The opinion of the Court was delivered by
Mr. Justice Gary.
In order to understand clearly the questions presented by the exceptions, it will be necessary to set out the complaint, answer and charge of his Honor, the presiding Judge, in the report of the case. The jury rendered a verdict in favor of the plaintiff for $7,557.75. The Circuit Judge granted a new trial, unless the plaintiff entered upon the record a remittitur for all of the verdict in excess of $5,000, which remittitur was duly entered upon the record.
1 The defendant appealed upon exceptions, the first of which is as follows: 1. “That his Honor erred in admitting the testimony of J. B. Adger, in answer to the question, ‘What was the business done by the navigation company at that time?’ referring to 1885, which question was objected to by defendant; but, on the contrary, he should have excluded said testimony as irrelevant to any of the issues in the cause.” The “Case” shows the follow[14]*14ing: when J. B. Adger was being examined in 'behalf of the plaintiff: “Q. What was the business done by the navigation company at that time? Objected to. By the Court: At this stage I will admit the testimony. Excepted to by the defendants. Q. Will you tell me the business the navigation company was engaged in at that time? A. Storing manipulated fertilizers in the warehouses at the upper wharf, and shipping those out on orders of the owners, on the lower wharf, which was the.terminal of the New York and Charleston Warehouse and Steam Navigation Company, and the freights from the steamships from the interior were transferred on lighters of the navigation company to the Columbus street wharf and Adger’s wharf; that freight was sorted and loaded into cars for transfer, and transferred across the tracks, of the navigation company to the South Carolina Railroad.” It must be borne in mind that this is an action for compensation, and not for damages. The foregoing testimony was merely introductory, and only tended to show the nature of the business of the navigation company. It was the statement of a surrounding circumstance that may have been effectual to some extent in giving rise to the alleged relations between the grantors of the plaintiff and defendant. If the testimony did not have that effect, then it was ineffectual for any other purpose, and even if it was irrelevant, it was not prejudicial to the appellant. This exception is, therefore, overruled.
The second exception is as follows: 2. “That his Honor erred in admitting the testimony of J. B. Adger, in continuation of, and in explanation of, his answer to said question, and showing the business relations of the South Carolina Railway Company and the Navigation Company at that time, but should have excluded the same as irrelevant.’! Immediately after the witness answered the question mentioned in the first exception, the “Case” shows that the following took place: “Was any of that freight sent over the Coast Tine? A. The freight from the steamship was transferred to Adger’s wharf, to the other roads; the goods were [15]*15principally delivered to the South Carolina Road, but also to the other roads. Q. Was that business large? A. Yes, very large. Q. Was it valuable? A. Yes. Q. You were the agents for the whole Navigation Company? A. Yes. Q. Who kept the books of the Navigation Company? ' A. They were kept in our office. Q. Were they kept by the South Carolina Railway Company? A. No. Q. Were the two organizations managed separately? A. Yes. Q. Who looked after the measure of the prog for the Navigation Company? A. We did. Q. Of what did that consist; what did you get for your share? A. We got the wharfage charge at Adger’s wharf, and the transfer charge of the lighters and over the tracks. Q. What did you get for that received direct at Columbus street wharf? A. The wharfage charge, which included the wharfage and transfer charge; at first there was a charge for wharfage and a transfer charge; the transfer meant the use of the tracks; that transfer charge was fifteen cents a ton, and ten cents wharfage, making twenty-five cents a ton for both. Q. What was the usual capacity of a loaded car? A. From ten to twenty-five or thirty tons now. Counsel for defendant give notice that all this testimony was taken subject to their objection.” Waiving the objection to this exception, that it is too.general, and also waiving the objection that the appellant did not object to the said testimony at the time the several questions were propounded and answered, but only gave notice at the close of said testimony that it was taken subject to objection, this exception, nevertheless, cannot be sustained. The testimony was not responsive to any of the issues made by the pleadings, and the only objection to it was that it was irrelevant. If it was not competent, as introductory evidence, for the purpose of showing the inducements that may have tended to bring about the state of facts that gave rise to the plaintiff’s cause of action, alleged in the complaint, or as the foundation for showing that the business relations which then existed between said corporations were after-[16]*16wards continued between the grantees of said corporations, then it was harmless, and the exception is overruled.
2 The third exception is as follows: 3. “That his Honor erred in sustaining the objection of irrelevancy made by plaintiff to the following question by the defendant to said J. B. Adger on cross-examination: ‘I would ask you to fix the outside valuation of that piece of track from the end of the Mary street railroad track down to the East Shore Terminal, to the best of your ability;’ but his Honor should have allowed the same to be asked, because the value of the track is pertinent and relevant to issues involving the question of amount of compensation for the use of the track.” When the witness, C. S. Phelps, for the defense, was on the stand, defendant’s attorney asked a similar question. Upon objection being made to the question, his Honor said: “I will reconsider my ruling, and letthe defendant offer testimony as to the value of the track, including the lands;” after which ruling the defendant’s counsel recalled the witness, R. M. Marshall, and asked him a similar question. The witness, J. B. Adger, was afterwards recalled, and the defendant had the opportunity of again propounding the question which his Honor had ruled was incompetent. Ordinarily, when the Circuit Judge commits an error as to the introduction of testimony, but afterwards corrects his erroneous ruling, this Court will not grant a new trial. A new trial will only be granted in those cases when the appellant has been prejudiced by the erroneous ruling to such an extent that its correction thereafter does not cure its harmful effect. In the case of Hopt v. People, 7 Sup. Ct. Rep., 614, Mr. Justice Field, in delivering the opinion of the Court, said: “But independently of this consideration as to the admissibility of the evidence, if it was erroneously admitted, its subsequent withdrawal from the case, with the accompanying instruction, cured the error. It is true, in some instances, there may be such strong impressions made upon the minds of a jury, by illegal and improper testimony, that its subsequent withdrawal will not remove the effect [17]*17caused by its admission; and in that case, the original objection may prevail on appeal or writ of error. But such instances are exceptional.
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The opinion of the Court was delivered by
Mr. Justice Gary.
In order to understand clearly the questions presented by the exceptions, it will be necessary to set out the complaint, answer and charge of his Honor, the presiding Judge, in the report of the case. The jury rendered a verdict in favor of the plaintiff for $7,557.75. The Circuit Judge granted a new trial, unless the plaintiff entered upon the record a remittitur for all of the verdict in excess of $5,000, which remittitur was duly entered upon the record.
1 The defendant appealed upon exceptions, the first of which is as follows: 1. “That his Honor erred in admitting the testimony of J. B. Adger, in answer to the question, ‘What was the business done by the navigation company at that time?’ referring to 1885, which question was objected to by defendant; but, on the contrary, he should have excluded said testimony as irrelevant to any of the issues in the cause.” The “Case” shows the follow[14]*14ing: when J. B. Adger was being examined in 'behalf of the plaintiff: “Q. What was the business done by the navigation company at that time? Objected to. By the Court: At this stage I will admit the testimony. Excepted to by the defendants. Q. Will you tell me the business the navigation company was engaged in at that time? A. Storing manipulated fertilizers in the warehouses at the upper wharf, and shipping those out on orders of the owners, on the lower wharf, which was the.terminal of the New York and Charleston Warehouse and Steam Navigation Company, and the freights from the steamships from the interior were transferred on lighters of the navigation company to the Columbus street wharf and Adger’s wharf; that freight was sorted and loaded into cars for transfer, and transferred across the tracks, of the navigation company to the South Carolina Railroad.” It must be borne in mind that this is an action for compensation, and not for damages. The foregoing testimony was merely introductory, and only tended to show the nature of the business of the navigation company. It was the statement of a surrounding circumstance that may have been effectual to some extent in giving rise to the alleged relations between the grantors of the plaintiff and defendant. If the testimony did not have that effect, then it was ineffectual for any other purpose, and even if it was irrelevant, it was not prejudicial to the appellant. This exception is, therefore, overruled.
The second exception is as follows: 2. “That his Honor erred in admitting the testimony of J. B. Adger, in continuation of, and in explanation of, his answer to said question, and showing the business relations of the South Carolina Railway Company and the Navigation Company at that time, but should have excluded the same as irrelevant.’! Immediately after the witness answered the question mentioned in the first exception, the “Case” shows that the following took place: “Was any of that freight sent over the Coast Tine? A. The freight from the steamship was transferred to Adger’s wharf, to the other roads; the goods were [15]*15principally delivered to the South Carolina Road, but also to the other roads. Q. Was that business large? A. Yes, very large. Q. Was it valuable? A. Yes. Q. You were the agents for the whole Navigation Company? A. Yes. Q. Who kept the books of the Navigation Company? ' A. They were kept in our office. Q. Were they kept by the South Carolina Railway Company? A. No. Q. Were the two organizations managed separately? A. Yes. Q. Who looked after the measure of the prog for the Navigation Company? A. We did. Q. Of what did that consist; what did you get for your share? A. We got the wharfage charge at Adger’s wharf, and the transfer charge of the lighters and over the tracks. Q. What did you get for that received direct at Columbus street wharf? A. The wharfage charge, which included the wharfage and transfer charge; at first there was a charge for wharfage and a transfer charge; the transfer meant the use of the tracks; that transfer charge was fifteen cents a ton, and ten cents wharfage, making twenty-five cents a ton for both. Q. What was the usual capacity of a loaded car? A. From ten to twenty-five or thirty tons now. Counsel for defendant give notice that all this testimony was taken subject to their objection.” Waiving the objection to this exception, that it is too.general, and also waiving the objection that the appellant did not object to the said testimony at the time the several questions were propounded and answered, but only gave notice at the close of said testimony that it was taken subject to objection, this exception, nevertheless, cannot be sustained. The testimony was not responsive to any of the issues made by the pleadings, and the only objection to it was that it was irrelevant. If it was not competent, as introductory evidence, for the purpose of showing the inducements that may have tended to bring about the state of facts that gave rise to the plaintiff’s cause of action, alleged in the complaint, or as the foundation for showing that the business relations which then existed between said corporations were after-[16]*16wards continued between the grantees of said corporations, then it was harmless, and the exception is overruled.
2 The third exception is as follows: 3. “That his Honor erred in sustaining the objection of irrelevancy made by plaintiff to the following question by the defendant to said J. B. Adger on cross-examination: ‘I would ask you to fix the outside valuation of that piece of track from the end of the Mary street railroad track down to the East Shore Terminal, to the best of your ability;’ but his Honor should have allowed the same to be asked, because the value of the track is pertinent and relevant to issues involving the question of amount of compensation for the use of the track.” When the witness, C. S. Phelps, for the defense, was on the stand, defendant’s attorney asked a similar question. Upon objection being made to the question, his Honor said: “I will reconsider my ruling, and letthe defendant offer testimony as to the value of the track, including the lands;” after which ruling the defendant’s counsel recalled the witness, R. M. Marshall, and asked him a similar question. The witness, J. B. Adger, was afterwards recalled, and the defendant had the opportunity of again propounding the question which his Honor had ruled was incompetent. Ordinarily, when the Circuit Judge commits an error as to the introduction of testimony, but afterwards corrects his erroneous ruling, this Court will not grant a new trial. A new trial will only be granted in those cases when the appellant has been prejudiced by the erroneous ruling to such an extent that its correction thereafter does not cure its harmful effect. In the case of Hopt v. People, 7 Sup. Ct. Rep., 614, Mr. Justice Field, in delivering the opinion of the Court, said: “But independently of this consideration as to the admissibility of the evidence, if it was erroneously admitted, its subsequent withdrawal from the case, with the accompanying instruction, cured the error. It is true, in some instances, there may be such strong impressions made upon the minds of a jury, by illegal and improper testimony, that its subsequent withdrawal will not remove the effect [17]*17caused by its admission; and in that case, the original objection may prevail on appeal or writ of error. But such instances are exceptional. The trial of a case is not to be suspended, the jury discharged, a new one summoned, and the evidence retaken, when an error, in the admission of testimony, can be corrected by its withdrawal, with proper instructions from the Court to disregard it;” citing a number of authorities. The principle applies with greater force when the testimony was excluded but afterwards admitted. In this case, the Court is satisfied that the appellant was not prejudiced by the first ruling of the presiding Judge, as the testimony was upon a collateral point, and ample opportunity was afterwards afforded the appellant to introduce the testimony to which objection had been made, and it brought out the testimony from other witnesses it recalled, also having the opportunity to ask J. B. Adger the same question, when he was recalled. This exception is overruled.
3 The fourth exception is as follows: 4. “That his Honor erred in overruling the objection of irrelevancy by the defendant to the following questions propounded by plaintiff to one of his witnesses, Henry P. Talmadge, viz: 1. ‘Do you know what the effect of that track was on the revenue of the navigation company?’ (Meaning the switch built by Chamberlain, receiver.) 2. ‘Was the railroad company benefited by that change?’ 3. ‘Was the navigation company injured by that change?’ 4. ‘Have you any idea to what extent the navigation company was injured by the building of the track?’ but should have sustained the same, as said questions were irrelevant to any issues in the case.” Testimony was brought out both by the plaintiff and the defendant touching the matters referred to in the said exception, to some of which no objection was made. But, independently of this fact, if there was error, it was afterwards cured by the ruling of his Honor, that the plaintiff could not go behind 1894 in establishing its right to claim compensation, when defendant’s counsel moved to strike out all the testimony as to the [18]*18traffic arrangements between the old Warehouse and Navigation Company and the South Carolina Railway Company, and by that portion of his Honor’s charge in which he says: “I have been requested by the defendant to charge you that you must not allow it to enter into' your consideration at all as to how much the construction of this spur was to the advantage or detriment of the terminal company; because this is an action not for damages, but an action for compensation, with the allegation that the track was used by the consent of the plaintiff.” This exception is overruled.
4 The fifth exception is as follows: 5. “That his Honor being requested by plaintiff to charge as follows: ‘That this agreement’ (that is, an agreement to pay compensation for the use of the property,) ‘may be either express or implied, and the proof of it may be either direct or implied from circumstances evidencing such an agreement. If, therefore, the jury find from the evidence that the defendant has used the track and switches of the plaintiff, the law will presume a promise to pay a reasonable rent or compensation, even if none had been expressly fixed or agreed to; the amount of such rent or compensation, if none has been expressly agreed on, being a question solely for the jury to determine,’ erred in substantially charging the same by doing so in these words: ‘Now, I charge you on that point, that this is a presumption, and I charge you that that presumption can be removed. Whether it has been in this case is for }'ou to say.’ But his Honor should have refused the request, because: 1. While the jury may have been at liberty to find, from all the facts and circumstances of the case, that, as a fact, there was an agreement to pay compensation, express or implied, yet that the law made no presumption in the case either for or against the existence of such an agreement. 2. That if the track and switches were used by permission of plaintiff, such permission amounted to a license and not to a lease, and the law raises no presumption on either side as to compensation to be rendered for action under a license.” Pleadings [19]*19are for the exceedingly important purpose of framing issues that the parties may thus be advised how to shape their testimony upon the trial of the case. We will, therefore, refer to the pleadings to ascertain the issues therein raised as to the character of the possession under which the respective parties claimed and upon which they relied. In the third paragraph of the complaint, the plaintiff makes the following allegations: “That the plaintiff, on the 6th day of July, 1894, was, and since then has been, in quiet and peaceable possession of its lands, together with all the tracks, switches,” &c. In the fourth paragraph it is alleged: “That the defendant, the South Carolina and Georgia Railroad Company, in conducting its business as aforesaid, has been, with the consent of the plaintiff, since said date, using with locomotive engines and cars the said track, sidings, and switches of the plaintiff laid on said property.” The fifth paragraph alleges that the plaintiff gave notice to the defendant that it required and demanded the compensation therein mentioned for the use of the said tracks, &c. The sixth paragraph alleges: “That the said defendant received and accepted said notice, and thereafter continued, with the consent and under the authority of the plaintiff, to use the tracks, sidings, and switches of the plaintiff with locomotive engines and cars as aforesaid,” &c. The answer, in its fourth paragraph, after stating that the spur track of about 320 feet was constructed by D. H. Chamberlain, while he was receiver, with the funds of the South Carolina Railway Company, alleges further, “that he” (Chamberlain) “used, possessed, and operated the same, together with the Mary street extension, as before described, for the uses and purposes of the business of the said South Carolina Railway Company; and the same has been used, possessed, and employed ever since by the said company, and the succeeding owners of said railroad, and is now still used and possessed by the defendant.” The fifth paragraph is as follows: “That by such consent so given to the right of way over the said land now claimed by plaintiff, the South Carolina [20]*20Railway Company acquired, and the defendant now owns, the right of way over the land occupied by said branch track for a space the length of said track and of a width of nine feet; and is also owner of the track and all other railroad property thereon, and also the right of way over all the tracks used by it as aforesaid on the land described in the amended complaint. That no objection was ever made to the said use and said right of way over said strip, or over any other part of the land described in amended complaint, by the owners of the property prior to the aforesaid sale and conveyance to the plaintiff.” That part of the charge set out in this exception must be construed with reference to the issues made by the pleadings, the testimony, and the entire charge. The allegations of the complaint that the plaintiff is the owner of the land therein mentioned, and, since the 6th of July, 1894, has been in quiet and peaceable possession thereof, together with all the tracks, switches, &c.; that the defendant, since said date, has been, with the consent of the plaintiff, using said tracks, switches, &c.; that notice was given to the defendant by the plaintiff that it required and demanded compensation for the use of the said tracks, switches, &c.; that the said defendant received and accepted such notice, and thereafter continued, with the consent and under the authority of the plaintiffs to use the tracks, switches, &c., state, in effect, that there was such privity of contract between the plaintiff and the defendant as created the relation of landlord and tenant. Even if the defendant had been a tenant at will or licensee before the 6th of July, 1894, the notice alleged to have been given at that time, that compensation was required and demanded, and the allegation that the defendant thereafter used the said property, with the consent and under the authority of the plaintiffs show that whatever permissive right the defendant had to use the property without compensation was then revoked. Now, when we turn to the answer, we do not find a single allegation that the defendant used and occupied the said property by the cousent and [21]*21under the authority of the plaintiff, which would be necessary to make it a licensee; on the contrary, it is alleged that the branch roadbed was constructed by D. H. Chamberlain, receiver, with the funds of the South Carolina Railway Company; that the same was used and occupied by him for the business purposes of the South Carolina Railway Company; that it has been used and possessed since then by the said company and the succeeding owners of said railroad, and is now used and possessed by the'defendant; that by consent the South Carolina Railway Company acquired the right of way over the said land, and that the defendant now owns the right of way over the said land, and that it is the owner of the track and all other railroad property thereon. It will thus be seen that the defendant claimed entirely under a title adverse to that of the plaintiff. The charge of the presiding Judge mentioned in this exception, when considered with reference to the testimony, the allegations of the complaint as hereinbefore construed, and in connection with the entire charge, shows that the first ground of error alleged in the complaint cannot be sustained. If the relation of landlord and tenant existed between the plaintiff and the defendant, the law would imply an agreement to pay a reasonable compensation for the use of the property, in the absence of an express agreement to that effect. A. & E. Enc., vol. 12, pages 660 and 661; Ford v. Caldwell, 3 Hill, 248; Ryan v. Marsh, 2 N. & McC., 157; A. & E. Enc., vol. 27, page 908. Throughout his Honor’s charge he left it to the jury to determine the character of the possession of the respective parties.
5 The second ground of error alleged in this exception can not be sustained, not only for the foregoing reasons, but because it calls upon this Court to decide that if the tracks and switches were used by permission of plaintiff, such permission amounted to a license and not'a lease, which was purely a question of fact. This Court has the power to announce the principles of law touching the question of license or lease, but whether in [22]*22any case on the law side of the Court the facts establish the one or the other of said relations, is a matter exclusively for the determination of the jury. This exception is overruled.
The sixth exception is as follows: 6. “That his Honor erred in charging the jury: ‘I have examined this charter — ■ that is, the charter of the South Carolina Railway Company— and I do not see any authority conferred in the charter of the South Carolina Railway Company to condemn land for this purpose, and I shall have to charge these other requests. I refer to the condemning of this piece of railroad in question, the spur track;’ but that his Honor should have charged that such authority is conferred by said charter.” The appellant, in his argument in reply, says: “We are unable to understand the statement of respondent, that we have not printed the testimony of the ‘Receiver of both the navigation and the South Carolina Railway Company, taken by commission and introduced in the Court below.’ * * * Reference to the case will show that it is printed at length, and occupies no less than eleven pages of the “Case.” On one point it is true, that is, as to the right to bind the two corporations without an order, we have abandoned the testimony; but it is important to show that whatever relationship existed between the two corporations, was only the work of the receiver, and ended upon the termination of the receivership, as we contend.” The only question raised by this exception is whether there was error on the part of the presiding Judge in charging that the said charter did not confer authority to condemn the said land. The appellant has abandoned the testimony as to the right of the receiver to bind the two corporations without an order of Court, but insists that the testimony in the case is important upon a ground not mentioned in the exception, which cannot be considered. As we construe the language of the appellant’s attorney, his intention is to abandon the exception, in so far as it raised the question of authority to condemn the lands. As that is the only question raised by the exception, it is overruled.
[23]*234 The seventh exception is as follows: 7. “That his Honor erred in charging the jury, ‘in order to simplify as best I can the issues in this case, you must be satisfied that the land on which this track in controversy was built was the property of the plaintiff in this action. You must be further satisfied that the defendant company used that track, running its cars over it, and that it did it at the time knowing and realizing that it was doing it by the permission and consent of the plaintiff company. Then the question will arise, Has any demand been made? It is alleged that notice was given by the plaintiff to the defendant that it would require compensation at the rate of fifty cents a car. If a tenant is in possession of land, and although he may be there permissively as a tenant at will, if he is notified by the landlord that thereafter he, the landlord, will expect or require or demand compensation for the use of the property, then I will not charge you that the landlord can fix the amount of compensation; but I do charge you that from that time, if the party is in possession- as tenant with permission and consent of the owner, from that time the law would imply that he is under obligation to pay a reasonable rent for the property. I charge you that as matter of law,’ because, 1. The law implies no obligation under such circumstances, though the jury may find from the facts an implied agreement to pay. 2. His Honor bases his views on, and so gives the jury to understand, that if there was a permissive ^lse in this case, there was the relation of landlord and tenant between the parties; whereas the real relation was that of licensor and licensee. 3. His Honor in effect charged the jury that if the land was plaintiff’s, and if the use by defendant was permissive, then the question left is, was demand for compensation made? If it was, and the use continued, the law implied an obligation to pay; whereas he should have charged that then the question was for the jury to say whether under all the circumstances of the case there was an agreement to pay for the [24]*24continued use.” This exception is disposed by what was said in considering the fifth exception, and is overruled.
6 The eighth exception is as follows: 8. “That his Honor erred in charging the jury as follows: ‘If the jury find from the evidence that the original use of the South Carolina Railway Company of this track and switch was by the permission of D. H. Chamberlain, the receiver of the Navigation Company, then the conveyance of the South Carolina Railway Company to the defendant and its immediate grantors, does not extinguish the right and title of the plaintiff as the grantees of the Navigation Company to demand compensation for such continued permissive use;’ because, 1. It implies that there was a continued permissive use of the property by the defendant, and so an opinion on the facts that the jury alone were empowered to pass upon. 2. If it meant that the original use of the railway company being permissive, the law presumed the-same continued permissive use by defendant, then there was error; because, a. The character of the use by defendant was a question of fact solely for the jury. b. As matter of law, any permission to said railway company was revoked by the sale and conveyance of the property of that company, and any use thereafter by defendant could have no permission from a permission given to a prior corporation.” The continued permissive use to which his Honor had reference was the use after July, 1894; for he had ruled that the plaintiff could not recover compensation for the use prior to that time. The word “if,” in the exception, shows that his Honor did not intend to pass upon any fact therein mentioned, and the first ground mentioned in the exception cannot be sustained. The request to charge simply means that whatever may have been the relations between the grantors of the plaintiff and defendant prior to 1894, it would not have the effect of defeating the plaintiff’s right to compensation, provided the facts ■ in 1894 were such as otherwise to entitle it to compensation. The second ground [25]*25mentioned in the exception cannot, therefore, be sustained, and the exception is overruled.
It is the judgment of this Court, that the judgment of the Circuit Court be affirmed.