Riely, J.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
There is but a single question involved in this case, and that relates to the constitutionality of section 1220 of the Code of Yirginia. Its validity is assailed by the plaintiff in error on several grounds.
The first and main objection is based on sec. 7 of Art. YIII. of the’Constitution of the State, which sets apart as a [62]*62permanent and perpetual Literary Fund, among other resources, “ all fines collected for offences committed against the State.” It is contended that the forfeiture provided for in sec. 1220 is embraced by the term “ fines ” so set- apart by the Constitution, and that the gift of one-half thereof for the use of the informer is a misappropriation or diversion, to that extent, of a fund which has been dedicated to the Literary Fund, and that the statute is therefore in conflict with the fundamental law, and invalid. This compels an enquiry into the meaning of the words quoted from the- Constitution. "What “ fines ” are here intended or comprehended ? The answer is found in the language of the Constitution itself-They are “ fines collected for offences against the State,” that is, fines imposed by law as a punishment for crime. Fines constitute in whole or in part the punishment for many of the smaller offences at common law, and also for many offences created by statute, and these are the “fines” which the constitutional provision was .designed to cover. It comprehends only those fines which are affixed as penalties for crime and are recoverable upon the conviction of the offender, and does not embrace those pecuniary penalties or forfeitures provided by statute, that a popular or qui tarn action (which is a civil action) may be brought to recover. Such is the forfeiture prescribed by section 1220, and which was sued for and recovered in this case.
Section 1215 prescribes the rates which an express company may charge, and section 1220 provides a pecuniary forfeiture for their violation. The gravamen of this suit is that the express company, in exacting payment of the defendant in error for a package carried by it, exceeded the rate allowed by law. For the express company to charge for carrying packages of goods and moneys is a perfectly legitimate act. It is in no sense criminal. The act complained of here is entirely innocent in itself, and is only contrary to law [63]*63because the charge exacted was greater than the statute allows. It is not characterized by the sta.tute as a crime, or prosecuted and punished as such. This view is enforced by the provisions of section 1220, in that they do not dedicate the entire forfeiture for the use of the State, but direct that one-half thereof shall be for the use of the informer, who is enabled to recover it by a civil suit in the name of the State without a criminal prosecution and conviction. It is clear that the forfeiture in question is not a penalty for a crime, “ an offence committed against the State,” but simply a forfeiture for an act which the law-making power of the State in its wisdom deemed necessary to prevent imposition upon its citizens ; and, being so, it is not affected by the Constitution, and the Legislature had the right to prescribe the forfeit, and then dispose of it at its pleasure, either wholly to the State, or partly to the State and partly to the informer and others. The term “ tines ” used in the Constitution, literally construed, does not comprehend forfeitures. “ A fine is a pecuniary punishment imposed by a lawful tribunal upon a person convicted of crime or misdemeanor.” 1 Bouvier’s Law Diet. 662. In chapter 31 of the Code the word “fine” includes a pecuniary forfeiture, penalty, and amercement; but that is by virtue of the special enactment (sec. 715), and it could not affect the proper construction of the term “fines ” as used in the Constitution.
The Constitution of Indiana contains a provision very similar to that under discussion in the Constitution of our own State. It provides that the Common School Eund of the State shall consist of, and be derived from, “ the fines assessed for breaches of the penal law of the State, and from all forfeitures which may accrue.” A statute was enacted imposing a certain duty upon every corporation or person operating a railroad in that State, and affixing a penalty for its violation, to be recovered in a civil action in the name of [64]*64the State, one-half of which should go to the prosecuting attorney, and the remainder to he paid to the county in which the proceeding was had, and constitute a part of the Common School Eund. It was contended in the case of State v. Indiana & 1. S. R. Co., 32 N. E. Rep. 817, that the statute diverted or misappropriated the penalty, contrary to the provision of the'Constitution above reférred to ; but the court held that the “fines” specified in the Constitution had reference to fines assessed in criminal prosecutions, and that the penalty affixed to the statute for its violation was not a fine in that sense. It therefore sustained the constitutionality of the statute. This decision strongly corroborates the construction, it has seemed to us, should be given to the similar provision contained in sec. 7, Art. VIII., of our own Constitution. See also State v. Pennsylvania Co. (Ind.), 32 N. W. Rep. 822, and Ott v. Jordan (Pa.), 9 Atlantic Reporter 321.
But if the constitutional provision so relied on to invalidate section 1220 were susceptible of the construction contended for by the counsel for the plaintiff in error, it would not invalidate it. Such conclusion could only be reached by a very literal and narrow construction. The Constitution does not impose fines nor provide for their enforcement. To the Legislature belongs the duty of providing for their enforcement and collection, and also of imposing them, except where they are imposed by the common law. It could not have been intended or expected by the framers of the Constitution that the laws imposing fines for offences could be enforced or collected without cost or expense. They must have contemplated that fines, in being enforced and collected, should bear the burden of such means as the Legislature might deem best adapted to compel their, enforcement and collection, and only intended to appropriate to the Literary Eund the amount coming to the State, after deducting such part as the Legislature may have set apart to secure their enforcement and [65]*65collection. If the Legislature possesses the right, as it does, to impose a fine or forfeiture, it has the power, as appurtenant to such right, to prescribe the proceeding or adopt the means deemed by it most likely to result in the enforcement of the fine or forfeiture. If it thought that its policy, as evidenced by the forfeiture provided for in section 1220, was more likely to be enforced by giving one-half of the forfeiture for the use of the informer, it had the right to do so, and only such part as it reserved for the use of the State would be covered by the constitutional provision. This is not an appropriation or diversion of the fine to an object other than that to which the Constitution dedicates it. On the contrary, all of the fine, beyond what the Legislature has deemed proper to set apart to stimulate the prosecution and secure the enforcement of the fine, goes to the Literary Fund, as required by the Constitution.
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Riely, J.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
There is but a single question involved in this case, and that relates to the constitutionality of section 1220 of the Code of Yirginia. Its validity is assailed by the plaintiff in error on several grounds.
The first and main objection is based on sec. 7 of Art. YIII. of the’Constitution of the State, which sets apart as a [62]*62permanent and perpetual Literary Fund, among other resources, “ all fines collected for offences committed against the State.” It is contended that the forfeiture provided for in sec. 1220 is embraced by the term “ fines ” so set- apart by the Constitution, and that the gift of one-half thereof for the use of the informer is a misappropriation or diversion, to that extent, of a fund which has been dedicated to the Literary Fund, and that the statute is therefore in conflict with the fundamental law, and invalid. This compels an enquiry into the meaning of the words quoted from the- Constitution. "What “ fines ” are here intended or comprehended ? The answer is found in the language of the Constitution itself-They are “ fines collected for offences against the State,” that is, fines imposed by law as a punishment for crime. Fines constitute in whole or in part the punishment for many of the smaller offences at common law, and also for many offences created by statute, and these are the “fines” which the constitutional provision was .designed to cover. It comprehends only those fines which are affixed as penalties for crime and are recoverable upon the conviction of the offender, and does not embrace those pecuniary penalties or forfeitures provided by statute, that a popular or qui tarn action (which is a civil action) may be brought to recover. Such is the forfeiture prescribed by section 1220, and which was sued for and recovered in this case.
Section 1215 prescribes the rates which an express company may charge, and section 1220 provides a pecuniary forfeiture for their violation. The gravamen of this suit is that the express company, in exacting payment of the defendant in error for a package carried by it, exceeded the rate allowed by law. For the express company to charge for carrying packages of goods and moneys is a perfectly legitimate act. It is in no sense criminal. The act complained of here is entirely innocent in itself, and is only contrary to law [63]*63because the charge exacted was greater than the statute allows. It is not characterized by the sta.tute as a crime, or prosecuted and punished as such. This view is enforced by the provisions of section 1220, in that they do not dedicate the entire forfeiture for the use of the State, but direct that one-half thereof shall be for the use of the informer, who is enabled to recover it by a civil suit in the name of the State without a criminal prosecution and conviction. It is clear that the forfeiture in question is not a penalty for a crime, “ an offence committed against the State,” but simply a forfeiture for an act which the law-making power of the State in its wisdom deemed necessary to prevent imposition upon its citizens ; and, being so, it is not affected by the Constitution, and the Legislature had the right to prescribe the forfeit, and then dispose of it at its pleasure, either wholly to the State, or partly to the State and partly to the informer and others. The term “ tines ” used in the Constitution, literally construed, does not comprehend forfeitures. “ A fine is a pecuniary punishment imposed by a lawful tribunal upon a person convicted of crime or misdemeanor.” 1 Bouvier’s Law Diet. 662. In chapter 31 of the Code the word “fine” includes a pecuniary forfeiture, penalty, and amercement; but that is by virtue of the special enactment (sec. 715), and it could not affect the proper construction of the term “fines ” as used in the Constitution.
The Constitution of Indiana contains a provision very similar to that under discussion in the Constitution of our own State. It provides that the Common School Eund of the State shall consist of, and be derived from, “ the fines assessed for breaches of the penal law of the State, and from all forfeitures which may accrue.” A statute was enacted imposing a certain duty upon every corporation or person operating a railroad in that State, and affixing a penalty for its violation, to be recovered in a civil action in the name of [64]*64the State, one-half of which should go to the prosecuting attorney, and the remainder to he paid to the county in which the proceeding was had, and constitute a part of the Common School Eund. It was contended in the case of State v. Indiana & 1. S. R. Co., 32 N. E. Rep. 817, that the statute diverted or misappropriated the penalty, contrary to the provision of the'Constitution above reférred to ; but the court held that the “fines” specified in the Constitution had reference to fines assessed in criminal prosecutions, and that the penalty affixed to the statute for its violation was not a fine in that sense. It therefore sustained the constitutionality of the statute. This decision strongly corroborates the construction, it has seemed to us, should be given to the similar provision contained in sec. 7, Art. VIII., of our own Constitution. See also State v. Pennsylvania Co. (Ind.), 32 N. W. Rep. 822, and Ott v. Jordan (Pa.), 9 Atlantic Reporter 321.
But if the constitutional provision so relied on to invalidate section 1220 were susceptible of the construction contended for by the counsel for the plaintiff in error, it would not invalidate it. Such conclusion could only be reached by a very literal and narrow construction. The Constitution does not impose fines nor provide for their enforcement. To the Legislature belongs the duty of providing for their enforcement and collection, and also of imposing them, except where they are imposed by the common law. It could not have been intended or expected by the framers of the Constitution that the laws imposing fines for offences could be enforced or collected without cost or expense. They must have contemplated that fines, in being enforced and collected, should bear the burden of such means as the Legislature might deem best adapted to compel their, enforcement and collection, and only intended to appropriate to the Literary Eund the amount coming to the State, after deducting such part as the Legislature may have set apart to secure their enforcement and [65]*65collection. If the Legislature possesses the right, as it does, to impose a fine or forfeiture, it has the power, as appurtenant to such right, to prescribe the proceeding or adopt the means deemed by it most likely to result in the enforcement of the fine or forfeiture. If it thought that its policy, as evidenced by the forfeiture provided for in section 1220, was more likely to be enforced by giving one-half of the forfeiture for the use of the informer, it had the right to do so, and only such part as it reserved for the use of the State would be covered by the constitutional provision. This is not an appropriation or diversion of the fine to an object other than that to which the Constitution dedicates it. On the contrary, all of the fine, beyond what the Legislature has deemed proper to set apart to stimulate the prosecution and secure the enforcement of the fine, goes to the Literary Fund, as required by the Constitution.
Moreover, it has been the practice of the Legislature, for a hundred years or more, in declaring forfeitures and fixing fines in certain cases, to provide, with the view of stimulating prosecutions in such cases, that an informer should be entitled to a part of the forfeiture or fine. Many such statutes were in the Code of Laws of the State and in force at the formation of the present Constitution, when sec. 7 of Art. YIII. was introduced for the first time into the organic law.
It is to be presumed that its framers were familiar with these statutes. And being familiar with them, it could hardly be that they intended to invalidate them, or by such indirection to prohibit a long-established policy of the Legislature, but that they simply intended to dedicate to the Literary Fund that part of such forfeitures and fines which was reserved to the State. So, then, in neither view is section 1220 repugnant to the Constitution.
It is next contended that,the minimum fine of $100.00 is excessive, and in violation of sec. 11, Art. I., of the Constitu[66]*66tion, which provides that “ excessive fines ” ought not to be imposed. The imposition and regulation of fines belongs to the Legislature, and to its discretion and judgment the widest latitude must be conceded. Ernes are to be fixed with reference to the object they are designed to accomplish. The degree of criminality of the offence, or the illegality or impolicy of the act they are intended to punish or prevent, are elements that must enter into their consideration. The peace of society and the welfare of the people occasionally require that the Legislature shall create new offences, and affix penalties for their violation, or alter the penalties for others already existing. What is to be the legislative guide, in the performance of this duty, but its sound judgment and the wisdom of experience? And how can the courts with reason or propriety question the action of the Legislature, or control or restrain its discretion, except where the minimum penalty is so plainly disproportioned to the offence or act, for the violation of which it is affixed, as to shock the sense of mankind ? Bearing in mind the considerations which must affect the regulation of fines, and the discretionary power of the Legislature, how can the court say that the minimum fine prescribed in section 1220 is excessive ? By what standard is it to determine this question ? A fine that would prove efficacious in the case of an individual, and beyond which it would appear to be excessive to go, would be likely to prove ineffectual in the case of a corporation, with its aggregated wealth and power, and its disposition to act,' oftentimes, in an arbitrary manner, because of the inability of private persons to contend against its illegal and wilful acts. The minimum fine prescribed by section 1220 cannot be declared to be excessive by any standard which the courts can apply, and this objection need not be further considered.
It is further contended that the statute is unconstitutional in that it fails to prescribe a maximum limit to the forfeiture, and thus places it within the power of a jury, through [67]*67caprice or prejudice, to mulct a corporation with a fine of so large an amount as practically to destroy it. If a supposition so extreme, and so unlikely ever to be confirmed, were to be verified in consequence of the failure to fix a maximum limit to the forfeiture, still we are unable to see how that would render the statute obnoxious to the Bill of Bights, or' sec. 11 of Art. I. of the Constitution. How can the bare possibility that an excessive fine might be imposed by a jury invalidate the statute ? If so, a statute otherwise valid might be annulled by a possibility that might never happen. If a jury were to render a verdict so excessive as to contravene the inhibition of the Constitution, the wrong or vice would lie in the verdict, and not in the statute. And the objection overlooks the fact that, if a jury were to impose such a fine, it is the province of the court, and would be its duty, to set aside the verdict.
The question as to an excessive fine is a judicial one, and does not affect the validity of the -statute. When, if ever, any such fine is imposed by a jury, the corrective hand of the court will annul it, in accordance with the letter and spirit of the Bill of Bights.
The only remaining objection to the statute is that it is repugnant to Art. YIII. of the Amendments to the Constitution of the United States. It is a sufficient answer to this objection to say that the Supreme Court of the United States has held, time and again, that the eighth article of the said amendments has reference solely to powers exercised by the Government of the United States, and does not apply to the States. O'Neil v. State of Vermont, 144 U. S. 323 ; Eilenbecker v. District Court of Plymouth County (Iowa), 134 U. S. 31; Pervear v. Massachusetts, 5 Wall. 475, and Livingston v. Moore, 7 Peters 469.
There is no error in the judgment of the Circuit ■ Court, and it is therefore affirmed.
Affirmed.