Hill, C. J.,
dissenting. I can not concur in the opinion of the majority of the court. I think the decision of the court as heretofore rendered is right and should be adhered to. The suit was to recover damages against the railroad company for a violation of rule 9 of the Railroad Commission of the State. At the appearance term the defendant filed a plea of general issue, and at the trial term it filed an amendment to- the plea, which was disallowed by the court, and exceptions pendente lite were preserved. At the conclusion of the evidence the court directed a verdict for the plaintiff. The writ of error challenges the constitutionality of rule 9 on various grounds, and also the correctness of the ruling of the trial judge in disallowing the amendment to the plea and in subsequently, on the trial of the case, excluding from evidence testimony offered by the defendant tending to show that it had not violated that rule and was not indebted to the plaintiff in any sum on ac- . count of its failure to comply with the request to deliver the cars. This court certified to the‘Supreme Court the constitutional questions made, and also certified to the Supreme Court the question whether, as a matter of law, the defendant railroad company, .in defense to the action, could set up certain matters to prove that it was not at fault-in not furnishing the cars requested by the plaintiff, these matters of defense being covered by the amendment to the plea, which was disallowed by the court, and being also embraced in the testimony which was excluded from evidence by the court. The Supreme Court answered the questions certified to it, sustained the constitutionality of the rule in question, and also held that some of the defenses set up by the defendant and offered to be proved by it were valid and sufficient under the law. It is not necessary in this place to set out the defenses which the Supreme Court holds could be made by the railroad company in such case. Reference is had to the decision of the Supreme Court on that question as reported in 135 Ga. 135 (68 S. E. 807). As the trial court had expressly disallowed the amendment setting up the defenses, and had subsequently rejected the testimony which was offered under the plea of general issue (for the amendment had been rejected when the testimony was offered), this court, in a brief headnote, reversed the ruling of the trial court in excluding the evidence which [318]*318tlie Supreme Court held would, if proved, have constituted a valid and sufficient defense to the suit. I think the judgment of this court was a necessary corollary to the decision of the Supreme Court on’the question as to the sufficiency of the defense which the railroad company attempted to establish by the testimony which was excluded from evidence by the trial court. In my opinion this court should have gone further in its decision and should have also held that the trial court erred in disallowing the amendment to the plea. But regardless of the question whether the amendment to the plea was properly or improperly disallowed, I think that the testimony which was excluded by the trial judge set up matters of defense to the plaintiff’s cause of action, and was admissible under the general denial of liability filed by the defendant company. In other words, I do not think that the amendment which the court disallowed was essential to the introduction of the evidence which the Supreme Court held would constitute a good defense and which this court held that the lower court erred in rejecting.
My associates think that the amendment was properly disallowed because of the absence of the affidavit required by § 5057 of the Civil Code of'1895 as amended by the act of 1897 (Acts 1897, p. 35). Of course, the omission of this affidavit furnishes a reason for refusing to allow an amendment, offered at the trial term, of which notice was not given by the original plea or answer. They insist that the record does not disclose-upon what ground the trial judge based his judgment refusing to allow the amendment, and, as the omission of the affidavit was the only legal reason which he could have had for such refusal, they assume that his reason for so ruling was the fact that the amendment was not perfected by the statutory affidavit. I think it perfectly clear from the record that the trial court did not exclude the amendment because of the absence of the statutory affidavit referred to. I think the court treated this technical requirement of the law relating to the form of the affidavit as having been waived by the plaintiff, and that the amendment was disallowed because the allegations therein set up no defense to the suit. The record does not show that any specific objection to the amendment was made by the plaintiff because of the absence of the affidavit. On the contrary, it shows inferentially that this formal defect was waived. It can not be denied that the defect [319]*319in question is amendable. Ward v. Frick Company, 95 Ga. 804 (32 S. E. 899), Rodgers v. Caldwell, 122 Ga. 279 (50 S. E. 95). And I think it also clear that if the plaintiff does not object to the form of an amendment on this ground, he must be taken to have waived it. It seems to me that the plaintiff should be held to have waived this defect, if he does .not specifically object to the answer on that ground and allows the question raised by the proposed amendpient to be considered and decided on the merits. It would be unfair to the defendant not to afford him an opportunity to amend, by an objection as to the form of the proposed amendment. In the case of Ward v. Frick Company, supra, it was held: “It being, .under the pleading act of 1893, the duty of the judge of the superior court at each regular term to call all cases on the appearance docket, and hear and determine all objections made to the sufficiency of petitions and pleas, it is incumbent upon plaintiffs to make at that term their exceptions to pleas filed. Consequently, where to an action upon an unconditional contract in writing a plea was filed at the first term, which set forth a good defense, but was not sworn to by the defendants, and no objection was then made to it because of this defect, the plaintiff will be held to have waivecl the same so far as the term is concerned; and if, at a subsequent 'term, he moves to strike 'the plea because of such defect, the court should then allow the defendant to complete -the plea by a proper verification.” In the case of Rodgers v. Caldwell, supra, it is held that where 'a plaintiff verifies his petition in conformity with the provisions of the Civil Code of .1895, § 4965, the omission of the defendant to likewise verify a plea interposed by him is an amendable defect which can be taken advantage of by the plaintiff only at the appearance term of the case. Section 4965 of the Civil Code, supra, is mandatory. It says that the defendant shall verify his plea or answer, where the plaintiff files a petition accompanied by an affidavit that the facts stated therein are true to the best of his knowledge and belief; but under the act of 1897 the court can allow an amended answer or' plea without the affidavit, if within its discretion it sees proper to do so. And yet, under section 4965 of the Civil Code, if the plaintiff does not object to the form of the plea at the first term, he is held to have waived it; and by analogy it would seem to follow that when the amendment to the answer or plea is offered by the defendant, if the plaintiff does not object [320]*320to the amended plea or answer because of the omission of the affidavit required by the act of 1897, it would be a waiver of the formal defect. In 22
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Hill, C. J.,
dissenting. I can not concur in the opinion of the majority of the court. I think the decision of the court as heretofore rendered is right and should be adhered to. The suit was to recover damages against the railroad company for a violation of rule 9 of the Railroad Commission of the State. At the appearance term the defendant filed a plea of general issue, and at the trial term it filed an amendment to- the plea, which was disallowed by the court, and exceptions pendente lite were preserved. At the conclusion of the evidence the court directed a verdict for the plaintiff. The writ of error challenges the constitutionality of rule 9 on various grounds, and also the correctness of the ruling of the trial judge in disallowing the amendment to the plea and in subsequently, on the trial of the case, excluding from evidence testimony offered by the defendant tending to show that it had not violated that rule and was not indebted to the plaintiff in any sum on ac- . count of its failure to comply with the request to deliver the cars. This court certified to the‘Supreme Court the constitutional questions made, and also certified to the Supreme Court the question whether, as a matter of law, the defendant railroad company, .in defense to the action, could set up certain matters to prove that it was not at fault-in not furnishing the cars requested by the plaintiff, these matters of defense being covered by the amendment to the plea, which was disallowed by the court, and being also embraced in the testimony which was excluded from evidence by the court. The Supreme Court answered the questions certified to it, sustained the constitutionality of the rule in question, and also held that some of the defenses set up by the defendant and offered to be proved by it were valid and sufficient under the law. It is not necessary in this place to set out the defenses which the Supreme Court holds could be made by the railroad company in such case. Reference is had to the decision of the Supreme Court on that question as reported in 135 Ga. 135 (68 S. E. 807). As the trial court had expressly disallowed the amendment setting up the defenses, and had subsequently rejected the testimony which was offered under the plea of general issue (for the amendment had been rejected when the testimony was offered), this court, in a brief headnote, reversed the ruling of the trial court in excluding the evidence which [318]*318tlie Supreme Court held would, if proved, have constituted a valid and sufficient defense to the suit. I think the judgment of this court was a necessary corollary to the decision of the Supreme Court on’the question as to the sufficiency of the defense which the railroad company attempted to establish by the testimony which was excluded from evidence by the trial court. In my opinion this court should have gone further in its decision and should have also held that the trial court erred in disallowing the amendment to the plea. But regardless of the question whether the amendment to the plea was properly or improperly disallowed, I think that the testimony which was excluded by the trial judge set up matters of defense to the plaintiff’s cause of action, and was admissible under the general denial of liability filed by the defendant company. In other words, I do not think that the amendment which the court disallowed was essential to the introduction of the evidence which the Supreme Court held would constitute a good defense and which this court held that the lower court erred in rejecting.
My associates think that the amendment was properly disallowed because of the absence of the affidavit required by § 5057 of the Civil Code of'1895 as amended by the act of 1897 (Acts 1897, p. 35). Of course, the omission of this affidavit furnishes a reason for refusing to allow an amendment, offered at the trial term, of which notice was not given by the original plea or answer. They insist that the record does not disclose-upon what ground the trial judge based his judgment refusing to allow the amendment, and, as the omission of the affidavit was the only legal reason which he could have had for such refusal, they assume that his reason for so ruling was the fact that the amendment was not perfected by the statutory affidavit. I think it perfectly clear from the record that the trial court did not exclude the amendment because of the absence of the statutory affidavit referred to. I think the court treated this technical requirement of the law relating to the form of the affidavit as having been waived by the plaintiff, and that the amendment was disallowed because the allegations therein set up no defense to the suit. The record does not show that any specific objection to the amendment was made by the plaintiff because of the absence of the affidavit. On the contrary, it shows inferentially that this formal defect was waived. It can not be denied that the defect [319]*319in question is amendable. Ward v. Frick Company, 95 Ga. 804 (32 S. E. 899), Rodgers v. Caldwell, 122 Ga. 279 (50 S. E. 95). And I think it also clear that if the plaintiff does not object to the form of an amendment on this ground, he must be taken to have waived it. It seems to me that the plaintiff should be held to have waived this defect, if he does .not specifically object to the answer on that ground and allows the question raised by the proposed amendpient to be considered and decided on the merits. It would be unfair to the defendant not to afford him an opportunity to amend, by an objection as to the form of the proposed amendment. In the case of Ward v. Frick Company, supra, it was held: “It being, .under the pleading act of 1893, the duty of the judge of the superior court at each regular term to call all cases on the appearance docket, and hear and determine all objections made to the sufficiency of petitions and pleas, it is incumbent upon plaintiffs to make at that term their exceptions to pleas filed. Consequently, where to an action upon an unconditional contract in writing a plea was filed at the first term, which set forth a good defense, but was not sworn to by the defendants, and no objection was then made to it because of this defect, the plaintiff will be held to have waivecl the same so far as the term is concerned; and if, at a subsequent 'term, he moves to strike 'the plea because of such defect, the court should then allow the defendant to complete -the plea by a proper verification.” In the case of Rodgers v. Caldwell, supra, it is held that where 'a plaintiff verifies his petition in conformity with the provisions of the Civil Code of .1895, § 4965, the omission of the defendant to likewise verify a plea interposed by him is an amendable defect which can be taken advantage of by the plaintiff only at the appearance term of the case. Section 4965 of the Civil Code, supra, is mandatory. It says that the defendant shall verify his plea or answer, where the plaintiff files a petition accompanied by an affidavit that the facts stated therein are true to the best of his knowledge and belief; but under the act of 1897 the court can allow an amended answer or' plea without the affidavit, if within its discretion it sees proper to do so. And yet, under section 4965 of the Civil Code, if the plaintiff does not object to the form of the plea at the first term, he is held to have waived it; and by analogy it would seem to follow that when the amendment to the answer or plea is offered by the defendant, if the plaintiff does not object [320]*320to the amended plea or answer because of the omission of the affidavit required by the act of 1897, it would be a waiver of the formal defect. In 22 Encyclopedia of Pleading and Practice, 1052, the general rule on this subject is stated as follows: “It is usually held that the fact that a pleading is not properly verified, as required by statute, is not sufficient to oust the court of its jurisdiction, but is merely an irregularity, and that as such the objection may be waived if not raised at the proper time and in the proper manner, and can not be raised- for the first time after issue joined or on appeal.”
Here it is perfectly apparent that the objection to the form of the amended answer was not made when the amendment was offered. If it had then been made, the amendment could have been perfected, doubtless, and -would have been perfected by an amendment with the required statutory affidavit. In the original brief filed by the defendant in error in this court the point was not made that the amendment was defective because of the absence of the affidavit. It was first made in a supplemental brief. The action of the court below in rejecting the amendment rebuts the assumption that it -was rejected because of the failure to have the proper verification. The order disallowing the amendment is as follows: “ This amendment overruled and not allowed. Let the copy be filed, however.” If the objection to the plea ivas one of form, would the court have required that such defective plea be preserved in the files of the case? On the contrary, if the amendatory answer or plea had been filed before the ruling of the court, would not the court have ordered that this defective plea be stricken from the files? 22 Enc. PI. & Pr. 1047. It is perfectly clear to my mind that the trial judge considered the plea on its merits, and disallowed it because in his opinion it set up no defense to the suit. Not only does the record clearly show that in the trial court the amendment was objected to on its merits and ruled upon on its merits, but the record made by this court, and by the Supreme Court in its instructions on the questions certified to it, all lead to the same conclusion. As before stated, the learned counsel for the defendant in error in this court, in thejr original brief and argument, ably and elaborately contested the merits of the answer as proposed by the amendment. In the brief or argument there was no hint that the amendment was disallowed because no affidavit was attached as required by the act [321]*321of 1897. This court certified the question as to whether the allegations of the amendment set up a valid and sufficient defense, and the Supreme Court considered the defense as made by the amendment on its merits, and riiled that some of the matters of- defense set out were sufficient and some were insufficient. It would seem that the learned and able counsel would not- have put this court and the Supreme Court to the labor and trouble of considering questions purely of an academic character, but would have insisted that the question was eliminated from the case and the amendment was rejected because of the absence of the statutory affidavit. So far as I am individually concerned, I am unwilling to encourage a consumption of the valuable time of this court and of the Supreme Court by holding in^effect that counsel can engage in useless and unnecessary discussions of legal questions and invoke a decision thereon when the questions are not properly before the court, or, after arguing a case on-the merits and obtaining a decision on the merits, to subsequently change base and on á formal technicality obtain an advantage not contemplated by the original argument. I therefore think that the trial court erred in rejecting the amendment. I think that the record clearly shows that the omission of the affidavit to the amendment, as required by the act of .1897, was waived by the conduct of the plaintiff or his counsel, and that the whole record from the trial court to the Supreme Court shows conclusively that the matters of' defense set up by the amended answer were considered solely on their merits, and that the only logical conclusion from the decision of the Supreme Court is that it set up a valid defense, and the court erred in disallowing it.
But I think that the proposed testimony which the Supreme Court held would have constituted a good defense, the rejection of which this court held was error, was admissible regardless of the amended answer. . In my opinion it was admissible and pertinent evidence- under the general denial of liability contained in the original plea or answer. The suit was for a violation of rule number 9 of the railroad commission. The charge against the company was in effect that it was at fault in the violation of this rule, and that this fault on its part had resulted in damage to the plaintiff, and it claimed the liquidated damages fixed by the rule. The defendant, in the original plea, denied that it was guilty of any [322]*322of the wrongs charged against it by the plaintiff; in other words, it denied that it had violated rule number 9 of the commission or was at fault. When the railroad commission made the rule it certainly contemplated that there might be some excuse or exculpation for the failure of the railroad company to comply with its terms. These excuses were necessarily a part of the rule itself and-was in the mind of the commission when the rule was promulgated, and these excuses should be considered as an essential part of the rule, as plainly so as if they were written by express terms therein. The Supreme Court in this ease has stated specifically that some of these excuses .offered to be proved by the defendant constituted a defense, and it does seem to me that the general denial of the violation of the rule, and a denial of the charge that the defendant was at fault) tend to “disprove the plaintiff’s cause of action,” and evidence would be admissible even without a special or affirmative plea to that effect. There was no necessity to plead excuses or defenses which inhere in and are a part of the rule as contemplated, by the commission and ruled as implied by the Supreme Court. In other words, where the plaintiff asserts that the defendant has violated the rule and is at fault, and has damaged, him on account of the violation, a denial of the violation and of fault on its part would be sufficient pleading-to admit testimony in evidence in support of the defense, and no other pleading would be necessary.. The defendant in this case denied the charge that it had violated the rule of the commission or was at fault, and offered to show certain excuses as proof that the rule was not violated. Why should it be necessary to assert by an affirmative plea these excuses, if they are lawful and inhere in the rule ? Certainly these excuses are defenses. It was so held by the Supreme Court; and if they are defenses, they tend to “disprove the plaintiff’s cause of action,” and, under section 5053 of the Civil Code of 1895, are admissible without any special plea. They are in no sense matter of confession and avoidance, but aré strictly matter of denial and defense. Richmond & Danville R. Co. v. Buice, 88 Ga. 181 (14 S. E. 205); Price v. Bell, 88 Ga. 740 (15 S. E. 810); Bliss on Code Pleading, § 327.