USCA11 Case: 22-13296 Document: 35-1 Date Filed: 09/26/2023 Page: 1 of 8
[DO NOT PUBLISH] In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 22-13296 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________
SONYA YOUVETT MCNEAL, Plaintiff-Appellant, versus NAVY FEDERAL CREDIT UNION, Mortgage Division, CSC CORPORATION SERVICE COMPANY, Registered Agent for - Navy Federal Credit Union, FISERV, INC.,
Defendants-Appellees.
____________________ USCA11 Case: 22-13296 Document: 35-1 Date Filed: 09/26/2023 Page: 2 of 8
2 Opinion of the Court 22-13296
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia D.C. Docket No. 1:21-cv-02968-LMM ____________________
Before BRASHER, ABUDU, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM: Sonya McNeal, proceeding pro se, sued several defendants over a property dispute in which defendants allegedly violated the Fair Housing Act, the CARES Act, and the Fifth Amendment’s Due Process Clause. After the district court dismissed her suit for failure to state a claim, she filed a motion to reconsider, motion for change of venue (which was functionally a motion to recuse), motion for preliminary injunction, and a second motion to reconsider. The district court also denied each of those motions. It is unclear, but it seems McNeal challenges some, if not all, of these decisions on ap- peal. We lack jurisdiction over the district court’s dismissal of McNeal’s complaint and its denial of her motion for preliminary injunction and second motion to reconsider. As to her first motion to reconsider and motion to recuse, they are meritless. So we dis- miss in part and affirm in part. I.
McNeal borrowed funds from Navy Federal Credit Union in 2016 to buy property in Georgia and later defaulted on her loan during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the CARES Act placed a temporary moratorium on foreclosures and evictions, Navy USCA11 Case: 22-13296 Document: 35-1 Date Filed: 09/26/2023 Page: 3 of 8
22-13296 Opinion of the Court 3
Federal started the foreclosure process. The parties agree that Navy Federal sold the property at a foreclosure sale in October 2022. McNeal sued Navy Federal and two other defendants pro se. A magistrate judge found that her complaint and amended com- plaint failed to state a claim on which relief could be granted and ordered her to file a second amended complaint. McNeal instead filed a “motion for directed verdict and for judgment notwithstand- ing the verdict.” The magistrate judge noted that her various com- plaints contained hundreds of exhibits, handwritten notes, and ex- cerpts from websites that failed to meet the pleading requirements and that her motion for directed verdict contained “virtually in- comprehensible allegations of wrongdoing.” The court also noted that she ignored the court’s order to file an amended complaint. The magistrate judge recommended the case be dismissed without prejudice, and the district court adopted that recommendation. During all this, McNeal separately filed a judicial complaint with us in July 2021 against the magistrate judge and district judge for abusing her, acting without authority, disregarding the law, and abusing their positions. We dismissed her complaint in February 2022 because she failed to allege any credible facts or submit evi- dence to support her assertion of judicial misconduct. Nearly six months later, McNeal moved the district court to reconsider its dismissal of her suit, based on her allegations of mis- conduct. She also asked the district judge to recuse in a motion to change venue. McNeal also moved for a preliminary injunction to USCA11 Case: 22-13296 Document: 35-1 Date Filed: 09/26/2023 Page: 4 of 8
4 Opinion of the Court 22-13296
stop her creditors from foreclosing on the property. The district court denied all her motions. About a month later, McNeal filed a notice of appeal desig- nating for review: (1) the district court’s refusal to recuse and (2) the district court’s denial of her motion for a preliminary injunc- tion. She argued that all the rulings and judgments in the case were void because of her allegations of judicial misconduct. The same day, she also filed a second motion to reconsider the dismissal of her initial complaint and denial of her motion for preliminary in- junction. The district court denied that motion, but McNeal did not appeal that decision or amend her initial appeal to include that de- nial. II.
We have an ongoing obligation to satisfy our jurisdiction and may raise any jurisdictional issue sua sponte. AT&T Mobility, LLC v. Nat’l Ass’n for Stock Car Auto Racing, Inc., 494 F.3d 1356, 1360 (11th Cir. 2007). We review jurisdictional issues de novo. Id. Mean- while, we review a judge’s refusal to recuse for abuse of discretion. McWhorter v. City of Birmingham, 906 F.2d 674, 678 (11th Cir. 1990) (citing Jaffree v. Wallace, 837 F.2d 1461, 1465 (11th Cir. 1988)). III.
A.
We lack jurisdiction to review the district court’s initial dis- missal of McNeal’s suit, its denial of her motion for a preliminary USCA11 Case: 22-13296 Document: 35-1 Date Filed: 09/26/2023 Page: 5 of 8
22-13296 Opinion of the Court 5
injunction, and its denial of her second motion to reconsider. We address each issue in turn. McNeal did not timely appeal from the dismissal of her com- plaint. In civil cases, a party must file a timely notice of appeal for our jurisdiction to be proper. Green v. Drug Enf’t Admin., 606 F.3d 1296, 1300-02 (11th Cir. 2010). When the United States is not a party, a party must file a notice of appeal within thirty days after the relevant judgment or order is filed. 28 U.S.C. § 2107(a); Fed. R. App. P. 4(a)(1)(A). That timeline is not tolled if a party files a mo- tion to reconsider under Rule 60(b) more than 28 days after the en- try of judgment. See Am. Mfrs. Mut. Ins. Co. v. Edward D. Stone, Jr. & Assoc., 743 F.2d 1519, 1522 (11th Cir. 1984). McNeal never appealed the dismissal. Instead, she filed sev- eral motions roughly six months later asking the district court to reconsider its order and seeking a preliminary injunction. She ap- pealed the district court’s denial of those motions, but never timely appealed the district court’s order granting the defendants’ motions to dismiss. Because she did not timely appeal the dismissal and be- cause she filed her first motion to reconsider six months after that dismissal—and therefore did not toll the time to appeal—McNeal’s notice of appeal was untimely as to the order dismissing her com- plaint. See 28 U.S.C. § 2107(a); Fed. R. App. P. 4(a)(1)(A); see also Stone, 743 F.2d at 1522. Next, we turn to the denial of McNeal’s motion for a prelim- inary injunction. McNeal’s appeal is moot to the extent it asks us to reverse the district court’s denial of McNeal’s motion for a USCA11 Case: 22-13296 Document: 35-1 Date Filed: 09/26/2023 Page: 6 of 8
6 Opinion of the Court 22-13296
preliminary injunction.
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USCA11 Case: 22-13296 Document: 35-1 Date Filed: 09/26/2023 Page: 1 of 8
[DO NOT PUBLISH] In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 22-13296 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________
SONYA YOUVETT MCNEAL, Plaintiff-Appellant, versus NAVY FEDERAL CREDIT UNION, Mortgage Division, CSC CORPORATION SERVICE COMPANY, Registered Agent for - Navy Federal Credit Union, FISERV, INC.,
Defendants-Appellees.
____________________ USCA11 Case: 22-13296 Document: 35-1 Date Filed: 09/26/2023 Page: 2 of 8
2 Opinion of the Court 22-13296
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia D.C. Docket No. 1:21-cv-02968-LMM ____________________
Before BRASHER, ABUDU, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM: Sonya McNeal, proceeding pro se, sued several defendants over a property dispute in which defendants allegedly violated the Fair Housing Act, the CARES Act, and the Fifth Amendment’s Due Process Clause. After the district court dismissed her suit for failure to state a claim, she filed a motion to reconsider, motion for change of venue (which was functionally a motion to recuse), motion for preliminary injunction, and a second motion to reconsider. The district court also denied each of those motions. It is unclear, but it seems McNeal challenges some, if not all, of these decisions on ap- peal. We lack jurisdiction over the district court’s dismissal of McNeal’s complaint and its denial of her motion for preliminary injunction and second motion to reconsider. As to her first motion to reconsider and motion to recuse, they are meritless. So we dis- miss in part and affirm in part. I.
McNeal borrowed funds from Navy Federal Credit Union in 2016 to buy property in Georgia and later defaulted on her loan during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the CARES Act placed a temporary moratorium on foreclosures and evictions, Navy USCA11 Case: 22-13296 Document: 35-1 Date Filed: 09/26/2023 Page: 3 of 8
22-13296 Opinion of the Court 3
Federal started the foreclosure process. The parties agree that Navy Federal sold the property at a foreclosure sale in October 2022. McNeal sued Navy Federal and two other defendants pro se. A magistrate judge found that her complaint and amended com- plaint failed to state a claim on which relief could be granted and ordered her to file a second amended complaint. McNeal instead filed a “motion for directed verdict and for judgment notwithstand- ing the verdict.” The magistrate judge noted that her various com- plaints contained hundreds of exhibits, handwritten notes, and ex- cerpts from websites that failed to meet the pleading requirements and that her motion for directed verdict contained “virtually in- comprehensible allegations of wrongdoing.” The court also noted that she ignored the court’s order to file an amended complaint. The magistrate judge recommended the case be dismissed without prejudice, and the district court adopted that recommendation. During all this, McNeal separately filed a judicial complaint with us in July 2021 against the magistrate judge and district judge for abusing her, acting without authority, disregarding the law, and abusing their positions. We dismissed her complaint in February 2022 because she failed to allege any credible facts or submit evi- dence to support her assertion of judicial misconduct. Nearly six months later, McNeal moved the district court to reconsider its dismissal of her suit, based on her allegations of mis- conduct. She also asked the district judge to recuse in a motion to change venue. McNeal also moved for a preliminary injunction to USCA11 Case: 22-13296 Document: 35-1 Date Filed: 09/26/2023 Page: 4 of 8
4 Opinion of the Court 22-13296
stop her creditors from foreclosing on the property. The district court denied all her motions. About a month later, McNeal filed a notice of appeal desig- nating for review: (1) the district court’s refusal to recuse and (2) the district court’s denial of her motion for a preliminary injunc- tion. She argued that all the rulings and judgments in the case were void because of her allegations of judicial misconduct. The same day, she also filed a second motion to reconsider the dismissal of her initial complaint and denial of her motion for preliminary in- junction. The district court denied that motion, but McNeal did not appeal that decision or amend her initial appeal to include that de- nial. II.
We have an ongoing obligation to satisfy our jurisdiction and may raise any jurisdictional issue sua sponte. AT&T Mobility, LLC v. Nat’l Ass’n for Stock Car Auto Racing, Inc., 494 F.3d 1356, 1360 (11th Cir. 2007). We review jurisdictional issues de novo. Id. Mean- while, we review a judge’s refusal to recuse for abuse of discretion. McWhorter v. City of Birmingham, 906 F.2d 674, 678 (11th Cir. 1990) (citing Jaffree v. Wallace, 837 F.2d 1461, 1465 (11th Cir. 1988)). III.
A.
We lack jurisdiction to review the district court’s initial dis- missal of McNeal’s suit, its denial of her motion for a preliminary USCA11 Case: 22-13296 Document: 35-1 Date Filed: 09/26/2023 Page: 5 of 8
22-13296 Opinion of the Court 5
injunction, and its denial of her second motion to reconsider. We address each issue in turn. McNeal did not timely appeal from the dismissal of her com- plaint. In civil cases, a party must file a timely notice of appeal for our jurisdiction to be proper. Green v. Drug Enf’t Admin., 606 F.3d 1296, 1300-02 (11th Cir. 2010). When the United States is not a party, a party must file a notice of appeal within thirty days after the relevant judgment or order is filed. 28 U.S.C. § 2107(a); Fed. R. App. P. 4(a)(1)(A). That timeline is not tolled if a party files a mo- tion to reconsider under Rule 60(b) more than 28 days after the en- try of judgment. See Am. Mfrs. Mut. Ins. Co. v. Edward D. Stone, Jr. & Assoc., 743 F.2d 1519, 1522 (11th Cir. 1984). McNeal never appealed the dismissal. Instead, she filed sev- eral motions roughly six months later asking the district court to reconsider its order and seeking a preliminary injunction. She ap- pealed the district court’s denial of those motions, but never timely appealed the district court’s order granting the defendants’ motions to dismiss. Because she did not timely appeal the dismissal and be- cause she filed her first motion to reconsider six months after that dismissal—and therefore did not toll the time to appeal—McNeal’s notice of appeal was untimely as to the order dismissing her com- plaint. See 28 U.S.C. § 2107(a); Fed. R. App. P. 4(a)(1)(A); see also Stone, 743 F.2d at 1522. Next, we turn to the denial of McNeal’s motion for a prelim- inary injunction. McNeal’s appeal is moot to the extent it asks us to reverse the district court’s denial of McNeal’s motion for a USCA11 Case: 22-13296 Document: 35-1 Date Filed: 09/26/2023 Page: 6 of 8
6 Opinion of the Court 22-13296
preliminary injunction. We have no authority to give opinions on moot questions. Zinni v. ER Solutions, 692 F.3d 1162, 1166 (11th Cir. 2012). An appeal can be rendered moot—in whole or in part—by intervening events. Vital Pharm., Inc. v. Alfieri, 23 F.4th 1282, 1288 (11th Cir. 2022). McNeal filed the motion for a preliminary injunc- tion to prevent the defendants from entering her property, fore- closing on her property, or communicating with her about such matters. But both parties agree that the property has since been foreclosed. That intervening event moots the issue. So we dismiss McNeal’s appeal of the denial of the motion for preliminary injunc- tion. Finally, we also lack jurisdiction to review the district court’s denial of McNeal’s second motion for reconsideration. We lack ju- risdiction to review any order issued after a notice of appeal has been filed, unless the appellant files an additional or amended no- tice of appeal referring to that order. Bogle v. Orange Cnty. Bd. of. Cnty. Comm’rs, 162 F.3d 653, 661 (11th Cir. 1998). The district court denied McNeal’s second motion after she filed her notice of appeal. And McNeal did not file another notice of appeal or amend the one she filed. Thus, we dismiss her appeal of the denial of the motion. B.
We have jurisdiction to review McNeal’s motion to recuse and a portion of her first motion to reconsider. Turning to the motion to recuse, we cannot say the district court abused its discretion. A judge must recuse from a proceeding when someone could reasonably question his impartiality or when USCA11 Case: 22-13296 Document: 35-1 Date Filed: 09/26/2023 Page: 7 of 8
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he has a personal bias against a party. 28 U.S.C. § 455(a)–(b)(1). In assessing whether this might be the case, we must ask whether an objective, fully informed lay person would entertain a significant doubt about the judge’s impartiality. Parker v. Connors Steel Co., 855 F.2d 1510, 1524 (11th Cir. 1988). McNeal argues that the district judge (and magistrate judge) should have recused because of pending charges of misconduct. But we concluded our investigation into those allegations in Feb- ruary 2022 and found no cognizable misconduct on the part of the judge. None of the allegations we investigated would raise any doubts about the district court’s impartiality in the mind of an ob- jective layperson. So we affirm the district court’s denial of McNeal’s motion to recuse and its denial of her first motion for reconsideration. We turn next to the district court’s denial of McNeal’s first motion to reconsider. An appellant forfeits an argument when he does not clearly identify it in his brief. Access Now, Inc. v. Sw. Airlines Co., 385 F.3d 1324, 1330 (11th Cir. 2004). We will generally not con- sider non-jurisdictional arguments forfeited on appeal, though we may exercise our discretion to consider a forfeited argument in five circumstances. See United States v. Campbell, 26 F.4th 860, 873 (11th Cir.) (en banc), cert. denied, 143 S. Ct. 95 (2022). In her briefing, McNeal raised only the district court’s misconduct and her request for the court’s recusal as grounds to reverse the denial of her mo- tion to reconsider. None of the Campbell exceptions apply to war- rant addressing any of the other arguments she made for USCA11 Case: 22-13296 Document: 35-1 Date Filed: 09/26/2023 Page: 8 of 8
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reconsidering in the district court. So, for the same reasons we af- firm the district court’s denial of McNeal’s motion to recuse, we also affirm the district court’s denial of her first motion to recon- sider. IV.
For the reasons above, the district court is AFFIRMED in part and the other portions of the appeal are DISMISSED.