Speer v. Erie Railroad

60 A. 197, 68 N.J. Eq. 615, 2 Robb. 615, 1905 N.J. LEXIS 175

• Court: Supreme Court of New Jersey
• Decided: March 6, 1905
• Status: Published

Opinion

The opinion of the court was delivered by

Swayze, J.

The facts of the case are stated in the opinion of the vice-chancellor. The bill was filed for the specific performance of a covenant in the deed from John A. Speer to the Montclair Railway Company, of which the defendant is the successor. The covenant required the railway company to provide the grantor “with a suitable and convenient road crossing across the track of said railway,” where the grantor might direct. The decree directed the railroad company to construct a tunnel through its embankment and across its right of way twelve feet wide and twelve feet high, and to maintain the tunnel at all times thereafter.

The rights of the complainant depend upon the provision in the deed, and not upon section 14 of the General Railroad law of 1873 (P. L. 1873 p. 88 Rev. 1877 p. 929, as amended in 1891; 2 Gen. Stat. p. 2661), nor upon the charter of the Montclair Railway Company. Section 14 of the General Railroad law, as originally passed, applied only to companies incorporated under the act. It is not necessary now to consider whether the clause subsequently inserted could affect railroads existing under a special charter, for there is aro proof that the Montclair railway, or. either of its successors, is within the terms of the description. The defeiaclant is the lessee of the New York and Greenwood Lake Railway Company, which acqiaired by foreclosure sales the property and franchises of the Montclair Railway Company. The last-named company was incorporated in 1867. P. L. 1867 p. 301. The provisions of its charter as to road crossings differ from the provisions of the General Railroad law, in that the charter requires the railway coaaapany to coaastruct and keep in repair bridges over or under the railway, where any public or other road shall cross the same, and oaarits the provision as to wagon ways where the railroad intersects the farm or lands of aaa individual. The provision as to the crossing of roads is intended for the protection of the public who. have the right to travel therein, and is applicable only to roads in which the public have such a right; these are public roads, private roads and by-roads. Green v. Morris and Essex Railroad Co., 24 N. J. Law (4 Zab.) 486, 490; Wood v. Hurd, 34 N. J. Law (5 Vr.) 87.

The provision as to wagon ways iaa the Geaaeral Railroad law is intended for the beaiefit of individual landowners, to secure them access from one portion of their lands to another, notwithstanding the construction of the railroad. The language of the General Railroad law is similar to the language comanoaaly used iaa railroad charters before the incorporation of the Moaatclair railway iaa 1867. Camden and Amboy Railroad (P. L. 1830 p. 88); New Jersey Railroad and Transportation Co. (P. L. 1832 p. 104); Morris and Essex Railroad (P. L. 1835 p. 29); Morris and Eastooa Railroad (P. L. 1837 p. 426); Somerville and Easton Railroad (P. L. 1847 p. 133).

The omissioaa of the usual provision as to wagon ways iaa the charter of the Moaatclair Railway Coaaapany indicates that the legislature did not intend to impose that burden oaa the coanpany.

The crossing involved in this ease was a mere wagon way connecting portions of the complainant’s lands, which had been severed by the construction of the railroad, aaacl was protected by bars and a fence, which tire deed compelled the railroad company to make and maintain.

Even if the charter provisions had been in the form usual at that date in railroad charters,-it would have been competent for the.owner of the land to agree with the railroad company as to the method of crossing, and where a deed for the land is made embodying such an agreement it is to that deed we must look for the obligations of the parties. Brearley v. Delaware and Raritan Canal Co., 20 N. J. Law (Spenc.) 236; Perry v. Pennsylvania Railroad Co., 55 N. J. Law (26 Vr.) 178, 184; Pipe Line Co. v. Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Co., 62 N. J. Law (33 Vr.) 254, 272.

In construing tire deed, we are helped by air examination of the language at that time common in railroad charters, and afterwards used in the General Railroad law. In all except the earliest — that of tire Canrden and Amboy — tire railroad company is required to construct passages “over or under” the railroad. The general law adds the word “across.” These citations from the statute suffice to show that from the beginning of railroads in this state a difference was recognized between a crossing over and a crossing under the railroad. The natural meaning of the expression used in the deed — -“a suitable and convenient road crossing across .the track of said railway” — is a grade crossing. And so the parties to tire deed themselves construed it at the time.

The decree of the court of chancery gives the owner of the land a tunnel under the railroad instead of the grade crossing provided for by the deed, at a cost of over $5,000 to the railroad company, for the sole benefit of land of the complainant worth about one-third that amount. Such a result could certainly not be deemed equitable unless the crossing provided for by the deed had become impracticable through the fault of the defendant. In this case the impracticability of maintaining the crossing in its former state is due to the enforced change of grade made by tire railroad company in obedience to- a decree of tire court of chancery, pursuant to the statute (P. L. 1895 p. 462; 2 Gen. Slat. p. 2717 pl. 343), in order to subserve tire advantage and safety of the public by doing away with a crossing at grade of the railroad and the street railway. It is inequitable to force the defendant to substitute for tire crossing which its predecessor in title agreed to give, a better passage of a different kind and much more onerous to the company — more onerous not merely in the first cost but in the future maintenance of the tunnel and the railroad structure above. The incapacity of the defendant to carry the contract into execution affords a ground of defence in a suit for specific performance (Fry Spec. Perf. § 658; Danforth v. Philadelphia and Cape May Short Line Co., 30 N. J. Eq. (3 Stew.) 12, 16), and even where it is possible to perform the contract specific performance is refused if the burden upon the defendant greatly outweighs the advantage to the complainant; in such case the party is left to his action at law for damages.

Instances where specific performance of contracts similar to the present has been denied by the courts are Murdfeldt v. New York, West Shore and Buffalo Railway Co., 102 N. Y. 703; 7 N. E. Rep. 404; Conger v. New York, West Shore and Buffalo Railway Co., 120 N. Y. 29; 23 N. E. Rep. 983; Goding v. Bangor and Aroostook Railroad Co., 94 Me. 542; 48 Atl. Rep. 114. An early case is Clarke v. Rochester, &c., Railroad Co., 18 Barb. 350. In that case the court refused specific performance because “a crossing would be of small value to the owner and would entail much expense on the company.” Judge Strong, in delivering the opinion of the court, said: “The court will never compel, a performance specifically, when, looking at all the circumstances on both sides, it is apparent that injustice would thereby be done.”

Most of the cases cited fi*om the New York reports by the respondent involved the performance by the railroad company of a statutory duty, and the courts held that it was no defence that the performance of that duty might be very onerous. The specific performance of a contract, of which exact performance is impossible, stands upon a different footing.

The case of Post v. West Shore Railroad Co., 123 N. Y. 580; 26 N. E. Rep. 7, is more like the present case, but there is this important difference: the change of the highway in that case was tire voluntary act of the railway company, although made to meet the objection of the highway commissioner to the road as at first proposed. Judge Andrews was careful to sa): “But the covenant with the plaintiff was not discharged by tire objection of the commissioner, for the company was under no legal compulsion to follow his direction in the matterIn the present case the company was under the compulsion of a decree of the very court which makes the present decree.

It is not physically impossible for the railroad to construct a grade crossing as the deed requires. It cannot, indeed, construct a grade crossing at exactly the same point of space; the change of grade makes that impossible. It has offered to construct a grade crossing -at the same point in its line, but at the new grade. To make such a crossing it will be necessary either to construct approaches on the company’s land parallel to and on both sides of its track, making a considerably greater distance for the complainant to travel, or to construct approaches at right angles to the track, for which purpose complainant’s land must be used. It has been held, in a similar case in Massachusetts, that the expense of preparing the approaches on his own land must be borne by the landowner (Williams v. Clark, Receiver, 140 Mass. 238; 5 N. E. Rep. 802, 804), but that case turned on the language of the deed, which required the railroad company to make a crossing entirely within the limits of the land conveyed, from which the court inferred that what was necessarily done outside of those limits must be done by the landowner, for the railroad company could not enter upon his lands without, committing a trespass.

In Storer v. Great Western Railway Co., 2 Younge & C. 48, the vice-chancellor decreed that the railroad company should perform its agreement and that the plaintiff must afford them all reasonable assistance in his power. The opinion states that the plaintiff undertook to put the railroad company in possession of the land necessary for the approaches.

In the present case the complainant is unwilling to accept a grade crossing with approaches constructed on the railroad company’s land, or to allow approaches to be constructed on his own land. He insists upon a tunnel.

Where specific performance of a contract in exact accordance with its terms has become impossible, the courts have, in some instances, required the defendant to perform as nearly as possible. Pom. Spec. Perf. §§ 296, 297. If that rule is applicable to a ease like the present, we think the methods of crossing proposed by the defendant both approximate more closely to- the original crossing than the tunnel. The complainant cannot, by rejecting those plans, equitably compel the defendant to give him such an entirely different passage at an expense nearly ten times as great.

Although we think the complainant is not entitled to a decree for specific performance; we think he is entitled to compensation for the destruction of his crossing. It is true, as counsel for the defendant argued, that he was bound to anticipate a possible change of grade in the railroad as public necessity might require. Central Railroad Co. ads. State, 32 N. J. Law (3 Vr.) 220, decided in 1867, three years before the date of the deed now in question. He was not bound to anticipate that Ms crossing would thereby be destroyed. The right of the railroad to change the grade as the need arose was subject to- an obligation to preserve fairly the private use. Nor can he be deprived of his crossing without compensation because tire change of grade was made under compulsion of the court of chancery. The change of grade did not make it necessary for the railroad company to destroy tire crossing; they might, if they had chosen, have built the tunnel which the complainant demands; and although we think it inequitable to give the complainant more than the deed entitles him to, we tMnk he is entitled to be made whole for what he has lost. He was. not bound to accept the new methods of crossing suggested by the defendant, since they differed materially from the crossing as it had existed. The only way in which the complainant can be made whole is by the payment to him of the value of what he has lost.

The jurisdiction of the court of chancery to award damages where both parties submit -themselves to- the jurisdiction of the court is established. The cases- are collected in Vice-Chancellor Pitney’s opinion, in Sparks Manufacturing Co. v. Town of Newton, 57 N. J. Eq. (12 Dick.) 367 (at pp. 392, 393), and the opinion in this respect met with the approval of this court. Ingersoll v. Newton, 60 N. J. Eq. (15 Dick.) 399.

The complainant has not submitted the question of damages to the court, and may not wish to do so. If he elects so to do the bill may be retained in order that the damages which the complainant has sustained by the destruction of the crossing may be ascertained by the court of chancery. If he does not so elect, the bill must be dismissed.

For affirmance — Pitney, Bogert, Voorhees, Green, Gray For reversal — Ti-ie Chiee-Justice, Dixon, Garrison, GarRETSON, SwAYZE, VREDENBURGH, VrOOM — 7.