F I L E D United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MAR 28 2000 TENTH CIRCUIT PATRICK FISHER Clerk
JANET SQUIRE, JAMIE BELGARD- KRAUSE, and JEFFREY NEMYO,
Plaintiffs - Appellants, No. 99-1159 v. (D. Ct. No. 97-B-2018) (D. Colo.) UNITED AIRLINES, INC., a Delaware Corporation,
Defendant - Appellee.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before SEYMOUR, Chief Judge, TACHA, and KELLY, Circuit Judges.
After examining the briefs and the appellate record, this three-judge panel
has determined unanimously that oral argument would not be of material
assistance in the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th
Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
The district court granted summary judgment to defendant on plaintiffs’
various claims of employment discrimination. Plaintiffs filed a timely appeal.
* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. This court generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3. We exercise jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and affirm.
I.
Plaintiffs have been in litigation with United Airlines for over ten years. In
1989, Belgard-Krause and Squire filed suit in state court, claiming they were
denied employment as pilots with United because they had undergone radial
keratotomy (RK) surgery to alleviate the effects of myopia. They asserted that
denial of employment on this ground violated Colorado’s disability discrimination
statute. The state district court concluded that the Federal Aviation Act
preempted this state claim and entered summary judgment in favor of United. On
appeal, the Colorado Court of Appeals affirmed the ruling. Belgard v. United
Airlines, 857 P.2d 467 (Colo. Ct. App. 1992).
In 1994, Belgard-Krause and Squire filed a complaint in federal district
court, alleging that the denial of employment violated the Federal Vocational
Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (“the Rehabilitation Act”) and the Air Carrier Access
Act (ACAA). A second amended complaint added Nemyo as a plaintiff. The
district court found that the claims of Squire and Belgard-Krause were barred by
the doctrine of res judicata. Squire v. United Airlines, Inc., 973 F. Supp. 1004,
1006-07 (D. Colo. 1997) (“Squire I”). While the state court dismissed plaintiffs’
claims without a trial on the merits, the district court held that res judicata “bars
relitigation not only of issues actually decided, but of all issues that might have
-2- been decided.” Id. at 1006 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). The
district court held in the alternative that the statute of limitations barred the
claims of Squire and Belgard-Krause. Id. at 1007-08. The court found that
Belgard-Krause and Squire both learned in 1986 that they had been rejected as
pilots due to RK surgery. Id. at 1007. Since plaintiffs did not file their federal
complaint until 1994, the court found that the controlling statutes of limitation
barred their federal claims. Id. at 1007-08.
The district court in Squire I also held that none of the three plaintiffs
could establish a disability for which they suffered discrimination. Id. at 1009.
The court entered summary judgment in favor of defendant on this ground,
concluding that persons who have undergone RK surgery do not qualify as
individuals with a handicap under the Rehabilitation Act. The court also granted
summary judgment on the ACAA claims, concluding that the statute does not
apply to putative airline employees. Id.
In 1997, plaintiffs sought reconsideration of the decided issues and
requested leave to amend their complaint to add a claim under the Americans with
Disabilities Act (ADA). The district court revisited and reiterated the merits of
its prior ruling. The court also denied leave to amend, noting that plaintiffs
already had filed three amended complaints. On appeal from the district court, we
affirmed. Squire v. United Airlines, No. 98-1353, 1999 WL 798062 (10th Cir.
-3- Oct. 7, 1999).
Prior to our ruling on appeal in Squire I, plaintiffs instituted the instant
action. In this case, all plaintiffs allege that United violated the ADA through the
process of denying them employment. Plaintiff Nemyo also alleges that United
further violated the ADA by retaliating against him for participation in the prior
federal suit. Plaintiff Squire additionally alleges sex discrimination in violation
of Title VII, claiming that United’s use of the RK criteria is a pretext for sexual
discrimination. In 1998, the district court granted summary judgment in favor of
United on the retaliation and sex discrimination claims. In 1999, the court denied
plaintiffs’ motion under Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(f) for further discovery and granted
summary judgment on all remaining ADA claims. The court dismissed all claims
on the merits, and, in the alternative, found the claims of Squire and Belgard-
Krause time-barred. Plaintiffs now challenge the district court’s two summary
judgment rulings and its denial of their motion to reopen discovery. We review
de novo the district court’s decision granting summary judgment. Bullington v.
United Air Lines, Inc., 186 F.3d 1301, 1313 (10th Cir. 1999). We review the
district court’s refusal to grant a Rule 56(f) motion for abuse of discretion. Ben
Ezra, Weinstein, & Co. v. America Online, Inc., __ F.3d __ , 2000 WL 275543,
at *4 (10th Cir. Mar. 14, 2000).
II.
-4- As the procedural history suggests, some of the issues in this appeal can be
resolved by reference to Squire I. Plaintiffs are bound by that court’s finding that
they do not have a cognizable handicap under the Rehabilitation Act. Cases
decided under the Rehabilitation Act are generally applicable to cases brought
under the ADA unless the ADA states otherwise. See Woodman v. Runyon, 132
F.3d 1330, 1339 n.8 (10th Cir. 1997). Therefore, plaintiffs do not qualify as
disabled under the ADA. See Sutton v. United Air Lines, Inc., 119 S. Ct. 2139,
2149 (1999) (holding that putative airline pilots with correctable myopia do not
qualify as disabled under the ADA).
Plaintiffs now contend that even as non-disabled individuals, they can state
claims under the ADA for unlawful pre-employment medical screening. See
Griffin v. Steeltek, Inc., 160 F.3d 591, 595 (10th Cir. 1998) (holding that a job
applicant need not make a showing that he or she is disabled or perceived as
disabled to state a prima facie case that an employer violated the ADA’s ban on
questioning applicants about their disabilities). Even if plaintiffs could state such
claims, the district court correctly concluded that they are time-barred. On
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F I L E D United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MAR 28 2000 TENTH CIRCUIT PATRICK FISHER Clerk
JANET SQUIRE, JAMIE BELGARD- KRAUSE, and JEFFREY NEMYO,
Plaintiffs - Appellants, No. 99-1159 v. (D. Ct. No. 97-B-2018) (D. Colo.) UNITED AIRLINES, INC., a Delaware Corporation,
Defendant - Appellee.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before SEYMOUR, Chief Judge, TACHA, and KELLY, Circuit Judges.
After examining the briefs and the appellate record, this three-judge panel
has determined unanimously that oral argument would not be of material
assistance in the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th
Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
The district court granted summary judgment to defendant on plaintiffs’
various claims of employment discrimination. Plaintiffs filed a timely appeal.
* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. This court generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3. We exercise jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and affirm.
I.
Plaintiffs have been in litigation with United Airlines for over ten years. In
1989, Belgard-Krause and Squire filed suit in state court, claiming they were
denied employment as pilots with United because they had undergone radial
keratotomy (RK) surgery to alleviate the effects of myopia. They asserted that
denial of employment on this ground violated Colorado’s disability discrimination
statute. The state district court concluded that the Federal Aviation Act
preempted this state claim and entered summary judgment in favor of United. On
appeal, the Colorado Court of Appeals affirmed the ruling. Belgard v. United
Airlines, 857 P.2d 467 (Colo. Ct. App. 1992).
In 1994, Belgard-Krause and Squire filed a complaint in federal district
court, alleging that the denial of employment violated the Federal Vocational
Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (“the Rehabilitation Act”) and the Air Carrier Access
Act (ACAA). A second amended complaint added Nemyo as a plaintiff. The
district court found that the claims of Squire and Belgard-Krause were barred by
the doctrine of res judicata. Squire v. United Airlines, Inc., 973 F. Supp. 1004,
1006-07 (D. Colo. 1997) (“Squire I”). While the state court dismissed plaintiffs’
claims without a trial on the merits, the district court held that res judicata “bars
relitigation not only of issues actually decided, but of all issues that might have
-2- been decided.” Id. at 1006 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). The
district court held in the alternative that the statute of limitations barred the
claims of Squire and Belgard-Krause. Id. at 1007-08. The court found that
Belgard-Krause and Squire both learned in 1986 that they had been rejected as
pilots due to RK surgery. Id. at 1007. Since plaintiffs did not file their federal
complaint until 1994, the court found that the controlling statutes of limitation
barred their federal claims. Id. at 1007-08.
The district court in Squire I also held that none of the three plaintiffs
could establish a disability for which they suffered discrimination. Id. at 1009.
The court entered summary judgment in favor of defendant on this ground,
concluding that persons who have undergone RK surgery do not qualify as
individuals with a handicap under the Rehabilitation Act. The court also granted
summary judgment on the ACAA claims, concluding that the statute does not
apply to putative airline employees. Id.
In 1997, plaintiffs sought reconsideration of the decided issues and
requested leave to amend their complaint to add a claim under the Americans with
Disabilities Act (ADA). The district court revisited and reiterated the merits of
its prior ruling. The court also denied leave to amend, noting that plaintiffs
already had filed three amended complaints. On appeal from the district court, we
affirmed. Squire v. United Airlines, No. 98-1353, 1999 WL 798062 (10th Cir.
-3- Oct. 7, 1999).
Prior to our ruling on appeal in Squire I, plaintiffs instituted the instant
action. In this case, all plaintiffs allege that United violated the ADA through the
process of denying them employment. Plaintiff Nemyo also alleges that United
further violated the ADA by retaliating against him for participation in the prior
federal suit. Plaintiff Squire additionally alleges sex discrimination in violation
of Title VII, claiming that United’s use of the RK criteria is a pretext for sexual
discrimination. In 1998, the district court granted summary judgment in favor of
United on the retaliation and sex discrimination claims. In 1999, the court denied
plaintiffs’ motion under Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(f) for further discovery and granted
summary judgment on all remaining ADA claims. The court dismissed all claims
on the merits, and, in the alternative, found the claims of Squire and Belgard-
Krause time-barred. Plaintiffs now challenge the district court’s two summary
judgment rulings and its denial of their motion to reopen discovery. We review
de novo the district court’s decision granting summary judgment. Bullington v.
United Air Lines, Inc., 186 F.3d 1301, 1313 (10th Cir. 1999). We review the
district court’s refusal to grant a Rule 56(f) motion for abuse of discretion. Ben
Ezra, Weinstein, & Co. v. America Online, Inc., __ F.3d __ , 2000 WL 275543,
at *4 (10th Cir. Mar. 14, 2000).
II.
-4- As the procedural history suggests, some of the issues in this appeal can be
resolved by reference to Squire I. Plaintiffs are bound by that court’s finding that
they do not have a cognizable handicap under the Rehabilitation Act. Cases
decided under the Rehabilitation Act are generally applicable to cases brought
under the ADA unless the ADA states otherwise. See Woodman v. Runyon, 132
F.3d 1330, 1339 n.8 (10th Cir. 1997). Therefore, plaintiffs do not qualify as
disabled under the ADA. See Sutton v. United Air Lines, Inc., 119 S. Ct. 2139,
2149 (1999) (holding that putative airline pilots with correctable myopia do not
qualify as disabled under the ADA).
Plaintiffs now contend that even as non-disabled individuals, they can state
claims under the ADA for unlawful pre-employment medical screening. See
Griffin v. Steeltek, Inc., 160 F.3d 591, 595 (10th Cir. 1998) (holding that a job
applicant need not make a showing that he or she is disabled or perceived as
disabled to state a prima facie case that an employer violated the ADA’s ban on
questioning applicants about their disabilities). Even if plaintiffs could state such
claims, the district court correctly concluded that they are time-barred. On
appeal, plaintiffs Squire and Belgard-Krause attempt to avoid the time bar,
arguing that continuing violations by the defendant should toll the statute of
limitations. Plaintiff made this same argument to the district court in Squire I,
and that court found their claims untimely. The doctrine of res judicata forecloses
-5- plaintiffs’ attempt to escape the statute of limitations here. 1 Given the prolonged
nature of these proceedings, the district court also did not abuse its discretion in
disallowing further discovery regarding United’s practice of pre-employment
medical screening.
Plaintiffs Squire and Nemyo appeal the dismissal of their sexual
discrimination and ADA retaliation claims. The district court found that even if
Squire could establish a prima facie case of sexual discrimination, she had not
produced sufficient evidence to create a genuine issue of material fact regarding
whether United applied the RK surgery standard to females in a discriminatory
manner. We agree. As the district court noted, the parties to this lawsuit (two
women and one man) belie the assertion that United selectively applied its RK
standard against women.
To establish a prima facie case of ADA retaliation, a plaintiff must show
(1) protected employee action, (2) adverse action by an employer either after or
contemporaneous with the employee’s protected action, and (3) a causal
connection between the employee’s action and the employer’s adverse action.
Morgan v. Hilti, Inc., 108 F.3d 1319, 1324 (10th Cir. 1997). On Nemyo’s
retaliation claim, the district court noted that he may have established an
1 The district court in this case dismissed Nemyo’s pre-employment screening claim on the merits, and plaintiffs do not challenge this ruling on appeal.
-6- inference of retaliatory motive because United rejected his 1994-1995 pilot
application close in time to his participation in Squire I. Assuming that this
finding by the district court indicates Nemyo established his prima facie case,
United came forward with a nondiscriminatory reason for its adverse action, i.e.,
its standard policy to reject pilot applicants who have undergone RK surgery. To
withstand summary judgment, Nemyo had to demonstrate a genuine dispute of
material fact as to whether this explanation was pretextual. Id. at 1323. On the
record before us, he failed to do so. Therefore, the district court properly entered
summary judgment on this claim in favor of United.
AFFIRMED.
ENTERED FOR THE COURT,
Deanell Reece Tacha Circuit Judge
-7-