NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-1865-17T4
S.R.,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
F.R.,
Defendant-Appellant. _________________________
Submitted January 17, 2019 – Decided July 11, 2019
Before Judges O'Connor and Whipple.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Chancery Division, Family Part, Union County, Docket No. FM-20-1745-14.
Einhorn, Harris, Ascher, Barbarito & Frost, PC, attorneys for appellant (Mark Wechsler, of counsel and on the briefs).
S.R., respondent pro se.
PER CURIAM In this post-divorce action, defendant F.R. appeals from a November 14,
2017 Family Part order, which granted certain relief plaintiff S.R. sought in a
post-judgment motion and denied most of the relief defendant sought in a
corresponding cross motion. We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand for
further proceedings.
I
We highlight the salient facts. The parties were married in 1991. During
the marriage the parties had three children. Plaintiff was the primary caretaker
and defendant the primary wage earner, whose income supported the family. On
February 27, 2015, a final judgment of divorce (judgment) was entered after
default was entered against defendant and a default hearing held. By the time
of the divorce, one of the three children was emancipated.
Relevant to the issues on appeal, the judgment designated plaintiff the
primary caretaker of the parties' two unemancipated children. After imputing
an annual income of $24,960 to plaintiff and finding defendant earned $171,440
per year, the court ordered defendant to pay $376 per week to plaintiff in child
support for the younger daughter, pursuant to the Child Support Guidelines
(CSG), see Child Support Guidelines, Pressler & Verniero, Current N.J. Court
A-1865-17T4 2 Rules, Appendices IX-A to -G to R. 5:6A, www.gannlaw.com (2019), who was
still living at home.
The court did not order defendant to pay plaintiff child support for the
older daughter because she lived at the college she attended. However, the court
ordered that defendant pay eighty-four and plaintiff sixteen percent of the older
daughter's college expenses until she obtained her degree. The court's decision
on the allocation of college expenses reflected the parties' percentage share of
income at that time, as reflected on the court's CSG worksheet. The judgment
also ordered defendant to pay alimony "in an amount to be determined by the
[c]ourt," and further provided that after the amount of alimony plaintiff was to
receive was determined, defendant's obligation to pay child support would be
recalculated, as would the parties' percentage share of paying for the older
daughter's college education.
A provision in the judgment notes the parties owned two cars at the time
of the divorce and that each party took possession of one car; however, the car
defendant took was more valuable than plaintiff's. Another provision noted that,
in 2014, plaintiff liquidated an IRA in order to pay household expenses. At the
time of liquidation, the IRA had a cash value of $22,000. The judgment stated
defendant's fifty percent interest in the IRA "shall be deemed satisfied as a credit
A-1865-17T4 3 owed to the plaintiff for the disparity in the value of the vehicles . . . . [T]he
remainder of the [d]efendant's 50% share of the IRA shall be applied towards
his share of household expenses paid by the [p]laintiff."
On April 22, 2015, an amended final judgment of divorce (amended
judgment) was entered, which ordered defendant to pay $1155 per week in
alimony to plaintiff, effective October 24, 2014, as well as $100 per week toward
alimony arrears. The amended judgment stated defendant's child support
obligation had been recalculated based upon the fact he was ordered to pay
alimony to plaintiff, and that defendant was ordered to pay plaintiff $240 per
week in child support for the younger daughter in accordance with the CSG,
retroactive to October 24, 2014. The CSG worksheet the court utilized to
determine defendant's new child support obligation was not in the record. The
amended judgment makes no mention of whether the parties' obligation to pay
the older daughter's college expenses changed after the court ordered defendant
to pay alimony to plaintiff.
In a written opinion accompanying the amended judgment, the trial court
stated it imputed to plaintiff, a teacher's assistant, an annual salary of $24,960.
Although the court acknowledged the New Jersey Department of Labor's
Occupational Employment Statistics states that a full-time teacher's assistant
A-1865-17T4 4 earns on average $26,300 per year, the court, without explanation, chose to
impute an annual income of $24,960 per year to plaintiff instead.
As for his ability to earn income, the court noted defendant was a freelance
cameraman and a member of the International Alliance of Theatrical Stage
Employees Labor Union. The court also found that, in the past, defendant
earned income from renting out his equipment. Although his gross income in
2013 and 2014 was not known, defendant earned $170,546 and $171,440 in 2011
and 2012, respectively, from working as a cameraman, renting equipment, and
obtaining unemployment benefits. Because defendant's income from 2013 and
2014 was unknown, the court used his 2012 annual gross income to calcul ate
alimony and child support.
In July 2016, defendant successfully moved to reduce the amount of
alimony he was obligated to pay plaintiff. In an order dated July 8, 2016, the
trial court reduced defendant's alimony obligation from $1155 per week to $750
per week, although his obligation to pay $100 per week toward alimony arrears
continued. Defendant's child support obligation for the younger daughter,
calculated pursuant to the CSG, increased from $240 to $288 per week.
In a written decision accompanying the July 8, 2016 order, the court
acknowledged defendant's claim there had been a reduction in his income due
A-1865-17T4 5 to changes within his profession. The court also noted defendant produced proof
of his annual income from 2011 to 2015, which revealed his annual income over
this five-year period decreased from $171,440 to $91,970. However, the court
did not accept defendant's claim that
he is unable to earn more than $100,000.00 [per year] because of the current state of his industry . . . . [T]he [d]efendant's long-term employment as a camera- operator supports a conclusion that the [d]efendant can control the nature and extent of his employment opportunities and earn an annual income in excess of $100,000.00 and closer to his average income.
For purposes of calculating alimony and child support, the court imputed to
defendant an annual income of $133,955.80, the average annual income
defendant earned from 2011 to 2015. Defendant did not appeal the July 8, 2016
order.
In August 2017, plaintiff filed a motion to enforce litigant 's rights,
claiming defendant's alimony and child support arrears had climbed to
$118,817.07, and that defendant owed plaintiff $3,133.76 toward the older
daughter's college expenses. Plaintiff requested that defendant dip into a
retirement fund he received in equitable distribution to pay off the arrears.
Defendant filed a cross motion in response to plaintiff's motion. Pertinent
to the issues on appeal, defendant's principal arguments before the trial court
A-1865-17T4 6 were: (1) plaintiff's motion was deficient because she failed to attach a Case
Information Statement (CIS), warranting the dismissal of her motion; (2) a
change in his circumstances warranted a reduction in his alimony and child
support obligations; (3) defendant's support obligations should be calculated
based upon his income in 2017; (4) plaintiff was underemployed, warranting the
imputation of additional income; (5) his contribution toward the older daughter's
college expenses were improperly fixed at eighty-four and not fifty-three
percent; (6) he was entitled to a credit of $3,128.97 in his arrears, because
plaintiff's liquidation of the IRA in 2014 resulted in taxes he was compelled to
pay to the IRS; and (7) he is not responsible for paying the younger daughter's
college or post-secondary educational expenses.
In his certification in support of his cross motion, defendant argued, as he
had when he sought a reduction in his support obligations in July 2016, that
certain changes within his field affected his ability to earn as much income as
he had in the past. He further certified he actively searched for work, and
attached a "daily diary" in which he noted the efforts he made on various dates
from January 2017 through September 2017. Defendant's tax return for 2016
revealed his gross income that year was $71,447. According to his CIS, as of
A-1865-17T4 7 October 3, 2017, he realized only $18,950 in earned income and $11,180 in
unemployment benefits since the beginning of 2017.
Defendant also claimed that, immediately before leaving the marital
home, his mental health deteriorated, for which he began to receive treatment in
June 2016. He stated he was diagnosed with and medicated for post-traumatic
stress disorder, major depressive disorder, and severe generalized anxiety
disorder. Defendant attached a report from his treating psychiatrist, who stated
defendant's mental health condition negatively affects "all aspects of his daily
functioning," and has "undermined his ability to find and maintain steady
employment, despite him exhausting all efforts to obtain work." A report from
his psychotherapist expressed essentially the same opinion.
The trial court rejected defendant's argument that he had experienced a
change in circumstance warranting a reduction in his alimony and child support
obligations. In the court's written statement of reasons, it found that
"[d]efendant can control the nature and extent of his employment opportunities
and earn an annual income in excess of $100,000 and closer to his average
income of $135,000 as determined in the prior Order" of July 8, 2016. The court
further noted defendant failed to "provide proof of any efforts to seek additional
or other employment." With respect to defendant's mental health, the court
A-1865-17T4 8 determined defendant failed to demonstrate an inability to work because "the
medical information does not establish that [d]efendant has been deemed
disabled."
In its cross motion, defendant also contended plaintiff was
underemployed, and requested the court impute to her the $26,300 the New
Jersey Occupational Employment Statistics states is the average annual salary
for a teacher's assistant, instead of the $24,960 per year the court imputed to
plaintiff when the amended judgment was entered. The trial court denied
defendant's request because her "income was already imputed at $24,960.00 a
year."
Defendant requested that his percentage share of the older daughter's
college expenses be reduced from eighty-four to fifty-three percent, retroactive
to the day the judgment was entered. In his certification in support of his cross
motion, defendant pointed out that although the judgment states he was
responsible for eighty-four percent of the older daughter's college expenses, the
judgment further states that the "parties' respective responsibility for [the older
daughter's] college expenses is subject to adjustment pending the recalculation
of child support following the [c]ourt's determination of the [d]efendant's
alimony obligation." Thereafter, the amended judgment noted defendant's child
A-1865-17T4 9 support obligation was recalculated based upon the award of alimony to
plaintiff; however, the amended judgment failed to include each party's
percentage share toward child support.
In the November 14, 2017 order, the trial court granted defendant's request
to establish his pro rata share of the older daughter's college expenses at fifty-
three percent, but the court also ordered that defendant was responsible for
eighty-four percent of the older daughter's college expenses for the 2015-2016
academic year "pursuant to the order dated April 22, 2016." The April 22, 2016
order states defendant shall be responsible for eighty-four percent of the older
daughter's college expenses for the 2015-2016 academic year.
Defendant did seek reconsideration of the April 22, 2016 order, which
resulted in the July 8, 2016 order but, as reflected in the latter order, the
provision in the April 22, 2016 order directing defendant pay eighty-four percent
of the older daughter's college expenses for the 2015-2016 academic year was
not modified. On this issue, the written decision attached to the November 14,
2017 order states:
In accordance with the order dated October 26, 2017, which corrected the child support guidelines issued with the amended final judgment of divorce dated April 22, 2015, the defendant shall be responsible for 56% of [the older daughter's] college expenses for the 2016- 2017 academic year[.]
A-1865-17T4 10 A copy of the October 26, 2017 order was not provided in the record , but it is
clear that after the amended judgment was entered, the court subsequently
ordered defendant to pay more than fifty-three percent of the older daughter's
college expenses.
In his cross motion, defendant requested any arrears he owed be credited
in the amount of $3,128.97. He claimed plaintiff failed to inform him that she
had liquidated the IRA in 2014. Unaware of the liquidation, defendant failed to
pay taxes on such funds. In 2017, the IRS contacted him and advised he owed
$12,460.56 in unpaid taxes penalties. Defendant paid over $9000 to the IRS
and, when he filed his cross motion, owed an additional $3,128.97. In his cross
motion he did not request plaintiff pay half of what he paid to the IRS, just that
she pay the remaining $3,128.97 in taxes and penalties owed to the IRS. The
trial court denied defendant's request. The court merely stated:
The defendant's interest in the IRA was addressed in the final judgment of divorce. The defendant's share was of the IRA was applied to the disparity in the value of their vehicles and the remainder towards his share of household expenses paid by plaintiff with the funds.
In his cross motion, defendant sought a ruling that he was not responsible
for any of the younger daughter's college or post-secondary educational
expenses. At the time of his application, the younger daughter was a junior in
A-1865-17T4 11 high school. Defendant argued he should be excused from contributing to such
expenses because the younger daughter refused to have a relationship with him.
The court denied this request on the ground it was premature. The court stated
the determination of defendant's contribution toward college expenses "should
abide the event in accordance with existing case law and statutes."
Finally, defendant requested plaintiff's motion to enforce litigant's rights
be denied because, among other things, plaintiff failed to append to her motion
an updated CIS. Defendant contended such omission mandated the dismissal of
her motion pursuant to Rule 5:5-2(a). The court determined a CIS was not
required given the kind of relief plaintiff sought in her application.
II
On appeal, defendant asserts the following arguments for our consideration.
POINT I: DEFENDANT-APPELLANT HAS ESTABLISHED A PRIMA FACIE SHOWING OF CHANGED CIRCUMSTANCES WARRANTING A MODIFICATION OF HIS SUPPORT OBLIGATION.
POINT II: DEFENDANT-APPELLANT HAS MADE A SHOWING SUFFICIENT TO WARRANT A SUSPENSION OF HIS ALIMONY OBLIGATION AND DISCOVERY FOLLOWED BY A PLENARY HEARING.
A-1865-17T4 12 POINT III: THIS MATTER SHOULD BE REMANDED TO A DIFFERENT JUDGE.
A. The court's refusal to correct an obvious error in regard to the ratio of contribution for college expenses is error and should be reversed. Additionally, the court committed error in that it has never conducted any analysis of the factors set forth in Newburgh v. Arrigo, [88 N.J. 529, 545 (1982)] particularly the ability of the parties to pay.
B. The court's consideration of plaintiff-respondent's motion in the absence of the filing of a case information statement was improper.
C. The court's consideration and granting of plaintiff- respondent's request for a lump sum payment to be made from defendant-appellant's retirement asset which had already been distributed in the divorce was error and inequitable.
D. The court's disregard of defendant-appellant's substantial proofs respecting his income coupled with the court's reference to defendant-appellant operating a business, having a girlfriend, and having a place to live is unsupported by the record and goes against the weight of the evidence.
E. The court failed to make any findings respecting defendant-appellant's mental health vis-à-vis his ability to obtain/maintain employment.
F. The court's justification for plaintiff-respondent having forged defendant-appellant's signature in order to liquidate his IRA and its failure to address the resulting tax and penalty consequences that have fallen upon defendant-appellant is inequitable.
A-1865-17T4 13 G. The court's proactive pursuit of facts and documents by way of letter was improper. Family Part rulings on applications to modify child support and alimony
are entitled to our deference on appeal absent a clear abuse of discretion. Jacoby
v. Jacoby, 427 N.J. Super. 109, 116 (App. Div. 2012); J.E.V. v. K.V., 426 N.J.
Super. 475, 485 (App. Div. 2012). An abuse of discretion "arises when a
decision is made without a rational explanation, inexplicably departed from
established policies, or rested on an impermissible basis." Jacoby, 427 N.J.
Super. at 116 (quoting Flagg v. Essex Cty. Prosecutor, 171 N.J. 561, 571
(2002)). The findings of the Family Part judge should not be disturbed unless
they are wholly unsupported as to lead to a denial of justice. Rova Farms Resort,
Inc. v. Inv'rs Ins. Co. of Am., 65 N.J. 474, 483-84 (1974). Such findings "are
considered binding on appeal when supported by adequate, substantial and
credible evidence." Id. at 484.
Alimony and child support may be modified by a court upon a showing of
"changed circumstances." Lepis v. Lepis, 83 N.J. 139, 146 (1980). It is within
the sound discretion of a Family Part judge to determine whether to modify an
alimony or child support obligation based upon such a showing. Innes v. Innes,
117 N.J. 496, 504 (1990); Larbig v. Larbig, 384 N.J. Super. 17, 21 (App. Div.
2006). The party seeking modification has the burden of showing changed
A-1865-17T4 14 circumstances. Lepis, 83 N.J. at 157. Each motion to modify "rests upon its
own particular footing and the appellate court must give due recognition to the
wide discretion which our law rightly affords to the trial judges who deal with
these matters." Larbig, 384 N.J. Super. at 21 (quoting Martindell v. Martindell,
21 N.J. 341, 355 (1956)).
We turn to the arguments defendant asserts on appeal. He contends the
court erred when it failed to deny plaintiff's motion. Defendant argues that,
pursuant to Rule 5:5-2(a), plaintiff was required to attach a CIS to her motion
and that the remedy for such omission was the denial of such motion. We
disagree. Rule 5:5-2(a) provides in pertinent part:
The case information statement required by this rule shall be filed and served in all contested family actions, except summary actions, in which there is any issue as to custody, support, alimony or equitable distribution. With respect to summary actions, R. 5:5-3 shall apply. In all other family actions, a case information statement may be required by order on motion of the court or a party.
When plaintiff filed her motion, there was no contested family action
pending. All matters pertaining to custody, support, alimony or equitable
distribution had been decided either in the judgment, amended judgment, or
post-judgment motions and were no longer contested. Plaintiff's motion was
merely to enforce some of the provisions in the latter judgments and orders.
A-1865-17T4 15 Therefore, the court was not required to deny her motion because she failed to
submit a CIS.
Defendant argues the trial court erred when it denied his request to order
plaintiff to contribute toward the tax liability incurred as a result of the
liquidation of the IRA. The IRA was a joint asset the trial court equitably
distributed in the judgment. Defendant does not challenge such distribution; he
merely seeks to have plaintiff contribute toward the tax liability the IRS imposed
upon him – well after the entry of both judgments – as a result of that liquidation.
Without providing any explanation, the trial court denied defendant 's request.
A trial court in a divorce matter has the authority to allocate marital assets
and debt between a husband and wife. See Ionno v. Ionno, 148 N.J. Super. 259,
262 (App. Div. 1977). When dividing marital assets, the court must generally
"take into account the liabilities as well as the assets of the parties. In other
words, if the assets are to be divided between the parties, the debts incurred in
obtaining those assets should likewise be allocated between the parties." Monte
v. Monte, 212 N.J. Super. 557, 567 (App. Div. 1986) (citation omitted). Here,
because it did not allocate this debt, we remand this matter to the trial court so
that it may address and allocate this particular liability between the parties.
A-1865-17T4 16 Defendant maintains the court erred when it ordered him to use a portion
of a retirement asset acquired through equitable distribution to satisfy alimony
arrears. He contends the following language in N.J.S.A. 2A:34-23(b) supports
his argument: "[w]hen a share of a retirement benefit is treated as an asset for
purposes of equitable distribution, the court shall not consider income generated
thereafter by that share for purposes of determining alimony."
Based upon the record before us, it appears this argument was not raised
before the trial court and, "[g]enerally, an appellate court will not consider
issues, even constitutional ones, which were not raised below." State v. Galicia,
210 N.J. 364, 383 (2012). Even if this issue had been raised, the trial court did
not address this question in its opinion and, thus, we decline to do so in the first
instance. See Duddy v. Gov't Emps. Ins. Co., 421 N.J. Super. 214, 221 (App.
Div. 2011).
Defendant complains the trial court did not consider the factors in
Newburgh, 88 N.J. at 545 (1982), before it determined how to allocate the cost
of the older daughter's college education between the parties. However, when
before the trial court, defendant had no objection to allocating the costs of the
older daughter's college education between the parties on a percentage basis, as
long as his share of those expenses was limited to fifty-three percent. He did
A-1865-17T4 17 not object to the fact the court did not make a determination of the parties'
obligation after considering the twelve factors in Newburgh. Because the latter
issue was not raised before the trial court, we decline to consider it, as well. See
Galicia, 210 N.J. at 383.
Defendant contends the court erred when it imputed to plaintiff an annual
income of $24,960, rather than the income the New Jersey Occupational
Employment Statistics states is the average annual salary of a teacher's assistant
working full-time. We agree. On remand, the amount of child support defendant
is to pay pursuant to the CSG shall be recalculated, and plaintiff's earned income
shall be that which the Occupational Employment Statistics states is the average
annual salary of a full-time teacher's assistant.
We have carefully considered defendant's remaining arguments and
determine they are without sufficient merit to warrant discussion in a written
opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).
Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded for further proceedings
consistent with this opinion.
A-1865-17T4 18