Mr. Justice Magruder
delivered the opinion of the court:
Various errors were assigned upon the record in this case when the case was before the Appellate Court; but counsel for appellant announce in their brief that the only question, now desired to be presented to this court, is whether the rulings of the trial court upon the questions asked of the witness Novak, and upon the offer made in regard to what was expected to be proven by .that witness, were correct or not.
It is stated by counsel for appellant that the purpose of the. evidence offered by it, which the court rejected, was to show that the libel was not a mere invention of appellant, but was the result of a communication made to appellant, or to appellant’s agent, by the husband of appellee. The contention is, that one, who publishes a libel which is entirely of his own invention, is much more malicious, and deserving of punishment by way of exemplary damages, than one who in good faith makes a publication on the strength of a statement of one apparently cognizant of the facts, which the one, who makes the publication, believes to be true.
There are authorities, which hold that testimony as to what the defendant had been told by another is admissible, because it tends to show that the defendant spoke the words in good faith, and believed them to be true; that such testimony rebuts the charge that the words spoken or written were fabricated maliciously; and that the sources of information, and the reliability of such sources, and belief in the truth of the allegations made may be shown to rebut the presumption of malice, which otherwise obtains, and to reduce the damages, but not as a substantive proof of the truth. (Lawler v. Earle, 5 Allen, 22; Owen v. Dewey, 107 Mich. 67; Farr v. Basco, 9 id. 353).
It has been held that proof, that the defendant repeated but did not originate the alleged slander, does not amount to a justification, but may be considered in mitigation of damages. (Hinkle v. Davenport, 38 Iowa, 356; McDonald v. Woodruff, 2 Dill. 245; Fitzpatrick v. Daily States Publishing Co. 48 La. Ann. 1116).
In Young v. Bennett, 4 Scam. 43, it was held by this court that, in an action for slander in charging the plaintiff with stealing, it is not admissible for the defendant to prove under the general issue in mitigation of damages, that there was a report in the neighborhood of the plaintiff, that he had been guilty of stealing from the defendant.
In Regnier v. Cabot, 2 Gilm. 34, we said (p. 38): “Whether a party, under the general issue, in an action of slander, can be permitted .to show, in mitigation of damages, specific facts which would tend to cast suspicion of guilt upon the plaintiff, is a question upon which heretofore there has been some conflict of authorities. The current, however, of the more recent decisions is strongly against the doctrine, and, in some of the very few cases where it has been held that the defendant had this right, the judges themselves, who admitted the correctness of the principle, acknowledged that it was unsupported by sound reason, or good sense. * * * The rule of law, as applicable to this question seems, by the weight of authority, now to be, that, where a defendant does not justify, he may mitigate damages in two ways only: first, by showing the general bad character of the plaintiff, and second, by showing any circumstances which tend to disprove malice, but do not tend to prove the truth of the charge.” In the case of Regnier v. Cabot, supra, it was also held that, by the plea of not guilty, or the plea of general issue, in an action of slander, the defendant only declares that he did not speak the words charged in the plaintiff’s declaration to have been spoken by him, and does not affirmatively allege that they are true, but admits them to be false, and only professes to defend himself, upon the ground that he has not defamed the plaintiff’s character in the manner charged against him in the declaration.
In Sheahan v. Collins, 20 Ill. 326, the doctrine laid down in Young v. Bennett, supra, and Regnier v. Cabot, supra, was endorsed and re-affirmed. (See also Storey v. Early, 86 Ill. 461).
In the American and English Encyclopedia of Law, (vol. 18,—2d ed.—p. 1073), it is said: “It is no defense in an action for libel or slander to show that a rumor existed as to the matters published, or that the information, upon which the charge was made, was derived from another, even though the defendant at the time believed the matter to be-true, and the rule is not altered, though the defendant in making the charges stated that he was only repeating a rumor, or that he relied on information from another, whose name he mentions.” (See cases in note cited to sustain the text).
The appellant, upon the trial below, did not attempt to show, by way of mitigating the damages, that the plaintiff was a person of general bad character. No testimony whatever was introduced to that, effect. If it be admitted that appellant had a fight to show under the general issue, by way of mitigating damages, that the facts published by it were communicated to it by appellee’s husband, proof to that effect was introduced without objection, and the fact, that the appellant did not originate the statements published by it but was informed of the facts therein contained by the appellee’s husband, was established by the testimony. The witness, Tupy, a reporter for the appellant newspaper, said in his evidence: “I procured the information set out in the article from Mr. Hoffman; I knew nothing about the facts set forth in the article, except as I learned through Mr. Hoffman.”
The testimony, thus given by Tupy, was not denied or disputed by the appellee. The only testimony, proposed to be called out by the questions subsequently addressed to the witness, Novak, related merely to the details of the conversation between Hoffman, appellee’s husband, and Tupy, appellant’s reporter. The details of the conversation could not have made the fact, that appellant did not originate the statements made by it but was informed of them by. another, any stronger or more emphatic than it was already made by the evidence of Tupy, the reporter. His evidence made every fact narrated in the article a part of the conversation he had with Hoffman. Therefore, appellant suffered no injury from the action of the court in refusing to allow the witness, Novak, to answer the questions addressed to him.
There is another reason why no error was committed by the court in this respect. In the case at bar, the appellant filed a plea of justification, and therein asserted that the statements published by it were true. Testimony as to what appellee’s husband told appellant’s reporter, or agent, was mere hearsay evidence, and wholly incompetent for the purpose of proving the truth of the statements, published in the newspaper article. Such proof is never admitted in support of the plea of justification, but, when received, is only admitted, under the general issue, for the purpose of showing that the appellant was not influenced by malice, but merely stated that of which he was informed by others. When the offer was made to prove the conversation between Hoffman and Tupy, it was not accompanied by the statement that it was merely for the purpose of mitigating the damages, and showing that appellant was not influenced by malicious motives.
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Mr. Justice Magruder
delivered the opinion of the court:
Various errors were assigned upon the record in this case when the case was before the Appellate Court; but counsel for appellant announce in their brief that the only question, now desired to be presented to this court, is whether the rulings of the trial court upon the questions asked of the witness Novak, and upon the offer made in regard to what was expected to be proven by .that witness, were correct or not.
It is stated by counsel for appellant that the purpose of the. evidence offered by it, which the court rejected, was to show that the libel was not a mere invention of appellant, but was the result of a communication made to appellant, or to appellant’s agent, by the husband of appellee. The contention is, that one, who publishes a libel which is entirely of his own invention, is much more malicious, and deserving of punishment by way of exemplary damages, than one who in good faith makes a publication on the strength of a statement of one apparently cognizant of the facts, which the one, who makes the publication, believes to be true.
There are authorities, which hold that testimony as to what the defendant had been told by another is admissible, because it tends to show that the defendant spoke the words in good faith, and believed them to be true; that such testimony rebuts the charge that the words spoken or written were fabricated maliciously; and that the sources of information, and the reliability of such sources, and belief in the truth of the allegations made may be shown to rebut the presumption of malice, which otherwise obtains, and to reduce the damages, but not as a substantive proof of the truth. (Lawler v. Earle, 5 Allen, 22; Owen v. Dewey, 107 Mich. 67; Farr v. Basco, 9 id. 353).
It has been held that proof, that the defendant repeated but did not originate the alleged slander, does not amount to a justification, but may be considered in mitigation of damages. (Hinkle v. Davenport, 38 Iowa, 356; McDonald v. Woodruff, 2 Dill. 245; Fitzpatrick v. Daily States Publishing Co. 48 La. Ann. 1116).
In Young v. Bennett, 4 Scam. 43, it was held by this court that, in an action for slander in charging the plaintiff with stealing, it is not admissible for the defendant to prove under the general issue in mitigation of damages, that there was a report in the neighborhood of the plaintiff, that he had been guilty of stealing from the defendant.
In Regnier v. Cabot, 2 Gilm. 34, we said (p. 38): “Whether a party, under the general issue, in an action of slander, can be permitted .to show, in mitigation of damages, specific facts which would tend to cast suspicion of guilt upon the plaintiff, is a question upon which heretofore there has been some conflict of authorities. The current, however, of the more recent decisions is strongly against the doctrine, and, in some of the very few cases where it has been held that the defendant had this right, the judges themselves, who admitted the correctness of the principle, acknowledged that it was unsupported by sound reason, or good sense. * * * The rule of law, as applicable to this question seems, by the weight of authority, now to be, that, where a defendant does not justify, he may mitigate damages in two ways only: first, by showing the general bad character of the plaintiff, and second, by showing any circumstances which tend to disprove malice, but do not tend to prove the truth of the charge.” In the case of Regnier v. Cabot, supra, it was also held that, by the plea of not guilty, or the plea of general issue, in an action of slander, the defendant only declares that he did not speak the words charged in the plaintiff’s declaration to have been spoken by him, and does not affirmatively allege that they are true, but admits them to be false, and only professes to defend himself, upon the ground that he has not defamed the plaintiff’s character in the manner charged against him in the declaration.
In Sheahan v. Collins, 20 Ill. 326, the doctrine laid down in Young v. Bennett, supra, and Regnier v. Cabot, supra, was endorsed and re-affirmed. (See also Storey v. Early, 86 Ill. 461).
In the American and English Encyclopedia of Law, (vol. 18,—2d ed.—p. 1073), it is said: “It is no defense in an action for libel or slander to show that a rumor existed as to the matters published, or that the information, upon which the charge was made, was derived from another, even though the defendant at the time believed the matter to be-true, and the rule is not altered, though the defendant in making the charges stated that he was only repeating a rumor, or that he relied on information from another, whose name he mentions.” (See cases in note cited to sustain the text).
The appellant, upon the trial below, did not attempt to show, by way of mitigating the damages, that the plaintiff was a person of general bad character. No testimony whatever was introduced to that, effect. If it be admitted that appellant had a fight to show under the general issue, by way of mitigating damages, that the facts published by it were communicated to it by appellee’s husband, proof to that effect was introduced without objection, and the fact, that the appellant did not originate the statements published by it but was informed of the facts therein contained by the appellee’s husband, was established by the testimony. The witness, Tupy, a reporter for the appellant newspaper, said in his evidence: “I procured the information set out in the article from Mr. Hoffman; I knew nothing about the facts set forth in the article, except as I learned through Mr. Hoffman.”
The testimony, thus given by Tupy, was not denied or disputed by the appellee. The only testimony, proposed to be called out by the questions subsequently addressed to the witness, Novak, related merely to the details of the conversation between Hoffman, appellee’s husband, and Tupy, appellant’s reporter. The details of the conversation could not have made the fact, that appellant did not originate the statements made by it but was informed of them by. another, any stronger or more emphatic than it was already made by the evidence of Tupy, the reporter. His evidence made every fact narrated in the article a part of the conversation he had with Hoffman. Therefore, appellant suffered no injury from the action of the court in refusing to allow the witness, Novak, to answer the questions addressed to him.
There is another reason why no error was committed by the court in this respect. In the case at bar, the appellant filed a plea of justification, and therein asserted that the statements published by it were true. Testimony as to what appellee’s husband told appellant’s reporter, or agent, was mere hearsay evidence, and wholly incompetent for the purpose of proving the truth of the statements, published in the newspaper article. Such proof is never admitted in support of the plea of justification, but, when received, is only admitted, under the general issue, for the purpose of showing that the appellant was not influenced by malice, but merely stated that of which he was informed by others. When the offer was made to prove the conversation between Hoffman and Tupy, it was not accompanied by the statement that it was merely for the purpose of mitigating the damages, and showing that appellant was not influenced by malicious motives. Nor was any instruction asked by the appellant, or given to the jury, telling them that the information, communicated by Hoffman to the appellant’s agent, was not evidence of appellee’s guilt or misconduct. No instruction was given limiting such testimony to the mitigation of damages only. A plea of justification having been filed by the appellant, the details of the conversation, if they had been testified to by the witness, may have been regarded by the jury as tending to prove the truth of the charges in the libel, when they could not have been properly introduced for any such purpose.
Substantially, the same state of facts, presented by this record in respect to the point here under consideration, existed in the case of Thomas v. Dunaway, 30 Ill. 373, which was an action for libel. In that case, it was held that the defendant in an action for libel, by pleading the general issue, virtually admits the falsehood of the statements on which the action is based, but if it is proved that he did publish them, he may then, under that issue, show any circumstance in mitigation, which tends to disprove malice, but does not tend to prove the truth of the charge; and it was there said (p. 386): “It is also insisted that the court erred in not permitting the witness, Schooley, to testify that appellant, before he made the publication, had been informed by Jesse Dunaway, that all the changes were true. Jesse Dunaway had already testified that he gave the information upon which the appellant made the publication. * * * It would, therefore, seem to be a matter of no consequence, whether Schooley testified to that fact, as it does not seem to have been controverted, that Dunaway did give the information.” So, in the case at bar, Tupy had already testified that appellee’s husband had informed him of the facts published in the newspaper article, and it would seem to be a matter of no consequence whether Novak testified or not as to the details of the information so communicated. It is not controverted in this case that Hoffman, appellee’s husband, did give the information.
We find no error in the action of the trial court, so far as our attention has been called to it, and, therefore, the judgment of the Appellate Court is affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.