JUDGE LEWIS
DELIVERED THE OPINION OF THE COURT.
James Sparks and* William C. Craves having been tried together, each convicted of manslaughter, and sentenced to the penitentiary for twenty-one years under a joint indictment, charging them and one William Hodges with the murder of Walter Killion in pursuance of a previous conspiracy, prosecute this appeal. Hodges, demanding a separate trial, is not a party to the appeal.
The homicide was committed in a small village in Laurel county, called Lilly, a railway station, in front of and near to a storehouse where appellants, as partners, were engaged in selling goods, beer, and probably spirituous liquors.. In the side or end of the store-house fronting the street and railway depot, about fifty steps off, was a door, and a window on each side of it, and from one of the windows was fired at the deceased a shotgun, and from the other a pistol, both of which took effect, and very soon after receiving the last wound he fell and died. The evidence shows that a week or two before he was killed, without any sufficient cause appearing, the deceased took offense at Sparks, and to a witness made a threat of violence, cursing him at the same time. [647]*647'One week before he was killed the deceased went to the store-honse of appellants and purchased a quart of whisky, but refusing to pay the price asked, and threatening to make Graves, who had filled his botble, take a less sum for itj Sparks interposed, and to prevent a fuss, as he said, offered himself to pay the difference, whereupon the deceased, without any provocation, turned upon him with a drawn pistol, compelled him to hold up his hands to show he was not armed, and Sparks, in fear of losing his life, ran out of his store-house, followed by the deceased, who fired two or three shots at him as he ran. A day or two afterward the deceased told a witness he would have to kill Sparks. On the day of the killing the deceased, who appears not to have been a resident of the place, went to Lilly, and, in company of others, took position on the depot platform, where, for some time during the afternoon, they engaged in dancing, drinking and firing pistols; and afterwards the deceased was seen going' up the road with a pistol in his hand, calling to one Moore to stop, but the latter went on, and the deceased, without provocation, shot at him, near to where were women; and soon afterward the deceased said to a witness, with an oath, that they (mentioning no names) had said he, deceased, could not come to Lilly, but he had run Moore off, and he would run Sparks and Graves off, or shoot their entrails out; and to another witness he said, with an oath, Jim Sparks shall not live and stay in Lilly. A short while after this the deceased requested one Hopkins to go with him and help him whip Sparks and Graves, which Hopkins declined to do, whereupon he [648]*648upbraided Hopkins for cowardice, who told him they had been loading shotguns down there — meaning at the store-house of Sparks and Graves — all' the evening, and that he, deceased, must not go. To this the deceased replied profanely, “I can whip them both;” and unbuttoning his vest and the top button of his pants, drew his pistol up a short distance, but not out, and, with his hand on it, started from where he then was — near Johnson’s store — for appellants’ store, fifty or sixty yards off, and, though remonstrated Avith, continued to advance, and when he got to within about eight feet of the window the first shot was fired from the window at him, and then he fired. He then crossed the platform, as some Avitnesses testify, first trying to force the door, to the other Avindow, from which another shot was fired at him, the deceased himself firing three shots from first to last.
The evidence is somewhat conflicting as to the precise attitude of the deceased when the first shot Avas fired from the windoAv at him. All the witnesses agree that his right side was towards the house, but there is evidence tending to show that when first fired at his right hand was raised, and that if he did not fire simultaneously with, he did do so immediately after, the first shot fired at him, though there is other evidence to the contrary.
The first error we will notice is the refusal of the court to permit a declaration of the deceased, made a short time before he advanced towards the- storehouse of appellants, to go to the jury. That declaration, accompanied with an oath, was that he was [649]*649going to take Lilly. Clearly, the court erred in excluding this declaration from the jury; for while the threat was not, in terms, directed at appellants, there ,can be no doubt that he meant and referred to appellants, or at least to Sparks, who were then in their store-house, which was closed to prevent the deceased from entering; and in view of the fact that one Dicken, .his .friend and companion,, had just before returned from the store-house of appellants, the door of which he found fastened, and reported to the. deceased- that he had housed Lilly, it is clear that the -declaration of deceased which was excluded, had direct reference to appellants.
The next error is the refusal of the court to permit either Sparks or Graves to testify on the trial. An avowal was made that the former would testify as a witness that Graves had entered into no conspiracy ..with him to kill or injure the deceased, and did not fire a single shot, and had nothing whatever to do with the killing; and that Graves would testify that at the time the deceased was shot he was drawing his pistol, and that there was no conspiracy or com■bination whatever between him and Sparks to kill or harm the deceased. If there was no conspiracy established by the evidence, each of the appellants was .entitled to the evidence of the other; for it is not the object of the law to give to the Commonwealth’s Attorney the arbitrary power to deprive a defendant on trial of evidence essential for his defense by drawing a joint indictment, and charging a conspiracy between him and the witness to commit the crime, when, in fact, no conspiracy exists. A conspiracy is cor[650]*650rectly defined to be “a combination of two or more persons by some concerted action to accomplish some criminal or unlawful purpose, or to accomplish some purpose not in itself criminal or unlawful by criminal or unlawful means.”
It is the province of the court to determine whether a conspiracy charged in the indictment has been proved in order to pass upon the question of the admissibility of the evidence of a person so charged, and, from necessity, the decision'of that question must, to some extent, be left to the discretion of the trial court; but to deprive a person charged with a criminal offense of the testimony of one jointly indicted, with him, it should be made to reasonably appear from the evidence of the whole case that such conspiracy existed, and this court should never hesitate to revise the action of the lower court when it appears that thereby a defendant has been unjustly and illegally deprived of material evidence.
We have looked in vain through this record for a single act or word by appellant Graves, showing, or tending to show, that he confederated and conspired with Sparks, or any one else, to take the life or to injure the deceased in any way, or that he aided or assisted any one in taking his life.
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JUDGE LEWIS
DELIVERED THE OPINION OF THE COURT.
James Sparks and* William C. Craves having been tried together, each convicted of manslaughter, and sentenced to the penitentiary for twenty-one years under a joint indictment, charging them and one William Hodges with the murder of Walter Killion in pursuance of a previous conspiracy, prosecute this appeal. Hodges, demanding a separate trial, is not a party to the appeal.
The homicide was committed in a small village in Laurel county, called Lilly, a railway station, in front of and near to a storehouse where appellants, as partners, were engaged in selling goods, beer, and probably spirituous liquors.. In the side or end of the store-house fronting the street and railway depot, about fifty steps off, was a door, and a window on each side of it, and from one of the windows was fired at the deceased a shotgun, and from the other a pistol, both of which took effect, and very soon after receiving the last wound he fell and died. The evidence shows that a week or two before he was killed, without any sufficient cause appearing, the deceased took offense at Sparks, and to a witness made a threat of violence, cursing him at the same time. [647]*647'One week before he was killed the deceased went to the store-honse of appellants and purchased a quart of whisky, but refusing to pay the price asked, and threatening to make Graves, who had filled his botble, take a less sum for itj Sparks interposed, and to prevent a fuss, as he said, offered himself to pay the difference, whereupon the deceased, without any provocation, turned upon him with a drawn pistol, compelled him to hold up his hands to show he was not armed, and Sparks, in fear of losing his life, ran out of his store-house, followed by the deceased, who fired two or three shots at him as he ran. A day or two afterward the deceased told a witness he would have to kill Sparks. On the day of the killing the deceased, who appears not to have been a resident of the place, went to Lilly, and, in company of others, took position on the depot platform, where, for some time during the afternoon, they engaged in dancing, drinking and firing pistols; and afterwards the deceased was seen going' up the road with a pistol in his hand, calling to one Moore to stop, but the latter went on, and the deceased, without provocation, shot at him, near to where were women; and soon afterward the deceased said to a witness, with an oath, that they (mentioning no names) had said he, deceased, could not come to Lilly, but he had run Moore off, and he would run Sparks and Graves off, or shoot their entrails out; and to another witness he said, with an oath, Jim Sparks shall not live and stay in Lilly. A short while after this the deceased requested one Hopkins to go with him and help him whip Sparks and Graves, which Hopkins declined to do, whereupon he [648]*648upbraided Hopkins for cowardice, who told him they had been loading shotguns down there — meaning at the store-house of Sparks and Graves — all' the evening, and that he, deceased, must not go. To this the deceased replied profanely, “I can whip them both;” and unbuttoning his vest and the top button of his pants, drew his pistol up a short distance, but not out, and, with his hand on it, started from where he then was — near Johnson’s store — for appellants’ store, fifty or sixty yards off, and, though remonstrated Avith, continued to advance, and when he got to within about eight feet of the window the first shot was fired from the window at him, and then he fired. He then crossed the platform, as some Avitnesses testify, first trying to force the door, to the other Avindow, from which another shot was fired at him, the deceased himself firing three shots from first to last.
The evidence is somewhat conflicting as to the precise attitude of the deceased when the first shot Avas fired from the windoAv at him. All the witnesses agree that his right side was towards the house, but there is evidence tending to show that when first fired at his right hand was raised, and that if he did not fire simultaneously with, he did do so immediately after, the first shot fired at him, though there is other evidence to the contrary.
The first error we will notice is the refusal of the court to permit a declaration of the deceased, made a short time before he advanced towards the- storehouse of appellants, to go to the jury. That declaration, accompanied with an oath, was that he was [649]*649going to take Lilly. Clearly, the court erred in excluding this declaration from the jury; for while the threat was not, in terms, directed at appellants, there ,can be no doubt that he meant and referred to appellants, or at least to Sparks, who were then in their store-house, which was closed to prevent the deceased from entering; and in view of the fact that one Dicken, .his .friend and companion,, had just before returned from the store-house of appellants, the door of which he found fastened, and reported to the. deceased- that he had housed Lilly, it is clear that the -declaration of deceased which was excluded, had direct reference to appellants.
The next error is the refusal of the court to permit either Sparks or Graves to testify on the trial. An avowal was made that the former would testify as a witness that Graves had entered into no conspiracy ..with him to kill or injure the deceased, and did not fire a single shot, and had nothing whatever to do with the killing; and that Graves would testify that at the time the deceased was shot he was drawing his pistol, and that there was no conspiracy or com■bination whatever between him and Sparks to kill or harm the deceased. If there was no conspiracy established by the evidence, each of the appellants was .entitled to the evidence of the other; for it is not the object of the law to give to the Commonwealth’s Attorney the arbitrary power to deprive a defendant on trial of evidence essential for his defense by drawing a joint indictment, and charging a conspiracy between him and the witness to commit the crime, when, in fact, no conspiracy exists. A conspiracy is cor[650]*650rectly defined to be “a combination of two or more persons by some concerted action to accomplish some criminal or unlawful purpose, or to accomplish some purpose not in itself criminal or unlawful by criminal or unlawful means.”
It is the province of the court to determine whether a conspiracy charged in the indictment has been proved in order to pass upon the question of the admissibility of the evidence of a person so charged, and, from necessity, the decision'of that question must, to some extent, be left to the discretion of the trial court; but to deprive a person charged with a criminal offense of the testimony of one jointly indicted, with him, it should be made to reasonably appear from the evidence of the whole case that such conspiracy existed, and this court should never hesitate to revise the action of the lower court when it appears that thereby a defendant has been unjustly and illegally deprived of material evidence.
We have looked in vain through this record for a single act or word by appellant Graves, showing, or tending to show, that he confederated and conspired with Sparks, or any one else, to take the life or to injure the deceased in any way, or that he aided or assisted any one in taking his life. No threat to do him injury, nor any ill-feeling on his part towards the deceased, is shown; on the contrary, it appears from the evidence that he and the deceased were not hostile or unfriendly, the evidence tending to show that the hostility of the deceased was towards Sparks, and not towards Graves. The only circumstance from which a conspiracy could, in any state of case, be in[651]*651ferred, is the fact that when the deceased was shot Graves and Sparks were in the store-house together, the door of which was closed and fastened. But they were partners in that store; Graves had a right to be there, and his business required him to be there, and if the door was closed, it was done to prevent the threatened violence of the deceased, and done at the instance and upon the advice of persons who believed .and informed them it Avas necessary to prevent the deceased from carrying out his threats of violence towards Sparks, Avhose life he had attempted a week before to take, and Avas then threatening. It is shown that both the shots fired from the house might have been fired by one person, and no witness testifies that Graves fired a single shot, or even had a pistol or gun. It is only by a vague surmise, Avithout any ground for it, that Graves can be implicated in any manner. The evidence then not being sufficient to show that the conspiracy charged in the indictment did, in fact, exist, the court erred in refusing to permit appellants to each testify on- the trial as a Avitness.
The following instruction was asked by appellants, and, in our opinion, should have been given:
“If the jury believe from the evidence that defendants, or either of them, at the time of the killing, Avere in their oAvn house, and that they had reasona. able grounds to believe, and did believe, that Killion Avas then and there about to forcibly enter the same Avith the view of doing them, or either of them, great bodily harm, then they, or either of them, so believing, had the right to use such force as was necessary to prevent such entry and avert such threatened danger, even to the taking of his life.”
[652]*652We see no objection to this instruction. By the evidence it is shown that to prevent the deceased from taking the life of Sparks, or .doing him bodily harm,, which he repeatedly threatened to do, and by his demonstrations in full view of their store indicated his intention to do, and from his character, which was that of a determined, overbearing and dangerous man, they had reason to fear he would do, they were compelled to shut themselves for hours in their own business-house, and not even able to go to their dweliing-housefor their meals without having their lives endangered. The situation and circumstances were such as-to authorize the belief that his object in entering the store-house of a|>pellants, if such was his object, was to take the life or do great bodily injury to-them, or one of them, and as they had it closed, he coirld only enter by violence, which they clearly had the right to prevent.
As there is no proof of a conspiracy, the court erred in .giving any instructions based upon such a hypothesis ; and, in our opinion, the court was not authorized to give any instruction based upon the assumption, that appellant Graves aided and abetted Sparks in killing the deceased, for there was not, as the record now stands; any evidence whatever implicating Graves.
We think the appellants were also entitled to an affirmative instruction upon the hypothesis of self-defense and apparent necessity.
For the reasons indicated, the judgment as to both appellants is reversed, and cause remanded for a new trial, and further proceedings consistent with this, opinion.