, 2 Ib. p. 49; McIntire v. Belcher, 14 Common Bench, (N. S.) p. 653; Emmons v. Elderton, 4 House of Lords Cases, p. 624; Black v. Woodrow, 39 Md. 194; Allaman v. The Mayor, &c. 43 Barber, 33.
In regard to the other errors assigned, we are of opinion that no error occurred of sufficient importance to justify a reversal.
As to the authority of Stewart, the superintendent, to bind the company, we are disposed to agree with counsel for appellee that it is too late to say that the company had no knowledge of the contract. Tierney continued to execute it in accordance with its provisions for a period of more than seven months, during which time the officers 'of the company .also performed it by permitting Tierney to deliver all the company’s coal, and by paying him regularly the stipulated com. pensation. If authority on the part of the superintendent to make such a contract for the company was wanting, the long time during which it was executed by both parties, and the manner of its execution on the part of both, furnish strong grounds to persume a ratification.
As to the introduction of a copy of the contract in evidence [589]*589instead of the original, it is sufficient to say that no issue was tendered by the pleadings as to the execution of this contract. It was set out in haee verba in the complaint and the answer only denies the authority of the superintendent to execute it on the part of the company. That he did execute the contract declared upon is therefore admitted.
Finding no substantial error, the judgment will be affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
Chief Justice Elbert did not sit in this case.