Mr. Justice Moore
delivered the opinion of the court.
It is admitted that the sum of $200 was received by Mrs. Jessup January 13, 1902, but it is insisted by her counsel that this sum was paid on account of the purchase of certain carpets, furniture, etc., that the possession of the premises was delivered to Mrs. Fennell pursuant to a lease thereof, and that no agreement was entered into for the sale of the real property. These statements are denied by plaintiffs’ counsel, who maintain that Mrs. Jessup agreed to sell the premises and certain carpets, furniture, etc., to Mrs. Fennell for an entire consideration of $5,350, receiving in part payment a sum of money evidenced by the following memorandum:
“Salem, Oregon, Jan. 13, 1902.
Received of Mrs. M. Fennell $200, to bind bargain on house.
Mrs. S. Jessup.”
and that the possession of the real property was delivered to the purchaser in pursuance of a parol agreement to convey the premises to her.
The testimony shows that for some time prior to January 13, 1902, Mrs. Jessup had been trying to sell her real property, for which she asked $5,500, and that Mrs. Fennell desired to purchase it, but was unable to do so, unless she could sell a farm for which she had been demanding $5,000. The latter was offered $4,500 for her property, and, concluding to accept the bid, she so notified the persons making it, who gave her $50 on account of the purchase, agreeing to pay $2,500 March 1, 1902, and the remainder in a year therefrom. Mrs. Fennell, [214]*214having effected a sale of her farm, immediately.paid Mrs. Jessup $200, taking the receipt hereinbefore set out, and three days thereafter a contract was prepared, which contained, inter alia, the following clause:
“In case the said Fennell shall not be able to sell her farm on or about the 1st day of March, 1902, and make payments herein agreed, then it is understood that the said Fennell has the right to occupy the said real estate from Januarj'- 15, 1902, to April 15, 1903, at $20 per month, the amount paid on the above to be applied on the furniture purchased.”
Mrs. Jessup refused to sign such- writing, and so notified Mrs. Fennell, who thereafter made some changes in and improvements upon the house. It is impossible to reconcile the conflicting testimony given by the respective parties. Mrs. Fennell’s daughters, who conducted the negotiations for her, each testify that the consideration agreed upon for the purchase of the land in question was $5,350, including the carpets and furniture, and that of this sum they paid for their mother the specified $200. Mrs. Jessup testifies that she leased the premises to Mrs. Fennell for a term of 15 months, and gave possession thereof, receiving $200 for the carpets and furniture which she sold. The testimony further shows that Mrs. Jessup, going to a room by herself, prepared the receipt mentioned, but she says she wrote it at the request of Mrs. Fennell’s daughter, who suggested the form thereof. As an excuse for incorporating into the receipt the words “to bind bargain on house,” Mrs. Jessup further states that before January 13, 1902, she had never transacted any business, that her husband died about three months prior thereto, after an illness of about a year, and that his sickness and death so injured her health and affected her mind that, with her ignorance of business affairs, she wrote the receipt as requested. The use of the phrase “to bind bargain on house” might relate to a lease of that building, if the $200 had been paid on account thereof, but these words are rendered inapplicable to such a contention bysMrs. Jessup’s testimony, which is to the effect that the sum was paid for the carpets and furniture. The wording of the receipt, therefore, corroborates the theory of the plaintiffs that the payment, which it [215]*215evidences, was made as a part of the purchase price of the premises.
1. The mental condition of a party, against whom the specific performance of an oral contract to convey land is sought, is an element to be considered in determining the circumstances attending the making of the agreement, to discredit the transaction: Waterman, Spec. Perf. §159. No testimony was given tending to show to what extent Mrs. Jessup’s mind was affected by the care of her husband during his last illness, or to what degree her reason was impaired in consequence of his death, except her general statements as indicated.
2. As tending to show that Mrs. Fennell’s understanding in relation to the agreement entered into January 13, 1902, was for the purchase of the propertjq the testimony discloses that she sold her farm for $500 less than she had been asking for it, in order to raise the money with which to purchase the property in question. It further appears that in September, 1901, she rented, for the term of one year, a new cottage, for which she purchased new carpets, and caused them to be laid on the floors, secured new shades, which she hung at the windows, procured wood for use in the winter, which she caused to be sawed, split and stored awajq and that she was living in the cottage with her family when she entered into the contract alleged in the complaint. Mrs. Fennell moved into the Jessup house January 14, 1902, and, as she could use only one of her new carpets therein, she sold the others, and the window shades that she had used in the cottage for a few months, at about one-third of their original cost, and also.moved the wood which she had stored for winter’s use. It would appear that after Jammy 13, 1902, when the receipt was given, Mrs. Fennell, fearing that the persons who had agreed to purchase her farm might forfeit the small payment made and fail to keep their part of the contract, sought to avoid a suit by Mrs. Jessup for specific performance by treating the agreement to purchase the property in question as a lease thereof, in ease Mrs. Fennell could pot raise the monejq and to consider the payment of $200, made on account of the purchase, as the consideration [216]*216for the carpets and furniture. Mrs. Winnifred O. Barr, a daughter of Mrs.. Fennell, testified, however, that the writing was suggested by Mrs. Jessup, and the latter does not contradict the statement. An attorney who prepared the contract testified that he made it at Mrs. Barr’s solicitation, but that the provision quoted, binding upon Mrs. Jessup, was inserted without prompting from any one. The memoranda referred to tend to corroborate Mrs. Jessup’s theory, but the modification adverted to, never having been consummated, did not constitute a contract or change the terms of the agreement of January 13, 1902.
The denial of Mrs. Jessup, and the assertion of Mrs. Fennell’s daughters, in respect to the agreement claimed to have been entered into, require a consideration of the circumstances attending the transaction and of the testimony, which corroborates or contradicts that of the respective parties. It seems improbable that Mrs. Fennell, when she had rented a new cottage which she had completely furnished, and which she was entitled to occupy for about nine months, should desire to move into another rented house, when, by so doing, it would entail such an expense as she incurred. So, too, it appears inexplicable that she should agree to sell her farm for $500 less than she had been demanding for it, when she was under no obligation to do so, unless the sale was effected to enable her to purchase Mrs. Jessup’s property.
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Mr. Justice Moore
delivered the opinion of the court.
It is admitted that the sum of $200 was received by Mrs. Jessup January 13, 1902, but it is insisted by her counsel that this sum was paid on account of the purchase of certain carpets, furniture, etc., that the possession of the premises was delivered to Mrs. Fennell pursuant to a lease thereof, and that no agreement was entered into for the sale of the real property. These statements are denied by plaintiffs’ counsel, who maintain that Mrs. Jessup agreed to sell the premises and certain carpets, furniture, etc., to Mrs. Fennell for an entire consideration of $5,350, receiving in part payment a sum of money evidenced by the following memorandum:
“Salem, Oregon, Jan. 13, 1902.
Received of Mrs. M. Fennell $200, to bind bargain on house.
Mrs. S. Jessup.”
and that the possession of the real property was delivered to the purchaser in pursuance of a parol agreement to convey the premises to her.
The testimony shows that for some time prior to January 13, 1902, Mrs. Jessup had been trying to sell her real property, for which she asked $5,500, and that Mrs. Fennell desired to purchase it, but was unable to do so, unless she could sell a farm for which she had been demanding $5,000. The latter was offered $4,500 for her property, and, concluding to accept the bid, she so notified the persons making it, who gave her $50 on account of the purchase, agreeing to pay $2,500 March 1, 1902, and the remainder in a year therefrom. Mrs. Fennell, [214]*214having effected a sale of her farm, immediately.paid Mrs. Jessup $200, taking the receipt hereinbefore set out, and three days thereafter a contract was prepared, which contained, inter alia, the following clause:
“In case the said Fennell shall not be able to sell her farm on or about the 1st day of March, 1902, and make payments herein agreed, then it is understood that the said Fennell has the right to occupy the said real estate from Januarj'- 15, 1902, to April 15, 1903, at $20 per month, the amount paid on the above to be applied on the furniture purchased.”
Mrs. Jessup refused to sign such- writing, and so notified Mrs. Fennell, who thereafter made some changes in and improvements upon the house. It is impossible to reconcile the conflicting testimony given by the respective parties. Mrs. Fennell’s daughters, who conducted the negotiations for her, each testify that the consideration agreed upon for the purchase of the land in question was $5,350, including the carpets and furniture, and that of this sum they paid for their mother the specified $200. Mrs. Jessup testifies that she leased the premises to Mrs. Fennell for a term of 15 months, and gave possession thereof, receiving $200 for the carpets and furniture which she sold. The testimony further shows that Mrs. Jessup, going to a room by herself, prepared the receipt mentioned, but she says she wrote it at the request of Mrs. Fennell’s daughter, who suggested the form thereof. As an excuse for incorporating into the receipt the words “to bind bargain on house,” Mrs. Jessup further states that before January 13, 1902, she had never transacted any business, that her husband died about three months prior thereto, after an illness of about a year, and that his sickness and death so injured her health and affected her mind that, with her ignorance of business affairs, she wrote the receipt as requested. The use of the phrase “to bind bargain on house” might relate to a lease of that building, if the $200 had been paid on account thereof, but these words are rendered inapplicable to such a contention bysMrs. Jessup’s testimony, which is to the effect that the sum was paid for the carpets and furniture. The wording of the receipt, therefore, corroborates the theory of the plaintiffs that the payment, which it [215]*215evidences, was made as a part of the purchase price of the premises.
1. The mental condition of a party, against whom the specific performance of an oral contract to convey land is sought, is an element to be considered in determining the circumstances attending the making of the agreement, to discredit the transaction: Waterman, Spec. Perf. §159. No testimony was given tending to show to what extent Mrs. Jessup’s mind was affected by the care of her husband during his last illness, or to what degree her reason was impaired in consequence of his death, except her general statements as indicated.
2. As tending to show that Mrs. Fennell’s understanding in relation to the agreement entered into January 13, 1902, was for the purchase of the propertjq the testimony discloses that she sold her farm for $500 less than she had been asking for it, in order to raise the money with which to purchase the property in question. It further appears that in September, 1901, she rented, for the term of one year, a new cottage, for which she purchased new carpets, and caused them to be laid on the floors, secured new shades, which she hung at the windows, procured wood for use in the winter, which she caused to be sawed, split and stored awajq and that she was living in the cottage with her family when she entered into the contract alleged in the complaint. Mrs. Fennell moved into the Jessup house January 14, 1902, and, as she could use only one of her new carpets therein, she sold the others, and the window shades that she had used in the cottage for a few months, at about one-third of their original cost, and also.moved the wood which she had stored for winter’s use. It would appear that after Jammy 13, 1902, when the receipt was given, Mrs. Fennell, fearing that the persons who had agreed to purchase her farm might forfeit the small payment made and fail to keep their part of the contract, sought to avoid a suit by Mrs. Jessup for specific performance by treating the agreement to purchase the property in question as a lease thereof, in ease Mrs. Fennell could pot raise the monejq and to consider the payment of $200, made on account of the purchase, as the consideration [216]*216for the carpets and furniture. Mrs. Winnifred O. Barr, a daughter of Mrs.. Fennell, testified, however, that the writing was suggested by Mrs. Jessup, and the latter does not contradict the statement. An attorney who prepared the contract testified that he made it at Mrs. Barr’s solicitation, but that the provision quoted, binding upon Mrs. Jessup, was inserted without prompting from any one. The memoranda referred to tend to corroborate Mrs. Jessup’s theory, but the modification adverted to, never having been consummated, did not constitute a contract or change the terms of the agreement of January 13, 1902.
The denial of Mrs. Jessup, and the assertion of Mrs. Fennell’s daughters, in respect to the agreement claimed to have been entered into, require a consideration of the circumstances attending the transaction and of the testimony, which corroborates or contradicts that of the respective parties. It seems improbable that Mrs. Fennell, when she had rented a new cottage which she had completely furnished, and which she was entitled to occupy for about nine months, should desire to move into another rented house, when, by so doing, it would entail such an expense as she incurred. So, too, it appears inexplicable that she should agree to sell her farm for $500 less than she had been demanding for it, when she was under no obligation to do so, unless the sale was effected to enable her to purchase Mrs. Jessup’s property. As a circumstance tending to show the value of Mrs. Fennell’s farm, the testimony shows that in a few months after she disposed of it, without any improvement having been made thereon, one of the purchasers conveyed' an undivided one-third interest therein to his co-tenants for $2,000, thus indicating that the land was worth more money than she received for it. The receipt given to evidence the payment of $200, though not conclusive, is an admission corroborative of the testimony of plaintiffs’ witnesses to the effect that Mrs. Jessup purposely signed it, as therein stated, “to bind bargain on house.” Gideon Steiner, who had been engaged in business in Salem many years, appearing as plaintiffs’ witness, testified that, having met Mrs. Jessup on [217]*217the street, she informed him that she had sold her property, and, in answer to his inquiry as to whether, she had not received about $5,000 for it, replied: “Yes; I got more than that.” Fred Hurst, a' real estate dealer, as plaintiffs’ witness, testified that Mrs. Jessup listed her property with him for sale; that he found a buyer therefor who would pay $5,000, and so notified her by telephone, whereupon she replied that she had secured a purchaser, and hung up the receiver without disclosing who it was. M!rs. Jessup, referring to the statement respecting the sale of the property imputed to her by Steiner, testified that she did not remember of having any such conversation with him, and she does not attempt to deny Hurst’s statement that she informed him she had secured a purchaser for the property.
We think a careful examination of all the evidence, viewed in the light of the circumstances attending the transaction, necessarily leads to the conclusion that Mrs. Jessup, on January 13, 1902, agreed to sell to Mrs. Fennell her real property and the carpets and furniture in her house for $5,350, receiving the sum of $200 in part payment thereof, and that the purchaser and her family moved into the house in pursuance of the terms‘of such agreement, and not in accordance with any lease thereof.
3. The certainty of such a contract must be established by evidence sufficient to satisfy a court of equity of the truth of the allegations of the complaint: Odell v. Morin, 5 Or. 96; Plymale v. Comstock, 9 Or. 318.
4. If the denial of a party against whom the specific performance of an oral contract to convey real property is sought to be enforced is sufficient to defeat the right, it is quite probable that this equitable remedy would soon cease to be efficacious. It is possible that the conclusion we have reached may be doing an injustice to Mrs. Jessup, whose statements made under oath in relation to the lease of the premises may be true, and the testimony of plaintiff’s witnesses in respect to the alleged sale of the land false; but courts are governed by judges who are only human, and whose deductions, based on issues of fact, depend upon evidence which they deem to be true, and, if they mistake in [218]*218their honest convictions in respect to the testimony produced, the fault lies in the method of determining the fact, rather than in the agency employed.
5. It will be remembered that all the permanent changes to the house were made by Mrs. Fennell after she knew that Mrs. Jessup had refused to sign the written memorandum. The part execution of an oral contract to convey land, which is sufficient to take the case out of the statute of frauds, must be some act done upon the j>remises with the actual or constructive assent-of the party against whom the specific performance of the terms of the agreement is sought to be enforced: Waterman, Spec. Perf. §261; Wagonblast v. Whitney, 12 Or. 83 (6 Pac. 399). In the case at bar there is nothing but the mere possession of the premises by Mrs. Fennell that can be regarded as having been taken with the knowledge and consent of Mrs. Jessup, and it remains to be seen whether or not that act, in connection with a payment of a part of the purchase price and a tender of the remainder, constitutes .such part performance of the oral agreement as to entitle plaintiffs to the equitable relief invoked. The parties to this suit not being related by affinity or consanguinity, no presumption of a license to occupy the premises can be indulged as in eases where the owner of real property permits a person to whom he owes a legal or a moral duty to take possession thereof, in which latter instance, possession, in the absence of valuable improvements to the estate, is not a sufficient part performance: Barrett v. Schleich, 37 Or. 613 (62 Pac. 792); Pugh v. Spicknall, 43 Or. 489 (73 Pac. 1020, 74 Pac. 485). A text-writer, in speaking of the acts which amount to part performance of an oral contract to convey real property, says: “Possession alone of land, under a verbal contract, when delivered to the vendee, * * is an act of part performance which takes the ease out of the statute of frauds, even without the additional circumstances of the payment of consideration or the making of improvements. This rule is settled by an overwhelming weight of authority in England and in this country, but has been disapproved by the courts of one or two states, which have, until recently, only. [219]*219possessed a very limited equity jurisdiction”: Pomeroy, Spec. Perf. (2 ed.), § 115. The cases cited by the learned author in the notes to this section amply support the legal principle announced.
Decided 20 March, 1906.
We think the testimony shows that the parol agreement relied upon is certain and definite in its terms, that the acts proved as part performance were done under, and in pursuance of the identical contract alleged in the complaint, and that a refusal to execute the deed agreed upon' would operate as a fraud upon the plaintiffs, and hence the decree should be affirmed, and it is so ordered. Affirmed.