Speed v. Perry

167 N.C. 122

Opinion

'Wai.keR, J.,

after stating tbe case: First, as to tbe description in tbe deed of Davis to Perry. It is familiar learning, which was aptly stated by Judge Gaston in Massey v. Belisle, 24 N. C., 170, tbat every deed of conveyance (or contract) must set forth a subject-matter, either certain in itself or capable of being reduced to a certainty by a recurrence to something extrinsic to which it refers. If the ambiguity in the description be latent, and not patent, oral evidence is admitted to fit the description to the thing intended. We have, therefore, held in Carson v. Ray, 52 N. C., 609, that the words, “my house and lot in the town of Jefferson, Ashe County, N. C.,” were sufficiently descriptive to let in proof for the identification of the lot, the Court saying in this connection: “A house and lot, or one house and lot in a particular town, would not do, because too indefinite on the face of the instrument itself. See Plummer v. Owens, Busb. Eq., 254; Murdock v. Anderson, 4 Jones’ Eq., 77. But hny house and lot’ imports a particular house and lot, rendered certain by the description that it is one which belongs to me, and upon the face of the instrument is quite as definite as if it had been described as the house and lot in which I now live, which is undoubtedly good.” And to the same effect is. the language of this Court in Mfg. Co. v. Hendricks, 106 N. C., 485, where it was said: “No decree, however, for specific performance can be granted the defendant unless £his land where he now lives’ (the descriptive words of the receipt) is fully identified by competent testimony. These words are. clearly susceptible of being applied to a particular well-defined tract of land — id cerium est, quod certum reddi potest — and if the defendant can supply the requisite proof, he will be entitled to relief.” Where a contract to convey land described the same as “one tract containing 193 acres, more or less, it being the interest in two shares, adjoining lands of J., B., E., O., and others,” it was held to be sufficiently definite to admit parol evidence to identify the land. Farmer v. Batts, 83 N. C., 387. Many cases of the same kind will be found collected in Blow v. Vaughn, 105 N. C., 198. The case of McLawhorn v. Worthington, 98 N. C., 199, is exactly in point to sustain the description here, as there the description was, “a part of the John Tripp land, adjoining the lands of B. W. and others, containing 100 acres,” the only difference between the two cases being that the description in this deed is the more definite of the two. See, also, Bateman v. Hopkins, 157 N. C., 470, where the description was, “the farm on which I now live,” and Murdock v. Anderson, 57 N. C., 77, where the descriptive words were, “my house and lot in the town of Hillsborough,” which is not substantially unlike this case. Hawes v. Lumber Co., 166 N. C., 101.

This brings us to the remarks of the court in connection with the motion to nonsuit. We think this language was calculated to prejudice the plaintiffs and unduly to weaken their cause before the jury. It should not have been used. The general tendency of it all was that it required the plaintiffs to carry a greater burden than the law imposed upon them. A judge may clearly indicate to a jury what impression the testimony has made upon his mind or what deduction should be made therefrom, without expressly stating bis opinion upon the facts. This may be done by bis manner or peculiar emphasis or by bis so arraying and presenting' the evidence as to give one of the parties an undue advantage over the other; or, again, the same result will follow the use of language or a form of expression calculated to impair the credit which might otherwise and under normal conditions be given by the jury to the testimony of one of the parties. S. v. Dancy, 78 N. C., 437; S. v. Jones, 67 N. C., 285. It can make no difference in what way the opinion of the judge is conveyed to the jury, whether directly or indirectly. The act forbids an intimation of his opinion in any and every form, the intent of the law being that each of the parties shall have an equal and a fair chance before the jury. Withers v. Lane, 144 N. C., 184. The learned and able judge who presided at the trial, inspired, no doubt, by a laudable motive and a profound sense of justice, was perhaps too zealous that what he conceived .to be the right should prevail; but just here the law, conscious of the frailty of human nature at its best, both on the bench and in the jury box, intervenes and imposes its restraint upon the judge, enjoining strictly that he shall not in any manner sway the jury by imparting to them the slightest knowledge of his own opinion of the case. The English practice and also the Federal practice permit this -to be done, but not ours. With us the jury are the sole and independent triers of the facts, and we hold-the right of trial by jury to be sacred and inviolable. Any impairment of this right to have the jury try the facts uninfluenced by any intimation of opinion of the court in regard thereto, is forbidden by express enactment. Eevisal, sec. 535. What Judge Nash said in Nash v. Morton, 48 N. C., 3, is applicable here: “We all know how earnestly, in general, juries seek to ascertain the opinion of the judge who is trying the cause upon the controverted facts, and how willing they are to shift their responsibility from themselves to the court. The governing object of the act was to guard against such results and to throw upon the jurors themselves the responsibility of responding to the facts of the case. Nor is it pl’oper for a judge to lead the jury to their conclusion on the facts.” We follow this clear statement of the rule in Withers v. Lane, supra, where we said: “The books disclose the fact that able and upright judges have sometimes overstepped the limit fixed by the law; but as often as it has been done this Court has enforced the injunction of the statute and restored the injured party to the fair and equal opportunity before the, jury which had been lost by reason of the transgression, however innocent it may have been; and we must do as our predecessors have done in like cases. Our view that the charge violates the statute is sustained by the cases already cited, to which the following may be added: S. v. Bailey, 60 N. C., 137; S. v. Thomas, 29 N. C., 381; S. v. Pressley, 35 N. C., ; S. v. Rogers, 93 N. C., 525; S. v. Dick, 60 N. C., 440; Reel v. Reel, 9 N. C., 63; Reiger v. Davis, 67 N. C., 185; S. v. Davis, 15 N. C., 612; Sprinkle v. Martin, 71 N. C., 411. Powell v. R. R., 68 N. C., 395, seems to be very much in point, and tbe following language of Justice Rodman is applicable to tbis case: ‘We tbink tbat tbe general tone of tbe instructions is warmer and more animated tban is quite consistent witb tbe moderation and reserve of expression proper in stating tbe evidence to tbe jury in a plain and correct manner, and declaring and explaining tbe law arising tbereon. There are passages wbicb a jury might fairly understand (though not intended) as expressing an opinion on tbe facts.’ ” Our statute was adopted to maintain inviolate tbat popular arbiter of rights, trial by jury, wbicb was, without some such provision, constantly in danger from tbe will of tbe judge acting upon men mostly passive in their natures, and disposed to shift responsibility from their shoulders to bis. S. v. Dick, 60 N. C., 440. Not tbe slightest intentional wrong can be imputed to tbe judge who presided at tbe trial below. Tbe error is one of those casualties wbicb may take place to tbe most circumspect in tbe progress of a cause being tried on tbe circuit, but when once committed, however, it was irrevocable. It was almost, if not quite, impossible to eradicate tbe unfavorable impression wbicb tbe words made upon tbe jury as against tbe plaintiffs. S. v. Dick, supra. We also refer to these cases: S. v. Cook, 162 N. C., 588; Park v. Exum, 156 N. C., 228. We said very recently in Starr v. Oil Co., 165 N. C., 587: “Courts should be very careful to safeguard tbe fights of litigants and to be as nearly sure as possible tbat each party shall stand before tbe jury on equal terms witb bis adversary, and not be hampered, in tbe prosecution or defense of bis cause, by extraneous considerations wbicb militate against a fair bearing.” And again in Hensley v. Furniture Co., 164 N. C., at p. 152: “It is tbe highest prerogative of tbe judge, in any court, and bis bounden duty as well, to see tbat tbe rights of parties before tbe law are not prejudiced or impaired by irrelevant or foreign matters of any kind, and for tbis purpose be is endowed witb plenary authority. But in tbis case tbe learned judge, intending doubtless to enforce what appeared to him to be tbe legal rights of tbe defendant, went too far.” No extraneous and irrelevant consideration should be permitted to bias tbe minds of tbe jury in finding tbe truth as to tbe matter submitted to them. Ray v. Patterson, 165 N. C., 512. In tbis case it was tbe tone of tbe judge wbicb was calculated to impress tbe jury witb tbe idea tbat, in tbe opinion of tbe court, tbe defendant (Billy Perry) was entitled to something, and tbat be did not intend “tbat be should have nothing for bis sweat.”. While tbe judge referred to tbe services rendered, they were so intimately interwoven witb tbe other branch of tbe case as to tbe validity of tbe deed, not so much in respect to the description of the land, but with regard to the question of fraud and undue influence, and in that connection, having an especial bearing upon the consideration of the deed which was based on the services alleged to have been rendered, as to seriously handicap the plaintiffs in presenting that question to the jury, the idea, at last, being that he should have either the land or the money for his services. The- judge should simply have ruled upon the motion for a nonsuit, without any discussion as to the rights of the defendant in the premises; but his remarks, while innocently made, tended to prejudice the plaintiffs in presenting their case to the jury, although there may not have been any direct intimation of opinion against them. While perhaps a commendable plea for justice, it was not altogether harmless to the plaintiffs. We look at the effect the remarks will probably produce, and discard the motive, however good, or even righteous, it may be.

There is another question in the case: The plaintiffs have shown no right to bring this suit. They have no cause of action. The real estate did not vest in them, unless there is a provision in the will to that effect, which is not yet shown. This Court held in Floyd v. Herring, 64 N. C., 409, following Ferebee v. Proctor, 19 N. C., 439, that “A personal representative has no control of the freehold estate of the deceased, unless it is vested in him by a will, or where there is a deficiency of personal assets and he obtains a license to sell real estate.for the payment of debts. The control derived from a will may be either a naked power of sale or a power coupled with an interest. The heir of the testator is not divested of the estate which the law casts 'upon him, by any power or trust, until it is executed.” See, also, Womble v. George, 64 N. C., 759; Fike v. Green, ibid., 665; Beam v. Jennings, 89 N. C., 451; Holton v. Jones, 133 N. C., at p. 401; Munds v. Cassidy, 98 N. C., 558; Perkins v. Presnell, 100 N. C., 220; Gay v. Grant, 101 N. C., at p. 219.

It is admitted that Mr. Davis’s estate is solvent, he having had valuable property not encumbered by any debt. This being so, the executors cannot even sell to pay debts, for there are none. We do not know what disposition is made of the estate in the will, and unless they have acquired a right under it to bring this action, they are without any standing in the court. Blit counsel for both parties requested us not to dismiss the suit on that account, for they wished to try it on its merits, and as in one aspect of the case the executors may become proper parties, we have concluded, as the will is not before us, merely to grant a new trial for the reason above stated, so that the heirs or devisees, as the case may require, can come in and make themselves parties, but as plaintiffs only, as they cannot be brought in against their will, for the purpose of permitting the plaintiffs to attack the deed through them. Their action must be free, as they may elect, if they so desire, to abide by tbeir ancestor’s deed, wbetber it was purely voluntary or given as a reward or compensation for services rendered. Tbe rule wbicb we have just mentioned is well expressed in Beam v. Jennings, 89 N. C., 451. In that case, Justice Ashe, with his usual clearness and vigor of style, has stated the final conclusion in this Court upon the question whether, when a power of sale is conferred in a will, the land descends to the heirs or vests in the devisees until the power is fully executed. He remarks that, “On this question there is, in the decisions of the courts and among the text-writers, considerable diversity of opinion. Some hold, with whom is Mr. Hargrave, in his note on Coke Litt., 113, that whether the devise be to the executors to sell the land, or that the executors shall sell, or that the land be sold by the executors, a fee simple will be vested in the executors; but in Sugden on Powers, 133, and 'Williams on Executors, 579, it is laid down that until a sale by the executors, where a power of sale of land is given’ by the will, the land descends in the interim to the heirs at law.” He then approves what is said by Chief Justice Ruffin in Ferebee v. Proctor, supra, that “Nothing can defeat the heirs but a valid disposition to another. Whatever is not given away to some person must descend. The heir takes, not by the bounty of the testator, but by the force of the law, even against the express declaration of the testator to the contrary. If the will does not devise the land, but. creates a power to sell it, then upon the execution of the power the purchaser is in under the will, as if his name had been inserted in it as devisee. But in the meantime the land descends, and the estate is in the heir. The power is not the estate, but only an authority over it and a legal capacity to convey it. This, we think, settles the question.” We have restated the rule so that there may be no, misapprehension, in the further progress of the case, as to what kind of interest the executors must have acquired under the will in order to divest the estate of the heirs or devisees.

It may be advisable that we should direct attention to the statute which authorizes the personal representative of a decedent to sell his land for the payment of his debts, where the personal property is insufficient for that purpose. Eevisal, section 69, provides for undevised real estate to be sold first, and section 70 for the sale of such real property as has been conveyed by an heir or devisee within two years from the grant of letters, which cqnveyances are declared void, as to creditors and the personal representative, except those made to bona fide purchasers for value and without notice, but which are declared valid if made after the two years. Section 71 provides for the sale by the personal representative or his successor in office, as the case may require, of such land as has been conveyed to him for the benefit of the estate ’he represents, in the manner and upon the terms prescribed in the statute. Section 72 provides that real estate subject to sale under the statute shall include all the deceased has conveyed in fraud of his creditors, all rights of entry and of action, and all other rights and interests in lands, tenements, or hereditaments which he may devise, or by law would descend to his heirs, the right of bond fide purchasers for value and without notice being protected by a proviso.

The above synopsis of the statute shows that the executor’s right to sue for the purpose of setting aside his testator’s deed for fraud, undue influence, or to attack it for lack of a sufficient description of the land, does not exist, except under special circumstances, when the right, for instance, is derived from the will, or it is necessary to do so to provide a fund for the payment of the decedent’s debts.

A new trial is, therefore, awarded, with directions that, if the heirs or devisees, as the case may be, refuse to come in, the action be dismissed, unless, by the will, it appears that plaintiffs have acquired the right to assail the conveyance, as trustees or otherwise, in accordance with the rule laid down in the cases cited, the executors, merely as such, having no interest in the land of their testator.

New trial.

Clark, C. J., did not sit.