(SS) Moua v. Commissioner of Social Security

• Court: District Court, E.D. California
• Decided: September 3, 2020
• Docket: 1:19-cv-00516
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 8 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 9 ZA XIONG MOUA, 10 Case No. 1:19-cv-00516-SKO Plaintiff, 11 v. ORDER ON PLAINTIFF’S SOCIAL 12 SECURITY COMPLAINT ANDREW SAUL, 13 Commissioner of Social Security, 14 Defendant. (Doc. 1)

16 _____________________________________/ 17

18 I. INTRODUCTION 19 20 On April 22, 2019, Plaintiff Za Xiong Moua (“Plaintiff”) filed a complaint under 21 42 U.S.C. § 405(g) seeking judicial review of a final decision of the Commissioner of Social 22 Security (the “Commissioner” or “Defendant”) denying his application for disability insurance 23 benefits (“DIB”) under Title II of the Social Security Act (the “Act”). The matter is currently before 24 the Court on the parties’ briefs, which were submitted, without oral argument, to the Honorable 25 Sheila K. Oberto, United States Magistrate Judge.1 26 /// 27

28 1 The parties consented to the jurisdiction of a U.S. Magistrate Judge. (Docs. 6, 8.) 1 2 On March 23, 2015, Plaintiff protectively filed an application for DIB payments, alleging he 3 became disabled on December 31, 20112 due to depression, “waist and back pain,” 4 “sleepless[ness],” and memory loss. (Administrative Record (“AR”) 200–01, 275, 362.) Plaintiff 5 was born on May 12, 1964 and was 47 years old as of the alleged onset date. (AR 330.) Plaintiff 6 completed some school, approximately through the ninth grade, has past work experience as an 7 assembly worker and a self-employed farmer, and last worked full-time in approximately 2011. 8 (AR 44, 276.) 9 A. Summary of Relevant Medical Evidence 10 1. Kings Winery Medical Clinic and North Marks Medical Clinic 11 Plaintiff was treated by multiple professionals, including treating psychiatrist Maximo 12 Parayno, M.D., at Kings Winery Medical Clinic and North Marks Medical Clinic3 from 13 approximately 2010 through at least 2017. (See AR 370–521, 550–663, 700–709, 734–91.) Dr. 14 Parayno stated in 2016 that he had seen Plaintiff approximately every four-to-six weeks since 2012. 15 (See AR 728.) 16 On June 1, 2012, Dr. Parayno diagnosed Plaintiff with PTSD and severe major depression. 17 (AR 385.) Dr. Parayno noted that Plaintiff had relevant thought content, but had blunted affect, 18 poor judgment and insight, poor concentration and attention, nightmares, feelings of 19 hopelessness/worthlessness, and poor sleep. (AR 384–85.) On July 17, 2012, Hyacintha Agina, 20 FNP-C, noted that Plaintiff was prescribed Megace, Seroquel, Sertraline, and Theragran. (AR 378.) 21 On August 10, 2012, Dr. Parayno noted that Plaintiff had relevant thought content and “okay” sleep, 22 but had depressed mood, blunted affect, nightmares, feelings of hopelessness/worthlessness, and 23 poor appetite. (AR 395–96.) On April 9, 2013, Dr. Parayno refilled Plaintiff’s prescriptions for 24 Dalmane, Megace, Seroquel, Sertraline, Theragran, and Wellbutrin. (AR 388.) Dr. Parayno noted 25 that Plaintiff had relevant thought content and fair judgment and insight, but had blunted affect, poor 26 concentration and attention, nightmares, feelings of hopelessness/worthlessness, and poor sleep. 27

28 2 Plaintiff subsequently amended his alleged onset date of disability to May 11, 2014. (See AR 14.) 1 (AR 387–88.) On May 28, 2013, Dr. Parayno noted that Plaintiff was on about 16 different 2 medications for his psychological conditions and for his back pain. (AR 373–74.) Plaintiff’s affect 3 was blunted, mood was depressed, he had recurrent nightmares, flashbacks, or intrusive distressing 4 recollection of violent images, thoughts of hopelessness and worthlessness, poor memory, and poor 5 concentration. (AR 374–75.) Plaintiff was noted to have poor or impaired judgment and insight on 6 at least 16 occasions between 2010–2012, including at 15 consecutive appointments at Kings 7 Winery Medical Clinic. (See AR 384, 395, 406, 408, 410, 411, 413, 414, 415, 418, 420, 422, 424, 8 425, 427, 428, 430.) 9 On April 21, 2014, Nurse Agina noted that Plaintiff was alert and oriented and had no gross 10 neurologic abnormalities. (AR 609.) On January 9, 2015, Vang Moua, PA, noted that Plaintiff was 11 alert and oriented. (AR 601.) On January 16, 2015, PA Moua treated Plaintiff for a problem with 12 his large intestine, and noted that Plaintiff was alert and active. (AR 598.) On February 18, 2015, 13 PA Moua saw Plaintiff for an annual physical and noted that Plaintiff was “alert and active” and his 14 mental status examination was “absolutely normal.” (AR 589–90.) On April 28, 2015, Dr. Parayno 15 noted that Plaintiff’s affect was blunted, mood was depressed, he had feelings of 16 hopelessness/worthlessness, memory was poor, concentration/attention was poor, and judgment and 17 insight was fair. (AR 581.) On July 7, 2015, Dr. Parayno noted that Plaintiff had depressed mood, 18 nightmares, feelings of hopelessness/worthlessness, poor memory, poor concentration/attention, 19 and fair judgment and insight. (AR 702.) On November 29, 2016, Dr. Parayno noted that Plaintiff 20 had blunted affect, depressed mood, nightmares, feelings of hopelessness/worthlessness, poor 21 memory, fair judgment and insight, and relevant thought content. (AR 756.) On January 31, 2017, 22 Dr. Parayno noted that Plaintiff had fair judgment and insight and relevant thought content, but had 23 blunted affect, depressed mood, nightmares, feelings of hopelessness/worthlessness, and poor 24 memory. (AR 752.) On April 7, 2017, Dr. Parayno noted Plaintiff had relevant thought content and 25 fair judgment and insight, but had blunted affect, depressed mood, nightmares, feelings of 26 hopelessness/worthlessness, and poor memory. (AR 736.) 27 On August 5, 2016, Dr. Parayno submitted a medical source statement on behalf of Plaintiff. 28 (AR 728–31.) Dr. Parayno diagnosed Plaintiff with major depression and PTSD. (AR 728.) Dr. 1 Parayno opined Plaintiff had anhedonia or pervasive loss of interest in almost all activities, appetite 2 disturbance with weight change, decreased energy, thoughts of suicide, blunt, flat, or inappropriate 3 affect, feelings of guilt or worthlessness, poverty of content or speech, mood disturbance, difficulty 4 thinking or concentrating, recurrent or intrusive recollections of a traumatic experience, 5 psychomotor agitation or retardation, and persistent disturbances of mood or affect. (AR 728.) Dr. 6 Parayno opined Plaintiff was impaired to the extent it would preclude performance for 10% of the 7 day in his ability to understand, remember, and carry out short and simple instructions, maintain 8 attention for two hours, maintain regular attendance, sustain an ordinary routine, work in 9 coordination with others, make simple decisions, complete a normal workday, perform at a 10 consistent pace, ask simple questions, accept instructions, get along with coworkers, respond 11 appropriately to changes, deal with normal work stress, be aware of normal hazards, interact 12 appropriately with the public, maintain socially appropriate behavior, adhere to basic standards of 13 neatness and cleanliness, and use public transportation. (AR 729–30.) Dr. Parayno opined Plaintiff 14 was impaired to the extent it would preclude performance for 15% or more of the day in his ability 15 to travel in unfamiliar places, understand, remember and carry out detailed instructions, set realistic 16 goals, and deal with stress. (AR 730.) Dr. Parayno further opined Plaintiff would miss work about 17 two days per month. (AR 731.) 18 2. Theodore Georgis, Jr., M.D. 19 On July 13, 2015, Plaintiff underwent an orthopedic consultative examination with 20 orthopedic surgeon Theodore Georgis. (AR 666–670.) Dr. Georgis noted that Plaintiff complained 21 of chronic back pain that was gradually worsening, as well as sharp pain when he lifts items. (AR 22 666.) Dr. Georgis noted Plaintiff’s main symptoms as low back pain and difficulty bending. (AR 23 667.) After evaluating Plaintiff, Dr. Georgis opined that Plaintiff could:

24 [L]ift and carry 20 pounds occasionally and 10 pounds frequently. [Plaintiff] can 25 stand and walk six hours out of an eight hour day with normal breaks. [Plaintiff] can sit six hours in an eight hour day. Exertional limitations include occasional climbing, 26 stooping, crouching, crawling, balancing and kneeling.

27 (AR 669.) 28 1 2 On August 11, 2015, Plaintiff underwent a psychological evaluation with psychologist 3 James Murphy. (AR 674–78.) Dr. Murphy opined that Plaintiff is “having a difficult time in his 4 life” and his level of functioning “could not be assessed because of his lack of participation in the 5 interview and testing session.” (AR 678.) Dr. Murphy opined that Plaintiff had the ability to handle 6 everyday activities of daily living but he “had difficulty interacting with competent fully functioning 7 individuals and . . . was unable to maintain his composition and function appropriately during the 8 testing session.” (AR 678.) Dr. Murphy stated Plaintiff had “no difficulty understanding what was 9 10 asked of him concerning the various tasks” and “did not seem to demonstrate difficulties 11 understanding the simple instructions of the various tasks, confidentiality, or reason for the 12 evaluation.” (AR 678.) However, Dr. Murphy stated Plaintiff would require assistance in handling 13 his money. (AR 678.) Dr. Murphy stated “[m]alingering must be considered a motive for 14 [Plaintiff’s] behavior” during the session and ended with stating, “[t]hank you for this most 15 interesting referral.” (AR 678.) 16 17 4. State Agency Physicians 18 On July 30, 2015, G. Taylor, M.D. a Disability Determinations Service medical consultant, 19 assessed Plaintiff’s physical residual functional capacity (RFC).4 (AR 97–98.) Dr. Taylor 20 determined that Plaintiff retained the RFC to: occasionally lift or carry 50 pounds; frequently lift or 21 carry 25 pounds; stand, walk, and sit for about 6 hours in an 8-hour workday; push and pull to an 22 unlimited extent; frequently climb ramps and stairs, balance, stoop, kneel, crouch, and crawl; and 23 occasionally climb ladders, ropes, and scaffolds. (AR 97–98.) Upon reconsideration, on December 24

25 4 RFC is an assessment of an individual’s ability to do sustained work-related physical and mental activities in a work setting on a regular and continuing basis of 8 hours a day, for 5 days a week, or an equivalent work schedule. TITLES 26 II & XVI: ASSESSING RESIDUAL FUNCTIONAL CAPACITY IN INITIAL CLAIMS, Social Security Ruling (“SSR”) 96-8P (S.S.A. July 2, 1996). The RFC assessment considers only functional limitations and restrictions that 27 result from an individual’s medically determinable impairment or combination of impairments. Id. “In determining a claimant’s RFC, an ALJ must consider all relevant evidence in the record including, inter alia, medical records, lay 28 evidence, and ‘the effects of symptoms, including pain, that are reasonably attributed to a medically determinable 1 2, 2015, another Disability Determinations Service medical consultant, A. Khong, M.D., affirmed 2 some of Dr. Taylor’s findings, but found that Plaintiff could only occasionally lift or carry 20 pounds 3 and frequently lift or carry 10 pounds; had an unlimited ability to balance and kneel, and could 4 frequently climb ladders, ropes, and scaffolds. (AR 116–17.) 5 On July 20, 2015, Brady Dalton, Psy.D., a Disability Determinations Service medical 6 consultant, assessed Plaintiff’s mental RFC. (AR 99–100.) Dr. Dalton opined that Plaintiff was 7 moderately limited in his ability to understand and remember detailed instructions, carry out detailed 8 instructions, maintain attention and concentration for extended periods, perform activities within a 9 schedule, complete a normal workday without interruptions from psychologically based symptoms, 10 and respond appropriately to changes in the work setting, and had no limitations in any other 11 functional area. (AR 99–100.) 12 Upon reconsideration, on November 27, 2015, another Disability Determinations Service 13 medical consultant, G. Yanagi, Ph.D., affirmed Dr. Dalton’s findings as to Plaintiff’s mental RFC, 14 except that Dr. Yanagi found Plaintiff was moderately limited in his ability to set realistic goals or 15 make plans independently of others. (AR 118–19.) 16 B. Administrative Proceedings 17 The Commissioner denied Plaintiff’s application for benefits initially on August 13, 2015, 18 and again on reconsideration on December 4, 2015. (AR 126–30, 134–39.) On December 18, 19 2015, Plaintiff requested a hearing before an Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”). (AR 140–41.) 20 On September 20, 2017, Plaintiff appeared with counsel and testified before an ALJ as to 21 his alleged disabling conditions, with the assistance of a Hmong interpreter. (AR 36–70.) Plaintiff 22 testified he had not driven for the past year due to his back pain and urination issues. (AR 43.) 23 Plaintiff stated that he is taking medication for his lower back pain and that the pain medication 24 causes him to have stomach aches and frequent urination. (AR 56–57.) Plaintiff testified that he 25 also gets hemmorhoids which are very painful. (AR 58.) Plaintiff stated that he takes medications 26 for his mental health, including stress and emotional problems. (AR 59–60.) Plaintiff stated he 27 can only carry about half a gallon of milk and can only walk for about 30 minutes at the most. 28 (AR 60.) 1 A Vocational Expert (“VE”) testified at the hearing that Plaintiff had past work as a hand 2 packer, Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT) code 920.587-018, which was medium work with 3 a specific vocational preparation (SVP)5 of 2; and a farm worker, vegetable, DOT code 402.663- 4 010, which was medium work with a SVP of 4. (AR 64.) The ALJ asked the VE to consider a 5 person of Plaintiff’s age, education, and with his work background. (AR 65.) The VE was also to 6 assume this person was able to lift and carry 25 pounds frequently and 50 pounds occasionally, 7 stand, walk, and sit for 6 hours out of an 8-hour workday, frequently climb ramps, stairs, balance, 8 stoop, kneel, crouch, and crawl, and occasionally climb ladders, ropes and scaffolds. (AR 66.) The 9 VE testified that such a person could perform Plaintiff’s past relevant work. (AR 66.) 10 In a second hypothetical, the ALJ asked the VE to consider an individual with the limitations 11 described in the first hypothetical except that the person could remember and understand simple 12 instructions. (AR 67.) The VE testified that such a person could only perform Plaintiff’s past work 13 as a hand packer. (AR 67.) In a third hypothetical, the ALJ asked the VE to consider an individual 14 with the limitations described in the first two hypotheticals except that the person can lift or carry 15 20 pounds frequently and 10 pounds occasionally, stand or walk 6 hours a day, and occasionally 16 climb, stoop, crouch, crawl, balance, and kneel. (AR 66.) The VE testified that the person could 17 perform the hand picker job as performed by Plaintiff. (AR 66.) In a fourth hypothetical, the ALJ 18 asked the VE to consider an individual with the limitations in the third hypothetical except the 19 person can remember and understand simple instructions. (AR 66.) The VE testified that the person 20 could perform the hand picker job as performed by Plaintiff. (AR 66.) In a fifth hypothetical, the 21 ALJ asked the VE to consider an individual with the limitations described in the fourth hypothetical 22 except that the person would be off task 15 minutes per hour. (AR 66.) The VE testified that the 23 person would not be able to perform any work. (AR 67.) 24 Plaintiff’s counsel then asked the VE a sixth hypothetical, which consisted of the limitations 25 described in the third hypothetical except that the person would be limited to occasional postural 26 5 Specific vocational preparation (SVP), as defined in DOT, App. C, is the amount of lapsed time required by a typical 27 worker to learn the techniques, acquire the information, and develop the facility needed for average performance in a specific job-worker situation. DOT, Appendix C – Components of the Definition Trailer, 1991 WL 688702 (1991). 28 Jobs in the DOT are assigned SVP levels ranging from 1 (the lowest level – “short demonstration only”) to 9 (the highest 1 movements, stooping, crouching, crawling, and no more than occasional exposure to fast-moving 2 machinery. (AR 67.) The VE testified the individual would be unable to perform Plaintiff’s past 3 relevant work and any other work. (AR 67.) In a seventh hypothetical, Plaintiff’s counsel asked 4 the VE to consider an individual with the same limitations in the sixth hypothetical except the person 5 would not be able to speak or write English. (AR 67.) The VE testified that the person would not 6 be able to perform any work. (AR 67.) 7 C. The ALJ’s Decision 8 In a decision dated April 2, 2018, the ALJ found that Plaintiff was not disabled, as defined 9 by the Act. (AR 14–25.) The ALJ conducted the five-step disability analysis set forth in 20 C.F.R. 10 § 404.1520. (AR 16–25.) The ALJ decided that Plaintiff had not engaged in substantial gainful 11 activity since May 11, 2014, the alleged onset date (step one). (AR 16.) At step two, the ALJ found 12 that Plaintiff had the following severe impairments: degenerative disc disease of the lumbar spine; 13 depression; and chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (“PTSD”). (AR 16.) The ALJ found that 14 Plaintiff did not have an impairment or combination of impairments that met or medically equaled 15 one of the Listings (step three). (AR 17.) 16 The ALJ assessed Plaintiff’s RFC and applied the RFC assessment at steps four and five. 17 See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(a)(4) (“Before we go from step three to step four, we assess your residual 18 functional capacity … We use this residual functional capacity assessment at both step four and step 19 five when we evaluate your claim at these steps.”). The ALJ determined that Plaintiff retained the 20 RFC: 21 to perform medium work as defined in 20 CFR 404.1567(c) except he can lift and carry 50 pounds occasionally and 25 pounds frequently; stand and walk for six hours 22 out of an eight-hour workday; and sit for six hours out of an eight-hour workday. 23 Further, he can frequently climb ramps and stairs; frequently balance, stoop, kneel, crouch, and crawl; and occasionally climb ladders, ropes, or scaffolds. [Plaintiff] 24 can also remember and understand simple instructions. 25 (AR 19.) Although the ALJ recognized that Plaintiff’s impairments “could reasonably be expected 26 to cause the alleged symptoms[,]” he rejected Plaintiff’s subjective testimony as “not entirely 27 consistent with the medical evidence and other evidence in the record[.]” (AR 20.) At step five, 28 the ALJ found that Plaintiff could perform past relevant work as a hand packer. (AR 23–24.) 1 Plaintiff sought review of this decision before the Appeals Council, which denied review on 2 February 15, 2019. (AR 1–6.) Therefore, the ALJ’s decision became the final decision of the 3 Commissioner. 20 C.F.R. § 404.981. 4 III. LEGAL STANDARD 5 A. Applicable Law 6 An individual is considered “disabled” for purposes of disability benefits if he or she is 7 unable “to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically determinable 8 physical or mental impairment which can be expected to result in death or which has lasted or can 9 be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 months.” 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(1)(A). 10 However, “[a]n individual shall be determined to be under a disability only if [her] physical or 11 mental impairment or impairments are of such severity that [s]he is not only unable to do [her] 12 previous work but cannot, considering [her] age, education, and work experience, engage in any 13 other kind of substantial gainful work which exists in the national economy.” Id. § 423(d)(2)(A). 14 “The Social Security Regulations set out a five-step sequential process for determining 15 whether a claimant is disabled within the meaning of the Social Security Act.” Tackett v. Apfel, 180 16 F.3d 1094, 1098 (9th Cir. 1999) (citing 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520). The Ninth Circuit has provided the 17 following description of the sequential evaluation analysis: 18 In step one, the ALJ determines whether a claimant is currently engaged in substantial 19 gainful activity. If so, the claimant is not disabled. If not, the ALJ proceeds to step two and 20 evaluates whether the claimant has a medically severe impairment or combination of impairments. 21 If not, the claimant is not disabled. If so, the ALJ proceeds to step three and considers whether the 22 impairment or combination of impairments meets or equals a listed impairment under 20 C.F.R. pt. 23 404, subpt. P, [a]pp. 1. If so, the claimant is automatically presumed disabled. If not, the ALJ 24 proceeds to step four and assesses whether the claimant is capable of performing her past relevant 25 work. If so, the claimant is not disabled. If not, the ALJ proceeds to step five and examines whether 26 the claimant has the [RFC] . . . to perform any other substantial gainful activity in the national 27 economy. If so, the claimant is not disabled. If not, the claimant is disabled. Burch v. Barnhart, 28 400 F.3d 676, 679 (9th Cir. 2005). “If a claimant is found to be ‘disabled’ or ‘not disabled’ at any 1 step in the sequence, there is no need to consider subsequent steps.” Tackett, 180 F.3d at 1098 2 (citing 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520). 3 “The claimant carries the initial burden of proving a disability in steps one through four of 4 the analysis.” Burch, 400 F.3d at 679 (citing Swenson v. Sullivan, 876 F.2d 683, 687 (9th Cir. 5 1989)). “However, if a claimant establishes an inability to continue her past work, the burden shifts 6 to the Commissioner in step five to show that the claimant can perform other substantial gainful 7 work.” Id. (citing Swenson, 876 F.2d at 687). 8 B. Scope of Review 9 “This court may set aside the Commissioner’s denial of disability insurance benefits [only] 10 when the ALJ’s findings are based on legal error or are not supported by substantial evidence in the 11 record as a whole.” Tackett, 180 F.3d at 1097 (citation omitted). “Substantial evidence is defined 12 as being more than a mere scintilla, but less than a preponderance.” Edlund v. Massanari, 253 F.3d 13 1152, 1156 (9th Cir. 2001) (citing Tackett, 180 F.3d at 1098). “Put another way, substantial 14 evidence is such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a 15 conclusion.” Id. (citing Richardson v. Perales, 402 U.S. 389, 401 (1971)). 16 “This is a highly deferential standard of review …” Valentine v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. 17 Admin., 574 F.3d 685, 690 (9th Cir. 2009). “The ALJ’s findings will be upheld if supported by 18 inferences reasonably drawn from the record.” Tommasetti v. Astrue, 533 F.3d 1035, 1038 (9th Cir. 19 2008) (citation omitted). Additionally, “[t]he court will uphold the ALJ’s conclusion when the 20 evidence is susceptible to more than one rational interpretation.” Id.; see, e.g., Edlund, 253 F.3d at 21 1156 (citations omitted) (“If the evidence is susceptible to more than one rational interpretation, the 22 court may not substitute its judgment for that of the Commissioner.”). 23 Nonetheless, “the Commissioner’s decision ‘cannot be affirmed simply by isolating a 24 specific quantum of supporting evidence.’” Tackett, 180 F.3d at 1098 (quoting Sousa v. Callahan, 25 143 F.3d 1240, 1243 (9th Cir. 1998)). “Rather, a court must ‘consider the record as a whole, 26 weighing both evidence that supports and evidence that detracts from the [Commissioner’s] 27 conclusion.’” Id. (quoting Penny v. Sullivan, 2 F.3d 953, 956 (9th Cir. 1993)). 28 Finally, courts “may not reverse an ALJ’s decision on account of an error that is harmless.” 1 Molina v. Astrue, 674 F.3d 1104, 1111 (9th Cir. 2012) (citing Stout v. Comm’r, Soc. Sec. Admin., 2 454 F.3d 1050, 1055–56 (9th Cir. 2006)). Harmless error “exists when it is clear from the record 3 that ‘the ALJ’s error was inconsequential to the ultimate nondisability determination.’” Tommasetti, 4 533 F.3d at 1038 (quoting Robbins v. Soc. Sec. Admin., 466 F.3d 880, 885 (9th Cir. 2006)). “[T]he 5 burden of showing that an error is harmful normally falls upon the party attacking the agency’s 6 determination.” Shinseki v. Sanders, 556 U.S. 396, 409 (2009) (citations omitted). 7 IV. DISCUSSION Plaintiff contends that the ALJ erred in her evaluation of Dr. Parayno’s opinion and Dr. 8 9 Georgis’s opinion, erred at step four by failing to resolve a conflict with the VE’s testimony, and 10 erred in finding that Plaintiff could perform his past relevant work as a hand packer. (See Doc. 15 11 at 6–24.) For the reasons stated below, the Court agrees with Plaintiff that the ALJ erred in her 12 evaluation of Dr. Parayno’s opinion, and will remand the case on that basis. 13 A. The ALJ Erred in Her Evaluation of Dr. Parayno’s Opinion. 14 1. Legal Standard 15 16 The ALJ must consider and evaluate every medical opinion of record. See 20 C.F.R. § 17 404.1527(b) and (c) (applying to claims filed before March 27, 2017); Mora v. Berryhill, No. 1:16– 18 cv–01279–SKO, 2018 WL 636923, at *10 (E.D. Cal. Jan. 31, 2018). In doing so, the ALJ “cannot 19 reject [medical] evidence for no reason or the wrong reason.” Mora, 2018 WL 636923, at *10. 20 Cases in this circuit distinguish between three types of medical opinions: (1) those given by 21 a physician who treated the claimant (treating physician); (2) those given by a physician who 22 examined but did not treat the claimant (examining physician); and (3) those given by a physician 23 24 who neither examined nor treated the claimant (non-examining physician). Fatheree v. Colvin, No. 25 1:13–cv–01577–SKO, 2015 WL 1201669, at *13 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 16, 2015). “Generally, a treating 26 physician’s opinion carries more weight than an examining physician’s, and an examining 27 physician’s opinion carries more weight than a reviewing physician’s.” Holohan v. Massanari, 246 28 1 2 Cir. 2007) (“By rule, the Social Security Administration favors the opinion of a treating physician 3 over non-treating physicians.” (citing 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527)). The opinions of treating physicians 4 “are given greater weight than the opinions of other physicians” because “treating physicians are 5 employed to cure and thus have a greater opportunity to know and observe the patient as an 6 individual.” Smolen v. Chater, 80 F.3d 1273, 1285 (9th Cir. 1996) (citations omitted). 7 To evaluate whether an ALJ properly rejected a medical opinion, in addition to considering 8 its source, the court considers whether (1) contradictory opinions are in the record; and (2) clinical 9 10 findings support the opinions. An ALJ may reject an uncontradicted opinion of a treating or 11 examining medical professional only for “clear and convincing” reasons. Lester v. Chater, 81 F.3d 12 821, 830–31 (9th Cir. 1995). In contrast, a contradicted opinion of a treating or examining 13 professional may be rejected for “specific and legitimate reasons that are supported by substantial 14 evidence.” Trevizo v. Berryhill, 871 F.3d 664, 675 (9th Cir. 2017) (citing Ryan, 528 F.3d at 1198); 15 see also Lester, 81 F.3d at 830–31. “The ALJ can meet this burden by setting out a detailed and 16 thorough summary of the facts and conflicting clinical evidence, stating his interpretation thereof, 17 18 and making findings.” Magallanes v. Bowen, 881 F.2d 747, 751 (9th Cir. 1989). While a treating 19 professional’s opinion generally is accorded superior weight, if it is contradicted by a supported 20 examining professional’s opinion (supported by different independent clinical findings), the ALJ 21 may resolve the conflict. Andrews v. Shalala, 53 F.3d 1035, 1041 (9th Cir. 1995) (citing 22 Magallanes, 881 F.2d at 751). The regulations require the ALJ to weigh the contradicted treating 23 physician opinion, Edlund v. Massanari, 253 F.3d 1152, 1157 (9th Cir. 2001),6 except that the ALJ 24 25 in any event need not give it any weight if it is conclusory and supported by minimal clinical 26 27 6 The factors include: (1) length of the treatment relationship; (2) frequency of examination; (3) nature and extent of 28 the treatment relationship; (4) supportability of diagnosis; (5) consistency; and (6) specialization. 20 C.F.R. § 1 2 minimally supported opinion rejected); see also Magallanes, 881 F.2d at 751. The opinion of a non- 3 examining professional, by itself, is insufficient to reject the opinion of a treating or examining 4 professional. Lester, 81 F.3d at 831. 5 2. Analysis 6 Plaintiff alleges—and the record reflects—that Dr. Parayno was Plaintiff’s treating 7 psychiatrist. (See AR 373–521.) “If . . . a treating [physician’s] opinion . . . is well-supported by 8 medically acceptable clinical and laboratory diagnostic techniques and is not inconsistent with the 9 other substantial evidence in [the] record, [the Commissioner] will give it controlling weight.” 20 10 C.F.R. § 404.1527(c)(2); cf. Reddick, 157 F.3d at 725 (“Where the treating doctor’s opinion is not 11 contradicted by another doctor, it may be rejected only for clear and convincing reasons supported 12 by substantial evidence in the record.” (citation omitted)). “If there is ‘substantial evidence’ in the 13 record contradicting the opinion of the treating physician, the opinion of the treating physician is no 14 longer entitled to ‘controlling weight.’” Orn, 495 F.3d at 632 (quoting 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(d)(2)). 15 “If a treating physician’s opinion is not given ‘controlling weight’ because it is not ‘well- 16 supported’ or because it is inconsistent with other substantial evidence in the record, the 17 [Commissioner] considers specified factors in determining the weight it will be given.” Id. at 631. 18 These factors include (1) the “[l]ength of the treatment relationship and the frequency of 19 examination;” (2) the “[n]ature and extent of the treatment relationship;” (3) the “[s]upportability” 20 of the opinion;” (4) the “[c]onsistency” of the opinion “with the record as a whole;” (5) whether the 21 opinion is from “a specialist about medical issues related to his or her area of specialty;” and (6) 22 “any other factors [the claimant] or others bring to [the ALJ’s] attention, or of which [the ALJ is] 23 aware, which tend to support or contradict the opinion.” 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(c)(2)–(6). 24 Further, “[e]ven if the treating doctor’s opinion is contradicted by another doctor, the ALJ 25 may not reject this opinion without providing ‘specific and legitimate reasons’ supported by 26 substantial evidence in the record.” Reddick, 157 F.3d at 725 (quoting Lester, 81 F.3d at 830). See 27 also Trevizo v. Berryhill, 871 F.3d 664, 675 (9th Cir. 2017) (citing Ryan v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 28 1 528 F.3d 1194, 1198 (9th Cir. 2008)). “This can be done by setting out a detailed and thorough 2 summary of the facts and conflicting clinical evidence, stating his interpretation thereof, and making 3 findings.” Id. (citing Magallanes v. Bowen, 881 F.2d 747, 751 (9th Cir. 1989)); see, e.g., Chaudhry 4 v. Astrue, 688 F.3d 661, 671 (9th Cir. 2012) (“The ALJ need not accept the opinion of any physician, 5 including a treating physician, if that opinion is brief, conclusory, and inadequately supported by 6 clinical findings.” (quoting Bray v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 554 F.3d 1219, 1228 (9th Cir. 7 2009))); Morgan v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 169 F.3d 595, 600 (9th Cir. 1999) (“Opinions of a 8 nonexamining, testifying medical advisor may serve as substantial evidence when they are 9 supported by other evidence in the record and are consistent with it.” (citing Andrews v. Shalala, 53 10 F.3d 1035, 1041 (9th Cir. 1995))); Matney on Behalf of Matney v. Sullivan, 981 F.2d 1016, 1020 11 (9th Cir. 1992) (noting that “inconsistencies and ambiguities” in a treating physician’s opinion 12 “represent specific and legitimate reasons for” rejecting the opinion). “The ALJ must do more than 13 offer his conclusions.” Reddick, 157 F.3d at 725. “He must set forth his own interpretations and 14 explain why they, rather than the doctors’, are correct.” Id. (citing Embrey v. Bowen, 849 F.2d 418, 15 421–22 (9th Cir. 1988)). 16 Dr. Parayno treated Plaintiff from approximately 2010 through 2017. (See, e.g., AR 373– 17 521, 734–91.) As stated above, on August 5, 2016, Dr. Parayno submitted a medical source 18 statement on behalf of Plaintiff in which he opined Plaintiff’s psychological impairments precluded 19 performance of most mental work functions for at least 10–15% of the day and would result in 20 Plaintiff being absent from work two days per month. (See AR 728–31.) 21 In weighing Dr. Parayno’s opinion, the ALJ stated:

22 Little weight is given to the Mental Medical Source Statement completed by 23 [Plaintiff’s] treating physician Maximo Parayno, M.D. Dr. Parayno found [Plaintiff] would be precluded from performance of various mental abilities and aptitudes 24 needed for unskilled work 10 percent of an eight-hour workday and he would be precluded from performance of mental abilities required for semi-skilled work for 15 25 percent of an eight-hour workday. He also indicated [Plaintiff] would be absent from work two days per month. This opinion is inconsistent with the treatment record, 26 which showed that despite [Plaintiff’s] depressed mood and symptoms affecting his 27 memory and concentration, he received conservative medication treatment for his depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. The record does not contain evidence 28 that would support the limitations assessed by Dr. Parayno. Notably, [Plaintiff] was 1 2 (AR 22) (internal citations omitted). 3 Although not explicitly stated by the ALJ, portions of Dr. Parayno’s opinion were 4 inconsistent with the opinions of the state agency physicians. (Compare AR 728–31 with AR 99– 5 100, 118–19.) Thus, the ALJ was required to articulate “specific and legitimate” reasons, supported 6 by substantial evidence, for rejecting Dr. Parayno’s opinion. Trevizo, 871 F.3d at 675 (citing Ryan, 7 528 F.3d at 1198); see also Lester, 81 F.3d at 830. 8 The Court finds the ALJ failed to offer “specific and legitimate” reasons for rejecting Dr. 9 10 Parayno’s opinion. 11 a. Conservative Treatment 12 The ALJ’s first reason—Plaintiff’s allegedly conservative treatment—is insufficient. 13 Although a conservative treatment plan can be the basis for rejecting a treating physician’s medical 14 opinion, the ALJ did not adequately explain why Plaintiff’s treatment—which included consistent 15 courses of psychiatric medications including antipsychotics and antidepressants, (see, e.g., AR 372), 16 and frequent mental health visits with Dr. Parayno and other professionals— was “conservative” or 17 18 how Dr. Parayno’s opinion regarding Plaintiff’s mental limitations was undermined by such 19 treatment. Further, not only did the ALJ not sufficiently explain her finding that Plaintiff’s treatment 20 was “conservative,” it appears that Plaintiff’s mental health treatment was in fact “anything but 21 conservative.” Baker v. Astrue, No. ED CV 09-1078 RZ, 2010 WL 682263, at *1 (C.D. Cal. Feb. 22 24, 2010) (“Where mental activity is involved, administering medications that can alter behavior 23 shows anything but conservative treatment”); see also A.B. v. Saul, Case No. 8:18-cv-00997-SHK, 24 25 2019 WL 6139163, at *8 (C.D. Cal. July 23, 2019) (collecting cases stating that treatment with 26 antipsychotic or antidepressant medication does not qualify as “conservative” treatment); Rice v. 27 Colvin, No. 2:15-cv-1763 DB, 2017 WL 85815, at *5 (E.D. Cal. Jan. 10, 2017) (“It is entirely 28 1 2 Dr. Parayno’s opinion. 3 b. Inconsistency with Objective Medical Evidence 4 The ALJ’s second reason—inconsistency with the objective medical evidence—is similarly 5 insufficient. The only specific aspect of the treatment record the ALJ cited to support rejecting Dr. 6 Parayno’s opinion for this reason was that Plaintiff was “consistently found to have relevant thought 7 content, fair judgment, and fair insight.” (AR 22.) However, while the ALJ cited some treatment 8 records from Dr. Parayno and other professionals stating that Plaintiff had fair judgment and insight 9 10 and relevant thought content, the ALJ failed to recognize and account for the fact that those same 11 treatment records, and many other treatment notes, noted that Plaintiff was sleeping poorly, had 12 poor memory, poor concentration/attention, depressed mood, blunted affect, and feelings of 13 hopelessness/worthlessness. (See, e.g., AR 375, 385, 388, 396, 702, 736, 752, 756.) Further, 14 contrary to the ALJ’s finding that Plaintiff was “consistently” found to have fair judgment and 15 insight, Plaintiff was actually found to have poor or impaired judgment and insight at approximately 16 15 consecutive appointments. (AR 384, 395, 406, 408, 410, 411, 413, 414, 415, 418, 420, 422, 424, 17 18 425, 427, 428, 430.) In addition, many of the treatment notes that the ALJ cites are not in the context 19 of mental status examinations by a treating psychiatrist, but rather general observations by other 20 professionals in the context of physicals, appointments for medication refills, or other general and 21 non-mental health specific appointments. (See, e.g., AR 584, 590, 594, 598, 601, 605, 608.) 22 An ALJ may properly discount a treating physician’s opinion that is inconsistent with the 23 medical record, including his own treatment notes and the notes of other physicians. See Valentine, 24 25 574 F.3d at 692–93. However, an ALJ may not consider only evidence that supports a non-disability 26 determination and disregard evidence that supports a finding of disability. See, e.g., Holohan, 246 27 F.3d at 1207 (finding that “the ALJ’s specific reason for rejecting [a physician’s] medical opinion 28 1 2 impairment”); see also Reddick, 157 F.3d at 722–23 (the ALJ may not “cherry pick” notes from the 3 medical record to support a particular conclusion, but rather must evaluate the entire record in its 4 proper context). Here, the ALJ “cherry pick[ed]” certain portions of treatment notes stating that 5 Plaintiff had relevant thought content and fair judgment, while ignoring the rest of the treatment 6 notes stating that Plaintiff was functioning poorly in other areas. See id. 7 Further, even if Plaintiff had fair judgment and relevant thought content at times, the Ninth 8 Circuit has “emphasized while discussing mental health issues” that “[c]ycles of improvement and 9 10 debilitating symptoms are a common occurrence, and in such circumstances it is error for an ALJ 11 to pick out a few isolated instances of improvement over a period of months or years and to treat 12 them as a basis for concluding a claimant is capable of working.” Garrison v. Colvin, 759 F.3d 995, 13 1017 (9th Cir. 2014); see also Holohan, 246 F.3d at 1205 (“[The treating physician’s] statements 14 must be read in context of the overall diagnostic picture he draws. That a person who suffers from 15 severe panic attacks, anxiety, and depression makes some improvement does not mean that the 16 person’s impairments no longer seriously affect her ability to function in a workplace.”). Thus, the 17 18 ALJ erred in rejecting Dr. Parayno’s for this reason. 19 B. The ALJ’s Error Was Not Harmless 20 The Court now turns to the analysis of whether this error by the ALJ was harmless. The 21 Ninth Circuit “ha[s] long recognized that harmless error principles apply in the Social Security Act 22 context.” Molina v. Astrue, 674 F.3d 1104, 1115 (9th Cir. 2012) (citing Stout v. Comm’r, Soc. Sec. 23 Admin., 454 F.3d 1050, 1054 (9th Cir. 2006)); see also Garcia v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 768 F.3d 24 925, 932 n.10 (9th Cir. 2014) (stating that the harmless error analysis applies where the ALJ errs by 25 not discharging their duty to develop the record). As such, “the court will not reverse an ALJ’s 26 decision for harmless error.” Tommasetti v. Astrue, 533 F.3d 1035, 1038 (9th Cir. 2008) (citing 27 Robbins, 466 F.3d at 885). 28 1 An error is harmless “where it is inconsequential to the ultimate nondisability 2 determination.” Molina, 674 F.3d at 1115 (citations omitted); see also Treichler v. Comm’r of Soc. 3 Sec. Admin., 775 F.3d 1090, 1099 (9th Cir. 2014) (stating that an error is also harmless “‘if the 4 agency’s path may reasonably be discerned,’ even if the agency ‘explains its decision with less than 5 ideal clarity’” (quoting Alaska Dep’t of Envtl. Conservation v. EPA, 540 U.S. 461, 497 (2004)). “In 6 other words, in each case [courts] look at the record as a whole to determine whether the error alters 7 the outcome of the case.” Molina, 674 F.3d at 1115. “[T]he nature of [the] application” of the 8 “harmless error analysis to social security cases” is “fact-intensive―‘no presumptions operate’ and 9 ‘[courts] must analyze harmlessness in light of the circumstances of the case.’” March v. Colvin, 10 792 F.3d 1170, 1172 (9th Cir. 2015) (quoting Molina, 674 F.3d at 1121). “[T]he burden of showing 11 that an error is harmful normally falls upon the party attacking the agency’s determination.” 12 Shinseki, 556 U.S. at 409 (citations omitted). 13 Here, the Commissioner does not contend that any error by the ALJ in evaluating Dr. 14 Parayno’s opinion was harmless, and the record establishes that the ALJ’s error was not harmless. 15 If the ALJ had properly evaluated Dr. Parayno’s opinion and credited all or some of the functional 16 mental limitations that Dr. Parayno opined, that may have changed the disability determination, as 17 Dr. Parayno opined fairly significant limitations, including that Plaintiff would be precluded from 18 performance of most functional activities for 10–15% of the day. (See AR 728–31.) Thus, the error 19 was not “inconsequential to the ultimate nondisability determination,” see Molina, 674 F.3d at 1115, 20 and was not harmless.

21 C. The ALJ’s Error Warrants Remand for Further Proceedings 22 The Commissioner requests that if the ALJ’s decision is reversed, the Court remand the case 23 to the Commissioner for further proceedings, as opposed to awarding benefits, and Plaintiff does 24 not request that the Court direct an award of benefits. (See Doc. 16 at 29 n.15.) 25 26 Where the ALJ commits an error and that error is not harmless, the “ordinary … rule” is “to 27 remand to the agency for additional investigation or explanation.” Treichler, 775 F.3d at 1099 28 (citations omitted). The Ninth Circuit recognized a limited exception to this typical course where 1 2 omitted); see also id. at 1100 (noting that this exception is “sometimes referred to as the ‘credit-as- 3 true’ rule”). In determining whether to apply this exception to the “ordinary remand rule,” the court 4 must determine, in part, whether (1) “the record has been fully developed;” (2) “there are 5 outstanding issues that must be resolved before a determination of disability can be made;” and (3) 6 “further administrative proceedings would be useful.” Id. at 1101 (citations omitted). As to the last 7 inquiry, additional “[a]dministrative proceedings are generally useful where the record has not been 8 fully developed, there is a need to resolve conflicts and ambiguities, or the presentation of further 9 10 evidence . . . may well prove enlightening in light of the passage of time.” Id. (citations omitted). 11 Ultimately, “[t]he decision whether to remand a case for additional evidence or simply to award 12 benefits is in [the court’s] discretion.” Swenson, 876 F.2d at 689 (citation omitted). 13 Here, the Court finds that the “credit-as-true” exception to the “ordinary remand rule” is 14 inapplicable because additional administrative proceedings would be useful. If the ALJ changes her 15 evaluation of Dr. Parayno’s opinion and credits all or some of the opinion, she should incorporate 16 any warranted additional limitations in the RFC. Conversely, there may be specific and legitimate 17 18 reasons the ALJ can offer for discounting the opinion. See, e.g., Vaughn v. Berryhill, 242 F. Supp. 19 3d 998, 1010 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 17, 2017) (remanding case for further proceedings where the ALJ 20 erred in her evaluation of the medical opinions of plaintiff’s treating physicians, “for the ALJ to 21 properly consider and discuss the treating physicians’ opinions,” direct any “further medical 22 evaluation . . . necessary,” and re-formulate plaintiff’s RFC). Cf. Voisard v. Berryhill, No. 2:17- 23 CV-1023-EFB, 2018 WL 4488474, at *5 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 19, 2018) (“That the ALJ failed to provide 24 25 sufficient reasons for discounting plaintiff’s subjective testimony in this instance does not compel a 26 finding that he is unable to do so.”). 27 Even if the ALJ decides to credit as true some or all of Dr. Parayno’s opinion and adjust her 28 1 2 RFC to perform the requirements of other work that exists in significant numbers in the national 3 economy. The ALJ may also elect to further develop the record, if deemed necessary. 4 The ALJ must also resolve an additional outstanding issue. The VE testified at the hearing 5 that if a person with limitations similar to the limitations the ALJ found for Plaintiff was off task 15 6 minutes per hour, that person would not be able to perform any work. (AR 66–67.) Dr. Parayno 7 opined that Plaintiff was impaired to the extent that he would be precluded from performance for at 8 least 10% of the work day in many functional areas, and more than 15% of the work day in other 9 10 functional areas. (See AR 729–30.) Thus, the ALJ must reconcile the findings of Dr. Parayno— 11 that Plaintiff would be precluded from work performance in most functional areas for at least 48– 12 72 minutes per 8-hour work day—with the VE’s testimony that Plaintiff would be unable to perform 13 any work in the national economy if he was off-task for 120 minutes per 8-hour workday. The ALJ 14 should inquire of the VE whether a hypothetical individual with Plaintiff’s limitations would be 15 precluded from any work if they had the limitations opined by Dr. Parayno. 16 Further proceedings would therefore be useful to allow the ALJ to resolve these “outstanding 17 18 issues” before a proper disability determination can be made. See Varney v. Sec’y of Health & 19 Human Servs., 859 F.2d 1396, 1401 (9th Cir. 1988). On remand, the ALJ should reevaluate the 20 opinions of both Dr. Parayno and Dr. Georgis, and address any necessary changes to the RFC 21 determination. The ALJ must also reevaluate her conclusions at Steps Four and Five of the disability 22 determination in light of any changes to Plaintiff’s RFC. 23 Based on the foregoing, the Court will remand this case for further proceedings. 24 25 D. The Court Declines to Determine Plaintiff’s Remaining Assertions of Error 26 As the Court finds that remand is appropriate for the ALJ to reconsider Dr. Parayno’s 27 opinion, the Court does not determine Plaintiff’s additional assertions of error regarding the ALJ’s 28 1 2 1136477, at *6 n.4 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 12, 2015) (“As the matter must be remanded for further 3 consideration of the medical evidence, the court declines to address plaintiff’s remaining 4 arguments”); Willmett ex rel. A.P. v. Astrue, No. 2:10-cv-01201 KJN, 2011 WL 3816284, at *1 5 (E.D. Cal. Aug. 25, 2011) (“Because this legal error warrants remanding this matter for further 6 proceedings, the undersigned does not reach the remainder of [the] plaintiff’s arguments seeking 7 reversal of the ALJ’s and Appeals Council’s decisions.”). 8 9 V. CONCLUSION AND ORDER 10 Based on the foregoing, the Court finds that the ALJ’s decision is not supported by 11 substantial evidence and is, therefore, VACATED and the case REMANDED to the ALJ for further 12 proceedings consistent with this Order. The Clerk of this Court is DIRECTED to enter judgment in 13 favor of Plaintiff Za Xiong Moua and against Defendant Andrew Saul, Commissioner of Social 14 Security. 15 IT IS SO ORDERED. 16

Sheila K. Oberto 17 Dated: September 3, 2020 /s/ . UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 18

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