FIFTH DIVISION MCFADDEN, P. J., GOBEIL and LAND, JJ.
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be physically received in our clerk’s office within ten days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed. https://www.gaappeals.us/rules
March 9, 2023
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia A22A1653. ESPINOZA v. MOREL et al.
LAND, Judge.
Socorro Espinoza sued Juan Morel and Rosa Ramirez (collectively,
“defendants”) for injuries she sustained when she was attacked by defendants’ dog,
Teddy. At the time of the attack, Espinoza was in the defendants’ backyard giving
Teddy water while he was tethered to a large dog house. Finding that there was no
evidence showing that defendants had knowledge that Teddy had a propensity to bite
or attack, the trial court granted summary judgment in favor of the defendants.
Espinoza appeals from that order. For the following reasons, we reverse.
Summary judgment is proper when the moving party demonstrates that there
is no genuine issue of material fact and that the undisputed facts, viewed in the light
most favorable to the nonmoving party, warrant judgment as a matter of law. Kolmichuk v. Bruno’s, Inc., 230 Ga. App. 638, 639 (497 SE2d 10) (1998). A
defendant may meet this burden “by showing the court that the documents, affidavits,
depositions and other evidence in the record reveal that there is no evidence sufficient
to create a genuine jury issue on at least one essential element of [the] plaintiff’s
case.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Id. We review de novo a trial court’s grant
of summary judgment. Walker v. Gwinnett Hosp. Sys., Inc., 263 Ga. App. 554, 555
(588 SE2d 441) (2003).
The relevant facts are not in dispute. The evidence shows that the defendants
asked Espinoza to check on Teddy, their German Shepherd, while they were out of
town over a weekend in April 2017. The defendants left the dog tethered to a large
dog house in the partially fenced-in back yard, with the tether attached to the dog
house at a single point. This method of restraint violated a local ordinance, as
explained below. Espinoza had successfully fed the dog earlier in the day without
incident. When she came back in the afternoon, the dog lunged at her and bit her on
the head and foot. Espinoza went to the hospital as a result of her injuries. After the
attack, Teddy remained attached to the tether in the backyard.
Espinoza testified that she had been around the dog “many times” before and
had never seen the dog bite or act aggressively. The defendants testified that Teddy
2 had never attacked anyone prior to the incident or acted aggressively towards others.
The defendants’ three adult children lived at home at the time of the incident, and
they each testified that Teddy had never bitten anyone or acted aggressively towards
others prior to the incident.
Espinoza sued the defendants, seeking damages for the injuries she suffered in
the attack. Espinoza then moved for partial summary judgment, seeking a ruling that
Teddy was a “vicious animal” under OCGA § 51-2-7 because he was not properly
restrained as required by local county ordinances. The trial court granted the motion
in part, finding that plaintiff established that the defendants violated a Gwinnett
County animal control ordinance concerning the proper tethering of animals.
Espinoza filed a second motion for summary judgment. In denying Espinoza’s second
motion for summary judgment, the trial court held that an issue of material fact
existed as to whether defendants had knowledge that Teddy had a “propensity for
viciousness.”
The defendants then moved for summary judgment. The trial court granted the
motion because the defendants “pointed to an absence of evidence on file to give rise
to an issue of fact concerning [their] knowledge that Teddy had a propensity to bite
3 or attack people or other animals” and because Espinoza had failed to point to any
evidence to the contrary. Espinoza appeals from that order.
In her sole enumeration of error, Espinoza argues that the trial court erred by
granting the defendants’ motion for summary judgment because there was evidence
in the record that the defendants had knowledge of Teddy’s vicious propensity. Based
on the statutory definition of vicious propensity, we agree.
Espinoza’s negligence claim rests on OCGA § 51-2-7, which provides:
A person who owns or keeps a vicious animal of any kind and who, by careless management or by allowing the animal to go at liberty, causes injury to another person who does not provoke the injury by his own act may be liable in damages to the person so injured. In proving vicious propensity, it shall be sufficient to show that the animal was required to be at heel or on a leash by an ordinance of a city, county, or consolidated government, and that said animal was at the time of the occurrence not at heel or on a leash. . . .
(Emphasis supplied).
In S&S Towing & Recovery, Ltd. v. Charnota, 309 Ga. 117, 122 (3) (844 SE2d
730) (2020), our Supreme Court held that the General Assembly’s addition of the
second sentence of OCGA § 51-2-7 in 1985 provides plaintiffs with “an additional
way to prove viciousness.” “[W]hen a local jurisdiction passes an ordinance requiring
4 that owners restrain their animals and it is shown that the animal at issue was
unrestrained at the time of the incident, the second sentence of OCGA § 51-2-7
displaces the common law presumption that a dog is a harmless species and instead
defines such unrestrained animals as ‘vicious.’” Id. at 121-122. In upholding the
constitutionality of OCGA § 51-2-7, our Supreme Court held that “a rational basis
exists to allow local jurisdictions to determine based on the local conditions whether
certain animals need to be restrained and for the General Assembly to modify the
common law and define a ‘vicious’ animal as one that is not restrained according to
the will of the local governmental body.” Id. at 123.
Espinoza argues that Teddy should be considered a “vicious or dangerous
animal,” as contemplated by OCGA § 51-2-7, because the defendants were in
violation of Gwinnett County Animal Control Ordinance No. AC-2015-001 at the
time of the incident. In other words, Teddy was “not restrained according to the will
of the local governmental body” as expressed in the controlling ordinance. We agree.
Section 10-29 of that Ordinance, titled “Restraint,” provides the following:
(a) It shall be unlawful for any owner or possessor of any dog to fail to keep the dog under restraint or control as provided in this section.
5 (b) A dog is considered not under restraint or control when it is running at large. . .1 Reasonable care and precautions shall be taken to prevent the dog from leaving the real property limits of its owner. . . , and to ensure that:
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FIFTH DIVISION MCFADDEN, P. J., GOBEIL and LAND, JJ.
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be physically received in our clerk’s office within ten days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed. https://www.gaappeals.us/rules
March 9, 2023
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia A22A1653. ESPINOZA v. MOREL et al.
LAND, Judge.
Socorro Espinoza sued Juan Morel and Rosa Ramirez (collectively,
“defendants”) for injuries she sustained when she was attacked by defendants’ dog,
Teddy. At the time of the attack, Espinoza was in the defendants’ backyard giving
Teddy water while he was tethered to a large dog house. Finding that there was no
evidence showing that defendants had knowledge that Teddy had a propensity to bite
or attack, the trial court granted summary judgment in favor of the defendants.
Espinoza appeals from that order. For the following reasons, we reverse.
Summary judgment is proper when the moving party demonstrates that there
is no genuine issue of material fact and that the undisputed facts, viewed in the light
most favorable to the nonmoving party, warrant judgment as a matter of law. Kolmichuk v. Bruno’s, Inc., 230 Ga. App. 638, 639 (497 SE2d 10) (1998). A
defendant may meet this burden “by showing the court that the documents, affidavits,
depositions and other evidence in the record reveal that there is no evidence sufficient
to create a genuine jury issue on at least one essential element of [the] plaintiff’s
case.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Id. We review de novo a trial court’s grant
of summary judgment. Walker v. Gwinnett Hosp. Sys., Inc., 263 Ga. App. 554, 555
(588 SE2d 441) (2003).
The relevant facts are not in dispute. The evidence shows that the defendants
asked Espinoza to check on Teddy, their German Shepherd, while they were out of
town over a weekend in April 2017. The defendants left the dog tethered to a large
dog house in the partially fenced-in back yard, with the tether attached to the dog
house at a single point. This method of restraint violated a local ordinance, as
explained below. Espinoza had successfully fed the dog earlier in the day without
incident. When she came back in the afternoon, the dog lunged at her and bit her on
the head and foot. Espinoza went to the hospital as a result of her injuries. After the
attack, Teddy remained attached to the tether in the backyard.
Espinoza testified that she had been around the dog “many times” before and
had never seen the dog bite or act aggressively. The defendants testified that Teddy
2 had never attacked anyone prior to the incident or acted aggressively towards others.
The defendants’ three adult children lived at home at the time of the incident, and
they each testified that Teddy had never bitten anyone or acted aggressively towards
others prior to the incident.
Espinoza sued the defendants, seeking damages for the injuries she suffered in
the attack. Espinoza then moved for partial summary judgment, seeking a ruling that
Teddy was a “vicious animal” under OCGA § 51-2-7 because he was not properly
restrained as required by local county ordinances. The trial court granted the motion
in part, finding that plaintiff established that the defendants violated a Gwinnett
County animal control ordinance concerning the proper tethering of animals.
Espinoza filed a second motion for summary judgment. In denying Espinoza’s second
motion for summary judgment, the trial court held that an issue of material fact
existed as to whether defendants had knowledge that Teddy had a “propensity for
viciousness.”
The defendants then moved for summary judgment. The trial court granted the
motion because the defendants “pointed to an absence of evidence on file to give rise
to an issue of fact concerning [their] knowledge that Teddy had a propensity to bite
3 or attack people or other animals” and because Espinoza had failed to point to any
evidence to the contrary. Espinoza appeals from that order.
In her sole enumeration of error, Espinoza argues that the trial court erred by
granting the defendants’ motion for summary judgment because there was evidence
in the record that the defendants had knowledge of Teddy’s vicious propensity. Based
on the statutory definition of vicious propensity, we agree.
Espinoza’s negligence claim rests on OCGA § 51-2-7, which provides:
A person who owns or keeps a vicious animal of any kind and who, by careless management or by allowing the animal to go at liberty, causes injury to another person who does not provoke the injury by his own act may be liable in damages to the person so injured. In proving vicious propensity, it shall be sufficient to show that the animal was required to be at heel or on a leash by an ordinance of a city, county, or consolidated government, and that said animal was at the time of the occurrence not at heel or on a leash. . . .
(Emphasis supplied).
In S&S Towing & Recovery, Ltd. v. Charnota, 309 Ga. 117, 122 (3) (844 SE2d
730) (2020), our Supreme Court held that the General Assembly’s addition of the
second sentence of OCGA § 51-2-7 in 1985 provides plaintiffs with “an additional
way to prove viciousness.” “[W]hen a local jurisdiction passes an ordinance requiring
4 that owners restrain their animals and it is shown that the animal at issue was
unrestrained at the time of the incident, the second sentence of OCGA § 51-2-7
displaces the common law presumption that a dog is a harmless species and instead
defines such unrestrained animals as ‘vicious.’” Id. at 121-122. In upholding the
constitutionality of OCGA § 51-2-7, our Supreme Court held that “a rational basis
exists to allow local jurisdictions to determine based on the local conditions whether
certain animals need to be restrained and for the General Assembly to modify the
common law and define a ‘vicious’ animal as one that is not restrained according to
the will of the local governmental body.” Id. at 123.
Espinoza argues that Teddy should be considered a “vicious or dangerous
animal,” as contemplated by OCGA § 51-2-7, because the defendants were in
violation of Gwinnett County Animal Control Ordinance No. AC-2015-001 at the
time of the incident. In other words, Teddy was “not restrained according to the will
of the local governmental body” as expressed in the controlling ordinance. We agree.
Section 10-29 of that Ordinance, titled “Restraint,” provides the following:
(a) It shall be unlawful for any owner or possessor of any dog to fail to keep the dog under restraint or control as provided in this section.
5 (b) A dog is considered not under restraint or control when it is running at large. . .1 Reasonable care and precautions shall be taken to prevent the dog from leaving the real property limits of its owner. . . , and to ensure that:
(1) It is securely and humanely enclosed within a house, building, fence, pen or other enclosure of which it cannot climb. . . and that such enclosure is securely locked at any time the animal is left unattended; or
(2) It is securely and humanely restrained by an invisible containment system. . . ; or
(3) It is on a leash and under the control of a competent person, or it is off leash and obedient to and under voice command of a competent person . . . any time it is not restrained as provided for in subsection (1) or (2) above while on the owner’s property.
Section 10-29 (c) further provides that it “shall be unlawful to tether an animal
outdoors, except when the following conditions” are met: that is, the owner or an
“adult custodian” must be outside and supervising the animal at all times; a trolley
1 Section 10-1 of the ordinance defines “Dogs running at-large” as “any dog not under immediate control, not on a leash, not at heel, not beside a competent person, not in a vehicle driven or parked, or not confined within the property limits of the owner.”
6 system is the only approved form of tether and a single-point tether is prohibited; and
the “animal must have free access to food, water, and shelter.”
Here, there is evidence that the defendants violated Section 10-29 (b) of the
Ordinance because they did not take reasonable care and precautions to ensure that
Teddy was “securely and humanely enclosed within a house, building, fence, pen or
other enclosure,” restrained by an invisible containment system, or on a leash or at
heel under control of a competent person. Instead, the owners chose to unlawfully
tether Teddy on a single-line tether while unsupervised in violation of Section 10-29
(c) of the Ordinance. While this single-line tether may have successfully kept Teddy
in his yard, it was not an authorized or lawful method of restraining him under the
Ordinance. Since Teddy was not restrained in accordance with the requirements of
the Ordinance, the dog is deemed to have a “vicious propensity” under the second
sentence of OCGA § 51-2-7, and the plaintiffs had no burden to show that Teddy had
actually shown any prior tendency to bite or attack. See Tutak v. Fairley, 198 Ga.
App. 307, 308 (401 SE2d 73) (1991) (reversing summary judgment for dog owners
where dog was not restrained in accordance with local ordinance at time of attack and
stating “[a]lthough the animal may have been physically within the boundaries of the
appellees’ property at the time, it was clearly not ‘confined’ there” as required by the
7 ordinance). Compare Stennette v. Miller, 316 Ga. App. 425, 427 (1) (a) (729 SE2d
559) (2012) (defendant was not required to comply with Cobb County animal control
ordinance requiring proper restraint of animals when such ordinance did not apply to
animals kept inside the owner’s home or fully-fenced enclosure, as defendants’ dogs
were at the time of the incident).
However, this does not end our inquiry. Our Supreme Court reiterated that the
second sentence of OCGA § 51-2-7 “does not displace the requirement in the
common law, which the courts have read into the statute’s first sentence, that a
plaintiff seeking to recover under OCGA § 51-2-7 must also prove that the owner had
knowledge of the vicious or dangerous propensity of the animal.” S&S Towing &
Recovery, Ltd., 309 Ga. at 121 (2).2 The statute’s second sentence did not create an
“irrebutable statutory presumption that an owner of a dog is aware of the dog’s
vicious propensity” in every instance where an owner is in violation of a government
ordinance requiring their animal to be at heel or on a leash. Rather, a plaintiff seeking
2 See also Steagald v. Eason, 300 Ga. 717, 719 (797 SE2d 838) (2017) (“Even when it is shown that a dog is, in fact, vicious or dangerous, proof that its owner or keeper knows of the peculiar propensities that render the dog in question vicious or dangerous is an essential element of a lawsuit under OCGA § 51-2-7”); Sinclair v. Friedlander, 197 Ga. 797, 800 (30 SE2d 398) (1944) (knowledge of owner required “although the Code section [is] silent as to the necessity of its being shown”).
8 to recover under the second sentence of OCGA § 51-2-7 must prove both that the
owner violated an applicable ordinance requiring the animal to be at heel or on a
leash and that “the owner had knowledge of the vicious . . . propensity of the animal.”
S&S Towing & Recovery, Ltd., 309 Ga. at 122 (2).3 The Court went on to explain that
this scienter requirement can be proved in two ways: by showing that the owner either
knew that the animal had a vicious propensity as it is defined in common law or by
showing that the owner knew the animal was held in conditions that did not comply
with applicable government ordinance requiring the animal to be at heel or on leash.
Id. at 122 (2). In addition to this scienter requirement, a plaintiff “seeking to recover
under OCGA § 51-2-7 must also show that the owner carelessly managed or allowed
the animal to go at liberty; the animal caused the injury; and the injured party did not
provoke the injury by his own act.” S&S Towing & Recovery, Ltd., 309 Ga. at 122 (2).
Here, contrary to the trial court’s summary judgment ruling, Espinoza was not
required to show that the owners had knowledge of Teddy’s vicious propensity as that
3 See S&S Towing & Recovery, Ltd., 309 Ga. at 123 (3) (“We recognize that the legislature’s definition of ‘vicious’ in the second sentence of OCGA § 51-2-7 departs from the common understanding of the term and as parsed out in the common law, but the legislature could rationally conclude that for this statutory tort, it would be a better use of resources to limit the need to litigate over whether the animal is ‘vicious’ when there is a local ordinance requiring restraint”).
9 term is defined by the common law (i.e., a history showing a tendency to bite or
attack). Rather, Espinoza could prove scienter by showing that the owners were aware
of the manner in which Teddy was restrained and by showing that such manner of
restraint violated an applicable government leash ordinance. Espinoza has done this
by pointing to direct testimony from both defendants that they knew that they left
Teddy alone for a long weekend, they knew he was tethered to a single-point line, and
they knew that their back yard was not fully fenced-in. As described above, this
method of restraining Teddy was in violation of Gwinnett County Animal Control
Ordinance No. AC-2014-001, § 10-29 (a)-(c).
Because the trial court erred by holding that Espinoza was required to prove
that the defendants had knowledge of Teddy’s vicious propensity as that term is
defined by the common law and failed to take into consideration their knowledge of
the unlawful manner in which Teddy was restrained, we reverse the grant of summary
judgment.
Judgment reversed. McFadden, P. J., and Gobeil, J., concur.