Spikes v. Altig

Opinion

1 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 2 DISTRICT OF NEVADA 3 Quiwaneca Spikes, 4 2:23-cv-02127-GMN-MDC Plaintiff(s), 5 vs. Order 6 Steven Altig, 7 Defendant(s). 8 Pending before the Court are incarcerated pro se plaintiff Quiwaneca Spikes’s second application 9 to proceed in forma pauperis (“IFP”) (ECF No. 6), Complaint (ECF No. 1-1), Motion to Amend Complaint 10 (ECF No. 6-1), and First Amended Complaint (ECF No. 7). The Court discusses the filings below. 11 DISCUSSION 12 Plaintiff’s filings present two questions: (1) whether plaintiff may proceed in forma pauperis under 13 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e) and (2) whether plaintiff’s complaint states a plausible claim for relief. 14 I. WHETHER PLAINTIFF MAY PROCEED IN FORMA PAUPERIS 15 Under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(1), a plaintiff may bring a civil action “without prepayment of fees or 16 security thereof” if the plaintiff submits a financial affidavit that demonstrates the plaintiff “is unable to 17 pay such fees or give security therefor.” If the plaintiff is a "prisoner" as defined by 28 U.S.C. § 1915(h), 18 as amended by the Prison Litigation Reform Act ("PLRA"), he remains obligated to pay the entire fee in 19 installments, regardless of whether his action is ultimately dismissed. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(1) & (2); 20 Taylor v. Delatoore, 281 F.3d 844, 847 (9th Cir. 2002). The Court denied plaintiff’s previous in forma 21 pauperis application (ECF No. 4) because it was incomplete and was missing the requisite financial 22 certificate. Plaintiff submitted a new application that is complete and includes her financial certificate. 23 ECF No. 6. Plaintiff has no money in her account. Id. The Court grants plaintiff’s IFP application. 24 25 1 Considering her $0.00 average balance and deposits, she is not required to pay an initial partial 2 filing fee. Whenever her account exceeds $10, however, she must make monthly payments in the amount 3 of 20 percent of the preceding month's income credited to her account until the $350 filing fee is paid. 4 II. COMPLAINT AND AMENDED COMPLAINT 5 Plaintiff filed her Complaint (ECF No. 1-1) before she filed her initial application to proceed in 6 forma pauperis (ECF No. 4). The Court denied her IFP application (ECF No. 4) and ordered plaintiff to 7 either file a new IFP or pay the filing fee. ECF No. 5. Plaintiff filed the long-form IFP (ECF No. 6) and 8 attached a Motion to Amend Complaint (ECF No. 6-1). Plaintiff then filed her First Amended Complaint 9 (ECF No. 7). Plaintiff names as defendant: (1) Steven Altig (“Altig”), court appointed lawyer and (2) 10 Thomas Wells (“Wells”), public defender. Plaintiff alleges violation of her constitutional rights and seeks 11 “relief as well as a fair hearing.” ECF No. 7 at 4.1 12 a. Legal Standard 13 Upon granting a request to proceed in forma pauperis, the Court must screen the complaint 14 pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e). The Court will review the complaint to determine whether the complaint 15 is frivolous, malicious, fails to state a claim in which relief may be granted, or seeks monetary relief 16 against a defendant who is immune from such relief. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B). The Federal Rules of 17 Civil Procedure Rule 8(a)(2) provide that a complaint must contain “a short and plain statement of the 18 claim showing that the [plaintiff] is entitled to relief.” The Supreme Court’s decision in Ashcroft v. Iqbal 19 states that to satisfy Rule 8’s requirement, a complaint’s allegations must cross “the line from conceivable 20 to plausible.” 556 U.S. 662, 680 (2009) (quoting Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 547 (2007). 21 Dismissal for failure to state a claim under § 1915 incorporates the same standard for failure to state a 22 claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure Rule 12(b)(6). Watison v. Carter, 668 F.3d 1108, 1112 (9th 23 Cir. 2012). A complaint should be dismissed under Rule 12(b)(6) “if it appears beyond a doubt that the 24

25 1 The Court notes that plaintiff’s amended complaint is out of order, with page 6 preceding page 4, and with page 5 missing entirely. 1 plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of her claims that would entitle him to relief.” Buckley v. Los 2 Angeles, 968 F.2d 791, 794 (9th Cir. 1992). 3 “A document filed pro se is “to be liberally construed” and a pro se complaint, however inartfully 4 pleaded, must be held to less stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers.” Erickson v. 5 Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007) (quoting Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 106 (1976) (internal citations 6 omitted). If the Court dismisses a complaint under § 1915(e), the plaintiff should be given leave to amend 7 the complaint with directions as to curing its deficiencies, unless it is clear from the face of the complaint 8 that deficiencies could not be cured through amendment.” Cato v. United States, 70 F.3d 1103, 1106 (9th 9 Cir. 1995) (emphasis added). At issue is whether plaintiff’s complaint states a plausible claim for relief. 10 b. Whether Plaintiff’s Complaint States a Plausible Claim for Relief 11 The Court notes that plaintiff filed her First Amended Complaint (ECF No. 7) before the Court 12 screened her Complaint (ECF No. 1-1). A party may amend its pleading as a matter of course no later than 13 21 days after serving it. Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(1)(A). Although plaintiff filed her amended complaint before 14 the Court issued a screening order on her original complaint, the Court finds that under the circumstances, 15 there is harmless error because the original complaint had not been filed on the docket nor served on 16 defendants. However, plaintiff is cautioned that going forward, she must comply with the Federal Rules 17 of Civil Procedure and the Local Rules for all further amendments. See Fed. R. Civ. Pro. R. 15; see also 18 LR 15-1. The Court will mostly2 disregard plaintiff’s original complaint. "[W]hen a plaintiff files an 19 amended complaint, '[t]he amended complaint supersedes the original, the latter being treated thereafter 20 as non-existent.'" Rhodes v. Plaintiff, 621 F.3d 1002, 1005 (9th Cir. 2010) (quoting Loux v. Rhay, 375 21 F.2d 55, 57 (9th Cir.1967)). An amended complaint must be "complete in itself, including exhibits, without 22 reference to the superseded pleading." LR 15-1(a). The Court screened plaintiff’s First Amended 23 Complaint (ECF No. 7). 24

25 2 The Court addresses aspects of plaintiff’s original complaint out of an abundance of caution regarding her Fifth Amendment Claims. i. Plaintiff Fails to Allege How Defendants Acted Under Color of State Law 1 There are generally two methods to bring actions to vindicate federal rights. One is pursuant to 42 2 U.S.C. § 1983 and the second is under Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Fed. Bureau of Narcotics, 3 4 403 U.S. 388, 390, 91 S. Ct. 1999, 2001 (1971). Actions under § 1983 and Bivens are substantively 5 identical, but § 1983 applies when defendants are state actors whereas Bivens applies when the defendants 6 are federal actors. See Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 393–94, 109 S. Ct. 1865, 1870, 104 L. Ed. 2d 7 443 (1989)(“§1983 is not itself a source of substantive rights, but merely provides a method for vindicating 8 federal rights elsewhere conferred)(internal quotations omitted) (quoting Baker v. McCollan, 443 U.S. 9 137, 144 n.3 (1979); Van Strum v. Lawn, 940 F.2d 406, 409 (9th Cir. 1991)(“Actions under § 1983 and 10 those under Bivens are identical save for the replacement of a state actor under § 1983 by a federal actor 11 under Bivens.”). 12 The Court determines that plaintiff’s claims fall under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Although the plaintiff 13 does not mark on her amended complaint that she is bringing the action under § 1983, the court finds that 14 § 1983 is the only available basis for her claims because she seeks to vindicate certain federal rights and 15 the defendants are not federal officials. See Graham, 490 U.S. at 393–94; Van Strum, 940 F.2d at 409. 16 17 However, the Court finds plaintiff fails to state a claim under § 1983 because plaintiff does not allege that 18 defendants acted under “color of state law,” which means the defendants acted with, or held themselves 19 out to be acting with, government authority. Acting under the color of state law is one of the essential 20 elements for a § 1983 claim. Specifically, the four elements that a plaintiff must allege to state a claim 21 for relief under § 1983 are: “(1) a violation of rights protected by the Constitution or created by federal 22 statute, (2) proximately caused (3) by conduct of a ‘person’ (4) acting under color of state law.” Crumpton 23 v. Gates, 947 F.2d 1418, 1420 (9th Cir. 1991). Some courts require simpler pleading that provides that 24 25 “(1) the defendants actin[ted]under color of state law [and] (2) deprived plaintiffs of rights secured by the 1 Constitution or federal statutes.” Gibson v. United States, 781 F.2d 1334, 1338 (9th Cir. 1986). 2 Plaintiff brings her claims against a public defender and a court appointed lawyer in connection 3 4 with her underlying state criminal conviction. ECF No. 7. When public defenders are acting in their role 5 as advocate, they are not acting under color of state law for § 1983 purposes. See Georgia v. McCollum, 6 505 U.S. 42, 53 (1992); see also Vermont v. Brillon, 556 U.S. 81, 91 (2009) (assigned public defender is 7 ordinarily not considered a state actor). The Supreme Court has concluded that public defenders do not 8 act under the color of state law because their conduct as legal advocates are controlled by professional 9 standards independent of the administrative direction of a supervisor. See Brillon, 556 U.S. at 92; see also 10 Polk Cnty., 454 U.S. at 321. However, where public defenders are performing administrative or 11 investigative functions, they may be acting under the color of state law. See Brillon, 556 U.S. at 91 n.7; 12 see also Polk Cnty., 454 U.S. at 324–25. For plaintiff to bring a § 1983 claim against Altig and Wells, she 13 must clearly state how defendants acted under color of state law (e.g., acted with governmental authority 14 beyond merely being appointed as plaintiff’s lawyers by the state court) and engaged in administrative or 15 investigative functions. 16 17 ii. Plaintiff’s Eighth Amendment Claims Fail 18 The Court addresses plaintiff’s Eighth Amendment claims. As part of her § 1983 action, plaintiff 19 also asserts Eighth Amendment claims for (1) failure to receive a bail hearing and (2) cruel and unusual 20 punishment. The Court liberally construes plaintiff’s Eighth Amendment claim for “failure to receive a 21 bail hearing” as a Sixth Amendment ineffective counsel argument. However, plaintiff’s § 1983 suit is not 22 the proper avenue to assert claims against defendants Altig or Wells for ineffective counsel. See Berry v. 23 State of Nev., 2022 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 168574, *4-5 (D. Nev. Sept. 19, 2022) (citing Nelson v. Campbell, 24 541 U.S. 637, 643 (2004) (finding that plaintiff may assert a Sixth Amendment ineffective counsel 25 argument against his defense counsel in direct appeal, post-conviction, or habeas proceeding but not in a 1 § 1983 proceeding)). Therefore, plaintiff’s ineffective counsel claim is barred as a matter of law. Id. 2 There are also problems with plaintiff’s Eighth Amendment cruel and unusual punishment claim for 3 4 failing to “pick up [plaintiff’s] property” against defendant Altig. ECF No. 7 at 5. The Eighth Amendment 5 prohibits the imposition of cruel and unusual punishments and “embodies broad and idealistic concepts 6 of dignity, civilized standards, humanity and decency.” Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 102 (1976) 7 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). To establish an Eighth Amendment violation, a prisoner 8 must demonstrate that a prison official deprived the prisoner of the “minimal civilized measure of life’s 9 necessities” and that the prison official “acted with deliberate indifference in doing so.” Toguchi v. Chung, 10 3961 F.3d 1051, 1057 (9th Cir. 2004) (citing Hallet v. Morgan, 296 F.3d 732, 744 (9th Cir. 2002) 11 (emphasis added)). Plaintiff, however, does not allege facts sufficient for an Eighth Amendment claim of 12 cruel and unusual punishment against defendant Altig. Foremost, Plaintiff does not allege or show that 13 Altig is a prison official, or otherwise acted under color of law. Furthermore, Altig’s failure to pick-up 14 plaintiff’s property does not rise to a deprivation of “something sufficiently serious.” See Lemire v. Cal. 15 Dep’t of Corr. & Rehab., 726 F.3d 1062, 1074 (9th Cir. 2013) (“For an inmate to bring a valid § 1983 16 17 claim against a prison official for a violation of the Eighth Amendment, he must objectively show that he 18 was deprived of something sufficiently serious and make a subjective showing that the deprivation 19 occurred with deliberate indifference to the inmate’s health or safety.”). Therefore, plaintiff cannot bring 20 her Eighth Amendment claim as a matter of law. 21 iii. Plaintiff’s Fifth Amendment Claims 22 The Court acknowledges that plaintiff’s first amended complaint (ECF No. 7) supersedes her 23 original complaint, but out of an abundance of caution, the Court addresses her Fifth Amendment claims 24 25 in her original complaint (ECF No. 1-1).3 Plaintiff states three Fifth Amendment claims in her original 1 complaint for “ineffective counsel,” “failure to pick up property,” and failure to communicate.” (ECF No. 2 1-1). Unlike her amended complaint, plaintiff’s original complaint identifies 42 U.S.C. § 1983 as the 3 4 method or vehicle through which plaintiff seeks vindication of federal rights. 5 Plaintiff’s original first Fifth Amendment claim is one for “ineffective counsel.” ECF No. 1-1 at 6 3. Plaintiff alleges that neither attorney “advocated for [her] at all” and that she never received a bail 7 hearing. ECF No. 1-1 at 2-3. The Court liberally construes that plaintiff is attempting to bring forth a Sixth 8 (not Fifth) Amendment claim for ineffective counsel. That said, regardless of the appropriate 9 Constitutional Amendment that applies, a § 1983 suit is not the proper avenue to sue Altig or Wells for 10 ineffective counsel, as discussed above. 11 The Court construes plaintiff’s claim for “failure to communicate” as a malpractice claim against 12 defendant Altig. A malpractice claim is a common law claim. An action under § 1983 is not the proper 13 avenue for common law claims, like a malpractice claim. See Villalobos v. Milone, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 14 181358, *3 (D. Nev. Nov. 5, 2014) (“[S]tate courts generally adjudicate claims for attorney malpractice, 15 and this Court does not have subject matter jurisdiction over the claim.”). Although supplemental 16 17 jurisdiction may allow for plaintiff to bring her state law claim, plaintiff cannot bring her state law claim 18 of attorney malpractice under § 1983 because her federal claims fail. See 28 U.S.C. § 1367 (“[T]he district 19 courts may decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over a claim under subsection (a) if the district 20 court has dismissed all claims over which it has original jurisdiction.”). Finally, the plaintiff initially 21 asserted her “failure to pick up property” as a Fifth Amendment claim in her original complaint. As 22 23 24

25 C3 oB ue rtc aa du dse r ep sl sa ei sn t ti hf ef’ cs lf ai if mth s p toag te h ew ea xs t em ni ts s thin ag t pa ln ad in b tie fc f a mus ae y i st tw illa bs eu n sec ele ka inr gw th oe bth re inr gp l mai an lt pi rf af cin tit ce en ad ne dd / oto r l ie na ev ffe e o ctu it v t eh ce o c ul nai sm els , the claims against defendants. disposed above, plaintiff restated her “failure to pick up property” as failed Eighth Amendment claim in 1 her First Amended Complaint. 2 Accordingly, 3 4 IT IS ORDERED that: 5 1. Plaintiff’s IFP application (ECF No. 6) is GRANTED. Plaintiff is not required to pay an initial 6 partial filing fee. 7 2. Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915, as amended by the Prison Litigation Reform Act, whenever 8 plaintiff’s account exceeds $10, the Florence McClure Women's Correctional Center must 9 forward payments from the account of Quiwaneca Spikes (1101769) to the Clerk of the United 10 States District Court, District of Nevada, 20% of the preceding month's deposits (in months 11 that the account exceeds $10.00) until the full $350 filing fee has been paid for this action. If 12 this action is dismissed, the full filing fee must still be paid pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(2). 13 3. If plaintiff is transferred, the Accounting Supervisor at Florence McClure Women's 14 Correctional Center is directed to send a copy of this Order to the new place of incarceration 15 and indicate the amount that plaintiff has paid towards her filing fee so that funds may continue 16 17 to be deducted from his account. 18 4. The Clerk of the Court must send a copy of this Order to the Finance Division of the Florence 19 McClure Women's Correctional Center Accounting Supervisor, 4370 Smiley Road, Las Vegas, 20 NV 89115. 21 5. Plaintiff’s Complaint (ECF No. 1-1) is superseded by plaintiff’s First Amended Complaint 22 (ECF No. 7). 23 6. Plaintiff’s First Amended Complaint (ECF No. 7) is DISMISSED WITHOUT PREJUDICE 24 25 7. If Plaintiff chooses to file an amended complaint curing the deficiencies of her First Amended 1 Complaint as outlined in this order, she must file the Second Amended Complaint within 60 2 days of the filing of this order. 3 4 8. The Clerk of the Court will send to Plaintiff the approved form for filing a § 1983 complaint, 5 instructions for the same, and a copy of her Complaint (ECF No. 1-1) and her First Amended 6 Complaint (ECF No. 6). If Plaintiff chooses to file an amended complaint, she must use the 7 approved form and write the words "Second Amended" above the words "Civil Rights 8 Complaint" in the caption. 9 9. If Plaintiff files an amended complaint, the Clerk of Court is directed NOT to issue summons 10 on the amended complaint. The Court will issue a screening order on the amended complaint 11 and address the issuance of summons at that time, if applicable. 12 NOTICE 13 14 Pursuant to Local Rules IB 3-1 and IB 3-2, a party may object to orders and reports and 15 recommendations issued by the magistrate judge. Objections must be in writing and filed with the Clerk 16 of the Court within fourteen days. LR IB 3-1, 3-2. The Supreme Court has held that the courts of appeal 17 may determine that an appeal has been waived due to the failure to file objections within the specified 18 time. Thomas v. Arn, 474 U.S. 140, 142 (1985). 19 This circuit has also held that (1) failure to file objections within the specified time and (2) failure 20 to properly address and brief the objectionable issues waives the right to appeal the District Court's order 21 22 and/or appeal factual issues from the order of the District Court. Martinez v. Ylst, 951 F.2d 1153, 1157 (9th 23 Cir. 1991); Britt v. Simi Valley United Sch. Dist., 708 F.2d 452, 454 (9th Cir. 1983). Pursuant to LR IA 3- 24 1, the plaintiff must immediately file a written notification with the court of any change of address. The 25 notification must include proof of service upon each opposing party’s attorney, or upon the opposing party if the party is unrepresented by counsel. Failure to comply with this rule may result in dismissal of the

5 action.

3 DATED this 1“ day of April 2024. 4 . fp 9) _— IT IS SO ORDERED. 4 AL 5 J? 6 Sf ff | Hon. Maximiliayo D. Couvillier II 7 United States Magistrate Judge 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25