NAHMIAS, Justice.
Appellant Randall Spearman was convicted of felony murder, aggravated assault, and concealing a death in connection with the killing of his wife, Adrienne Spearman. On appeal, he contends that the trial court (1) should have merged the guilty verdict for aggravated assault based on his choking the victim into his felony murder conviction; (2) erred in denying his request for a voluntary manslaughter instruction; and (3) violated OCGA § 17-8-57 by making an impermissible comment to the jury. Our review of the record shows that only Appellant’s first contention has merit. We therefore affirm his convictions for felony murder and concealing a death, but we vacate his conviction and sentence for aggravated assault based on choking the victim.
1. (a) Viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict, the evidence presented at trial showed the following. Appellant and Adrienne Spearman, who got married in 2002, had a volatile relationship. On October 20, 2003, Appellant pled guilty to aggravated battery after he broke Adrienne’s collarbone. James Watkins, who occasionally stayed at the Spearmans’ home, testified that one night he was awoken at 3:00 a.m. by Adrienne’s screaming and saw that Appellant had her by the throat and it looked like she had been hit in
the face. Lisa Little, a close friend of the Spearmans, testified that about a week before Adrienne’s death, Adrienne had come to talk to her with a bruised chin. Adrienne said that Appellant had caused the injury by head-butting her and added, “He’s going to kill me one day.”
On the evening of January 13, 2004, Appellant and his wife were visiting Little and her husband, Johnny Young, who lived nearby. After Appellant and Adrienne got into an argument, Adrienne left and began walking home. Appellant and Young drove after her. She refused to get in the car, so Appellant got out of the car and walked with her as Young drove away. That was the last time anyone other than Appellant saw Adrienne alive.
Over the next few weeks, when Appellant was asked about his wife, he would say that she had run off with some biker friends, telling this story to Little, Young, and Watkins, as well as the owner of a pawn shop where he went to pawn Adrienne’s ring. When Little asked Appellant if he had done anything to Adrienne, he “just dropped his head.”
In early February 2004, Adrienne’s daughter, Ashley Watson, called Appellant and asked where her mother was. She did not believe him when he said that her mother had left with “some biker buddies.” After calling other people who knew her mother and still being unable to locate her, Watson filed a missing person’s report with the Franklin County Sheriff’s Department. In response, two officers went to the Spearmans’ address, where several trailers were located. The officers knocked at the main trailer and got no answer. The officers then looked in the windows of the trailer next to the main trailer and saw a body partially covered by a sleeping bag. It was Adrienne. The medical examiner concluded that she had been killed by compression of her neck and chest. The medical examiner also noted bruising and a laceration in her mouth, likely caused by a blow to the mouth before her death, and abrasions on her arms and chest, likely caused by being dragged to a different location. On the wall in the bedroom of the main trailer, investigators found blood that DNA testing showed to be Adrienne’s.
Appellant, who was no longer living in the main trailer, was located by investigators and asked about his wife’s whereabouts. He denied any involvement with her death, claiming that he did not know where she was and that a man named “Dread” — a member of the Crips gang with whom Appellant had supposedly fought — had left a note on his door implying that he had taken Adrienne.
Appellant’s story evolved, however, as the investigation proceeded. When interviewed at the Sheriff’s office, Appellant admitted that he had made up the story about Dread to deflect suspicion, and he then offered, over the course of 12 hours, at least four different
accounts of the night of Adrienne’s death. In the first few versions, Appellant said he played no role in her death. The final version went like this: Appellant and his wife had been drinking heavily. After they got home from visiting Little and Young, she argued with him and became physically aggressive, so he hit her with an open hand “to get her to calm down.” They struggled and, while standing behind her, he grabbed her “about the neck and the chest using both of his arms and both of his legs.” He held her and talked to her “until she quit fighting,” and when he released her, she fell to the floor and did not move.
After the interview, Appellant was held at the Franklin County detention center, where he told a detention officer, “I killed my wife.” Later that night, he told another detention officer that “he had been unconscious, and he woke up, and his hands were around [his wife’s] throat, and she was dead.” Two days later, Appellant told one of the officers who had interviewed him “that he wished to be put to death because he could not live with what he done with [her],” and that he was sorry for lying about her death.
At trial, Appellant told yet another story. He testified that he and his wife had been drunk that night; they had argued; and he left their trailer. Appellant first went to Little and Young’s trailer, but when no one answered a knock, he decided to sleep in their van. When he returned to his trailer the next morning, Adrienne was asleep in their bed. He then left for work, and when he returned home the next day, she was gone. Appellant claimed that the other versions of his wife’s death that he had provided were not true and were given in response to suggestive hypothetical questions, that his statements to the detention officers were misunderstood, and that his previous incidents of violence against his wife were accidents.
(b) The evidence presented at trial and summarized above was sufficient to authorize a rational jury to find Appellant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of the crimes for which the jury returned guilty verdicts. See
Jackson v. Virginia,
443 U. S. 307, 319 (99 SCt 2781, 61 LE2d 560) (1979). See also
Vega v. State,
285 Ga. 32, 33 (673 SE2d 223) (2009) (“It was for the jury to determine the credibility of the witnesses and to resolve any conflicts or inconsistencies in the evidence.” (citation and punctuation omitted)).
Appellant contends, however, that the trial court erred when it merged only the guilty verdict for aggravated assault based on “grabbing [Adrienne] about the neck and chest and squeezing, causing neck and chest compression” (Count 3) into his felony murder conviction (Count 2), and entered a separate conviction and sentence for aggravated assault based on “choking” her (Count 4). We agree. A conviction for aggravated assault normally merges with a murder
conviction in “the absence of evidence that the victim suffered a nonfatal injury prior to a deliberate interval in the attack upon him, and a fatal injury thereafter.”
Alvelo v. State,
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NAHMIAS, Justice.
Appellant Randall Spearman was convicted of felony murder, aggravated assault, and concealing a death in connection with the killing of his wife, Adrienne Spearman. On appeal, he contends that the trial court (1) should have merged the guilty verdict for aggravated assault based on his choking the victim into his felony murder conviction; (2) erred in denying his request for a voluntary manslaughter instruction; and (3) violated OCGA § 17-8-57 by making an impermissible comment to the jury. Our review of the record shows that only Appellant’s first contention has merit. We therefore affirm his convictions for felony murder and concealing a death, but we vacate his conviction and sentence for aggravated assault based on choking the victim.
1. (a) Viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict, the evidence presented at trial showed the following. Appellant and Adrienne Spearman, who got married in 2002, had a volatile relationship. On October 20, 2003, Appellant pled guilty to aggravated battery after he broke Adrienne’s collarbone. James Watkins, who occasionally stayed at the Spearmans’ home, testified that one night he was awoken at 3:00 a.m. by Adrienne’s screaming and saw that Appellant had her by the throat and it looked like she had been hit in
the face. Lisa Little, a close friend of the Spearmans, testified that about a week before Adrienne’s death, Adrienne had come to talk to her with a bruised chin. Adrienne said that Appellant had caused the injury by head-butting her and added, “He’s going to kill me one day.”
On the evening of January 13, 2004, Appellant and his wife were visiting Little and her husband, Johnny Young, who lived nearby. After Appellant and Adrienne got into an argument, Adrienne left and began walking home. Appellant and Young drove after her. She refused to get in the car, so Appellant got out of the car and walked with her as Young drove away. That was the last time anyone other than Appellant saw Adrienne alive.
Over the next few weeks, when Appellant was asked about his wife, he would say that she had run off with some biker friends, telling this story to Little, Young, and Watkins, as well as the owner of a pawn shop where he went to pawn Adrienne’s ring. When Little asked Appellant if he had done anything to Adrienne, he “just dropped his head.”
In early February 2004, Adrienne’s daughter, Ashley Watson, called Appellant and asked where her mother was. She did not believe him when he said that her mother had left with “some biker buddies.” After calling other people who knew her mother and still being unable to locate her, Watson filed a missing person’s report with the Franklin County Sheriff’s Department. In response, two officers went to the Spearmans’ address, where several trailers were located. The officers knocked at the main trailer and got no answer. The officers then looked in the windows of the trailer next to the main trailer and saw a body partially covered by a sleeping bag. It was Adrienne. The medical examiner concluded that she had been killed by compression of her neck and chest. The medical examiner also noted bruising and a laceration in her mouth, likely caused by a blow to the mouth before her death, and abrasions on her arms and chest, likely caused by being dragged to a different location. On the wall in the bedroom of the main trailer, investigators found blood that DNA testing showed to be Adrienne’s.
Appellant, who was no longer living in the main trailer, was located by investigators and asked about his wife’s whereabouts. He denied any involvement with her death, claiming that he did not know where she was and that a man named “Dread” — a member of the Crips gang with whom Appellant had supposedly fought — had left a note on his door implying that he had taken Adrienne.
Appellant’s story evolved, however, as the investigation proceeded. When interviewed at the Sheriff’s office, Appellant admitted that he had made up the story about Dread to deflect suspicion, and he then offered, over the course of 12 hours, at least four different
accounts of the night of Adrienne’s death. In the first few versions, Appellant said he played no role in her death. The final version went like this: Appellant and his wife had been drinking heavily. After they got home from visiting Little and Young, she argued with him and became physically aggressive, so he hit her with an open hand “to get her to calm down.” They struggled and, while standing behind her, he grabbed her “about the neck and the chest using both of his arms and both of his legs.” He held her and talked to her “until she quit fighting,” and when he released her, she fell to the floor and did not move.
After the interview, Appellant was held at the Franklin County detention center, where he told a detention officer, “I killed my wife.” Later that night, he told another detention officer that “he had been unconscious, and he woke up, and his hands were around [his wife’s] throat, and she was dead.” Two days later, Appellant told one of the officers who had interviewed him “that he wished to be put to death because he could not live with what he done with [her],” and that he was sorry for lying about her death.
At trial, Appellant told yet another story. He testified that he and his wife had been drunk that night; they had argued; and he left their trailer. Appellant first went to Little and Young’s trailer, but when no one answered a knock, he decided to sleep in their van. When he returned to his trailer the next morning, Adrienne was asleep in their bed. He then left for work, and when he returned home the next day, she was gone. Appellant claimed that the other versions of his wife’s death that he had provided were not true and were given in response to suggestive hypothetical questions, that his statements to the detention officers were misunderstood, and that his previous incidents of violence against his wife were accidents.
(b) The evidence presented at trial and summarized above was sufficient to authorize a rational jury to find Appellant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of the crimes for which the jury returned guilty verdicts. See
Jackson v. Virginia,
443 U. S. 307, 319 (99 SCt 2781, 61 LE2d 560) (1979). See also
Vega v. State,
285 Ga. 32, 33 (673 SE2d 223) (2009) (“It was for the jury to determine the credibility of the witnesses and to resolve any conflicts or inconsistencies in the evidence.” (citation and punctuation omitted)).
Appellant contends, however, that the trial court erred when it merged only the guilty verdict for aggravated assault based on “grabbing [Adrienne] about the neck and chest and squeezing, causing neck and chest compression” (Count 3) into his felony murder conviction (Count 2), and entered a separate conviction and sentence for aggravated assault based on “choking” her (Count 4). We agree. A conviction for aggravated assault normally merges with a murder
conviction in “the absence of evidence that the victim suffered a nonfatal injury prior to a deliberate interval in the attack upon him, and a fatal injury thereafter.”
Alvelo v. State,
290 Ga. 609, 611-612 (724 SE2d 377) (2012). See also
Slaughter v. State,
292 Ga. 573, 575 (740 SE2d 119) (2013). In this case, the indictment charged two separate counts of aggravated assault, but the evidence did not indicate that the choking of the single victim was separated by a deliberate interval, or was even a separate act, from the compression of her neck and chest that the medical examiner opined was the cause of her death. Accordingly, we vacate Appellant’s conviction and sentence on Count 4 of the indictment.
2. Appellant contends that the trial court erred in declining his request for a jury instruction on voluntary manslaughter.
A person commits the offense of voluntary manslaughter when he causes the death of another human being under circumstances which would otherwise be murder if he acts solely as the result of a sudden, violent, and irresistible passion resulting from serious provocation sufficient to excite such passion in a reasonable person ....
OCGA § 16-5-2 (a). Thus, a voluntary manslaughter charge is not required when there is no evidence that the defendant was “seriously provoked by [the victim] and reacted passionately.”
Daniels v. State,
276 Ga. 632, 634 (580 SE2d 221) (2003).
A voluntary manslaughter instruction clearly was not required in this case based on the evidence regarding Appellant’s several initial versions of the events surrounding Adrienne Spearman’s death, or the version to which he testified at trial, in all of which he claimed not to have killed his wife. In the remaining version, Appellant claimed that he and Adrienne got drunk and argued, that she became physically aggressive, that he slapped her, and then when they struggled, he grabbed her from behind and squeezed her neck and chest until she quit fighting and collapsed. But even in that account, Appellant never suggested that he acted solely out of anger or other irresistible passion; to the contrary, he said that his intent in hitting and squeezing Adrienne was “to get her to calm down” and keep her from hitting him. That evidence, therefore, also did not support a jury instruction on voluntary manslaughter. See, e.g.,
Hale v. State,
274 Ga. 863, 864 (561 SE2d 70) (2002) (holding that the defendant’s fear that the victim was about to attack him did not require a voluntary manslaughter charge because there was no evidence that he was “ ‘so influenced and excited that he reacted passionately rather than simply in an attempt to defend himself’ ”
(citation omitted));
Worthem v. State,
270 Ga. 469, 471 (509 SE2d922) (1999) (“A charge on voluntary manslaughter is not available to a defendant whose own statement unequivocally shows that he was not angered or impassioned when a killing occurred, and when the other evidence does not show otherwise.”). To the extent that this one version of events suggested that Appellant grabbed Adrienne and squeezed her too hard to stop her from fighting him, the trial court instructed the jury on involuntary manslaughter and the affirmative defense of justification. Appellant was entitled to no more. See
Daniels,
276 Ga. at 634.
3. At the outset of the trial, the court said to the jury:
I greatly apologize for the delay, but there were some matters that we needed to take up outside your presence, but we are ready to start with our opening statements. I explained basically how the trial will go, who presents the evidence first, and direct examination and so forth. If you will listen to the evidence, listen to all the witnesses, both the direct examination and the cross examination of all the witnesses that testify in this case, listen to the argument that counsel will make at the close of the evidence, and listen to the charge of the law that I give you at the close of the case, you need to hear all of that before you can make up your mind about any of the issues in the case.
In other words, what I am saying is don’t jump to conclusions. This is not Law and Order, this is not Matlock; this ain’t CSI. It’s none of that stuff. That stuff is entertainment, but, folks, they wrap that up in forty minutes. And this is the real world. It doesn’t happen like that. They cut corners, that — this is the real deal. So don’t expect anybody to jump up in the back of the courtroom like they used to do on Perry Mason. It’s just not going to happen. And the wheels of justice turn slowly, but they turn surely. And what — the things that we do may not be — the reason for them may not be apparent to you, but our trial practice in this country has developed over 200 and some odd years of our existence, and it’s based on the English common law and everything we do has a purpose for it, although you may not understand what that purpose is.
Focusing on the phrase “They cut corners,” Appellant contends that the trial court reduced the State’s burden of proof by implying that the jury should expect and excuse “sub-par” work from the
investigators and prosecutors involved in this case. Appellant maintains that the court thereby made an improper comment to the jury in violation of O CGA § 17-8-57, requiring a new trial. OCGA § 17-8-57 says: “It is error for any judge in any criminal case, during its progress or in his charge to the jury, to express or intimate his opinion as to what has or has not been proved or as to the guilt of the accused.” Appellant did not obj ect to the court’s comment when it was made, but his claim may nevertheless be reviewed on appeal. See id. (“Should any judge violate this Code section, the violation shall be held by the Supreme Court or Court of Appeals to be error and the decision in the case reversed, and a new trial granted in the court below . . . .”);
Murphy v. State,
290 Ga. 459, 461 (722 SE2d 51) (2012) (explaining that a violation of OCGA § 17-8-57 is always “plain error,” so that counsel’s failure to object contemporaneously does not preclude appellate review).
Decided January 21, 2014.
Christopher R. Geel,
for appellant.
D. Parks White, District Attorney, Adam C. Schroeder, Jean G. Mangan, Assistant District Attorneys, Samuel S. Olens, Attorney General, PatriciaB. Attaway Burton, Deputy Attorney General, Paula K. Smith, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Katherine T. Parvis, Assistant Attorney General,
for appellee.
Appellant mischaracterizes the trial court’s statement. In context, it is clear that the court was saying that it is the people involved with television shows who “cut corners,” not anyone involved in this case. The trial judge’s view of the criminal justice system as depicted for entertainment value did not “express or intimate his opinion as to what has or has not been proved or as to the guilt of the accused” in this case. OCGA § 17-8-57. Advising jurors that real-world criminal investigations and trials take longer than they do in crime shows may not be an advisable practice, but it is not reversible error.
Judgment affirmed in part and vacated in part.
All the Justices concur.